Buffalo Metro Rail

The Buffalo Metro Rail is the public transit rail system in Buffalo, New York, United States; it is operated by the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA). The system consists of a single, 6.4-mile (10.3 km) long light rail line that runs for most of the length of Main Street (New York State Route 5) in the City of Buffalo, from KeyBank Center in Downtown Buffalo to the south campus of the University at Buffalo in the northeast corner of the city. The first section of the line opened in October 1984; the current system was completed in November 1986.

Metro Rail
Two light rail vehicles at Fountain Plaza station
Overview
Type	Light rail
System	Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority
Locale	Buffalo, New York
Termini	University (Underground) Special Events Station (Above Ground
Stations	13[1]
Services	1
Ridership	18,500 (avg. weekday, Q2 2015)[2]
Website	Official website
Operation
Opened	October 9, 1984 (1984-10-09) (above-ground) May 20, 1985 (1985-05-20) (underground)
Owner	Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA)
Technical
Line length	6.4 mi (10.3 km)
Track gauge	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification	Overhead lines 650 V DC
Route map University originally South Campus LaSalle Tonawanda turn-out Amherst Street Humboldt–Hospital Delavan/Canisius College originally Delavan-College Utica Summer–Best Allen/Medical Campus originally Allen-Hospital Theater Closed February 18, 2013 Fountain Plaza originally Huron Lafayette Square Church Seneca I-190 Erie Canal Harbor originally Auditorium Special Events certain times only Rail Maintenance Yard station with off-street bus loop fare-free section Original Proposal Amherst Government Center Audubon ↑ North Campus to Amherst part of Phase 2 North Campus Sweet Home yard and shops I-290 (Youngmann Expressway) Maple Sheridan South Campus LaSalle North Tonawanda Tonawanda East Ives Park I-290 (Youngmann Expressway) Brighton Ellwood Park Kenilworth ↖ Tonawanda branch part of Phase 2 Tonawanda turn-out Central Park Humboldt Delavan Utica Summer-Best Allen-Hospital Theater Lafayette Square Cathedral Park ↓ Cathedral Park to West Hopkins part of Phase 2 Community College Perry West Hopkins

History

1975 "Projected rail transit route alignment"

Construction on the initial Metro Rail line began in 1979 and opened in stages: the surface portion opened on October 9, 1984[3] while the subway opened as far as Amherst Street Station on May 20, 1985,[4] following an opening ceremony on May 18. The line was further extended to University Station, serving the University at Buffalo, on November 10, 1986 due to construction issues at LaSalle Station.[5]

At the time of the start of construction, the line was intended to be the first line for an extensive heavy rail system that would spread throughout the city and suburbs. However, during the construction of the line and afterward, Buffalo's population declined significantly by approximately 55% from around 580,000 in 1950 to about 261,000 in 2010 and the new line's ridership was much lower than originally anticipated. The cost of the urban section was so high that no funding was available to extend the lines into the suburbs, including the Amherst campus of the University at Buffalo. Efforts to obtain funding for feeder lines have historically been met with little to no success.

Although a centerpiece of the original line, the downtown transit mall did not live up to expectations. Because of poor traffic patterns on Downtown Buffalo's Main Street, some business groups occasionally called for the removal of the transit system so that they can return to normal vehicle traffic and curbside parking on Main Street, hoping that this measure would recreate the prosperous days of the past. In 2008, Buffalo began a project to reintroduce cars to Main Street.[6] The project in question involved creating a shared trackbed/roadway with curbside parking, as well as the permanent closure of the Theater Station, which occurred on February 18, 2013. The closure of Theater Station meant that Fountain Plaza Station, located 546 feet (166 m) south in the 500 block of Main Street, now serves as the northern terminus of the Free Fare Zone. On January 23, 2015, after less than two years of construction, traffic was reintroduced to the 600 block of Main Street, between Tupper and Chippewa Streets, in the Theater District.[7][8] On December 15, 2015, traffic was reintroduced to the 500 block of Main Street, between Chippewa and Mohawk Streets, in the Central Business District.

On January 9, 2017, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced in his State of the State address that funding would be secured for the Amherst and Cobblestone line extensions. If successful, this would be the first extension in the service's history.[9] Funding for an environmental review into the Amherst extension was approved in 2018. The study is expected to take between 24 and 30 months.[10]

Operations

Route

A light rail vehicle arriving at University station.

Metro Rail is a light rail transit (LRT) system as characterized by the American Public Transportation Association[11] although it shares many characteristics with "heavy rail" metro systems and could be considered a "light metro."[12] 80% of its track (5.2 miles (8.4 km)) is an underground subway with high-level platforms. This section has eight stations that are spaced fairly widely apart, comparable to subway systems elsewhere. This section is cut-and-cover from Allen/Medical Campus to Utica, then deep-bored from Delavan/Canisius College to University.

Metro Rail near Shea's Performing Arts Center

The remaining 20% of its track (1.2 miles (1.9 km)) are on the surface on Main Street in downtown Buffalo.[13] On the surface section, trains interact with automobile traffic from the theater district where it emerges from the tunnel until Mohawk Street where it reverts to a transit mall and at cross streets, where movements are governed by traffic signals. Catenary poles are spaced every 130 feet (40 m) to support the overhead electrical lines.[14] Metro Rail operates electric multiple-unit light rail vehicles (LRVs) in two-to-four car trains with power drawn from an overhead catenary system. Three-car trains are limited to rush hour and special events and four-car trains to special events.[13][15] The Buffalo trains and SEPTA's light rail cars in Philadelphia are the only modern non-articulated LRVs operating in the United States.

Stations

Main article: List of Buffalo Metro Rail stations

List of Buffalo Metro Rail stations

Name	Image	Type[lower-alpha 1]	Platform[lower-alpha 2]	Opened	[lower-alpha 3]	Notes	Ref.
University		U	S	Nov 10, 1986		Formerly South Campus station; renamed in 2003. Serves the University at Buffalo South Campus.
LaSalle		U	S			Serves Shoshone Park.
Amherst		U	I	May 20, 1985		Serves Buffalo Zoo.
Humboldt–Hospital		U	S			Serves Sisters of Charity Hospital.
Delavan/Canisius College		U	S			Formerly Delavan–College; renamed in 2003. Serves Canisius College and Medaille College.
Utica		U	S			Serves Women & Children's Hospital of Buffalo.
Summer–Best		U	S			Serves the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial and Kleinhans Music Hall.
Allen/Medical Campus		U	S			Formerly Allen–Hospital; renamed in 2003. Serves Buffalo General Hospital and Rosewell Park Research Hospital
Theater		S	S	Oct 9, 1984		Permanently closed on February 18, 2013 to return automobile traffic to Main Street.
Fountain Plaza		S	S			Formerly Huron. Serves the Chippewa Entertainment District.
Evans Bank @ Lafayette Square		S	S			Formerly Lafayette Square; branding added in 2019. Serves offices in downtown Buffalo.
Church		S	S			Serves offices in downtown Buffalo.
Merchants Insurance @ Seneca		S	S			Formerly Seneca; branding added in 2019. Serves Sahlen Field and offices in downtown Buffalo.
Erie Canal Harbor		S	S			Formerly Auditorium; renamed in 2003. Serves LECOM Harborcenter.
Special Events		S	S	1985		Formerly Arena. Serves KeyBank Center.

Notes

1. S: Street level
   U: Underground
2. I: Island/Center
   S: Side
3.  Main line 
    Free fare zone 

Fares

NOTE: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, NFTA suspended fare collection starting in late March 2020. Fare enforcement resumed on June 29, 2020.[16]

Fares are collected through a proof-of-payment system enforced by ticket inspectors. Travel is free on the above ground portion of the system.[17] Regular fare is $2; various passes are also available for sale. All stations have ticket machines.[18]

Schedules

Metro Rail runs as follows: Monday-Friday from 5:10am–12:50am, Saturdays from 7:05am–12:50am, and Sundays and holidays from 8:00am–11:50pm (although most bus service is available until approximately 12:30am). Trains run as often as once every ten minutes at rush hour and generally no less often than once every twenty minutes. In July 2008, the NFTA reported that the passenger count "eclipsed the previous year's tally by 23%."[19] As a result of this, in September 2008, the NFTA implemented an earlier start for the weekday schedule in response to an 11% increase in ridership over eight months of growth.

Ridership

Annual ridership statistics are from the Federal Transit Administration's National Transit Database, which contains data from 1996–2011:[20]

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

1996

2001

2006

2011

Plans for expansion

Routemap with proposed Tonawanda-Amherst extension

Buffalo Metro Rail is ranked 25th in the nation in light rail daily ridership service as of 2013, with 5,058,300 passengers. However, it is noted that the line currently lacks extended branches to the suburbs, being confined to the city limits of Buffalo. One group, the Citizens Regional Transit Corporation (CRTC), advocates for expansion.[21] As indicated in its statement, the CRTC seeks to educate the public, public officials, their authorities, and agencies in the Buffalo-Niagara region about the benefits of a comprehensive transportation system including an expanded Metro Rail. In April 2011, the group stated that the 600 block of Main Street, which has Shea's Performing Arts Center along with hotels and bars, should be converted into a mixed automobile and rail system.[22] The 600 block was re-opened to automobile traffic in 2015.

In December 2012, the NFTA announced it had secured funding of $1.6 million to commission a study in 2013 of bus and rail access to University at Buffalo's North Campus. If a rail project were to be approved, the system would be running in 7–10 years. On February 28, 2013, it was announced that a group consisting of representatives from the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus, planners from the City of Buffalo, the Buffalo Sabres and NFTA are working on a plan to extend the southern terminus of the rail line just beyond the NFTA rail yard at the DL&W Terminal to a new parking garage being built near the Medical Campus.[23]

Amherst corridor

On December 4, 2006, in The Spectrum, a publication of the University at Buffalo (UB), it was announced that John B. Simpson, who was the school's president at the time, was planning to get a project underway that would connect UB's North, South and downtown campuses via a transportation system. The proposed systems included a subway, trolley or light rail. A study, published in 2014, detailed four alternatives chosen for the corridor, including a light rail corridor and three bus rapid transit corridors. The light rail corridor would extend from a turnout at University station, head north to Niagara Falls Boulevard past the Boulevard Mall, turn to Sweet Home Road, enter the University at Buffalo North Campus and parallel Interstate 990 ending at the Crosspoint Business Park in Getzville.[24]

Planning and funding is currently underway for a northbound Niagara Falls Boulevard extension to the University at Buffalo North Campus.[25] As of 2019, the proposed turnout tunnel to Niagara Falls Boulevard has been shortened, increasing the overall length of the street-side light rail portion of the route, and a new tunnel has been added to the design near I-290. In addition, the chosen corridor would parallel Audubon Boulevard and end at a park-and-ride after passing under I-990, rather than continuing to the Crosspoint Business Park.[26] The NFTA has also released a finalized scoping report and a draft environmental study report,[27] and has been receiving community input on the project.[28][29]

Airport corridor

The Airport corridor would begin in Downtown Buffalo, near Church station and continue in an easterly direction in/out Division Streets, diagonally in a northeastern direction near Jefferson Avenue toward the Buffalo Central Terminal, cross Broadway and then continue eastbound in its private right-of-way to the Thruway Plaza, Walden Galleria and Buffalo-Niagara International Airport.

Tonawandas corridor

The Tonawandas corridor would operate from LaSalle station northwesterly to the City of Tonawanda using the abandoned Erie Railroad tracks. The NFTA purchased 12 Presidents' Conference Committee (PCC) streetcars in the 1980s to serve the Tonawanda turn-out, a proposed Metro Rail extension to Tonawanda and North Tonawanda. These cars were built by the St. Louis Car Company and acquired by Cleveland, Ohio's Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority second-hand in 1953. It was determined after initial trial runs that the PCCs were too wide for existing station platforms and the plan was abandoned. The PCCs were sold to the Brooklyn Historic Railway Association (BHRA) and scrapped in 2003 when the BHRA folded.

Rolling stock

Buffalo Light Rail Vehicle
In service	1984−present
Manufacturer	Japan Transport Engineering Company (J-TREC)
Constructed	1983
Entered service	1984
Refurbished	2012-present
Number in service	27
Formation	2- to 4-car sets
Fleet numbers	101-127
Capacity	210
Operator(s)	Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority
Depot(s)	NFTA Rail Maintenance Yard
Line(s) served	Main Street
Specifications
Car length	66 ft 10 in (20,371 mm)
Width	8 ft 7 in (2,616 mm)
Maximum speed	50 mph (80 km/h)
Acceleration	2.7 mph/s (4.3 km/(h⋅s))
Deceleration	3.0 mph/s (4.8 km/(h⋅s))
Electric system(s)	650-volt DC
Track gauge	4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Notes
[14]

The NFTA has a fleet of 27 (originally 29) rigid-bodied (non-articulated) LRVs for the Metro Rail system, numbered sequentially from 101-127. They were built in 1983 by the Japan Transport Engineering Company (Japanese: 株式会社総合車両製作所 Kabushiki-gaisha Sōgō Sharyō Seisakusho).[14] The cars' body shell design is notably similar to that of the earlier articulated US Standard Light Rail Vehicle, whose shells were also fabricated by Tokyu Car Corp. for Boeing Vertol. The cars have a maximum service speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), but trains run at 15 miles per hour (24 km/h) in the above-ground section of the line.[14] There are three sliding doors on each side of each LRV; these doors can be opened by passengers by push buttons on the outside wall of the train when trains are stopped at stations on the above-ground section of the line.[14] However, in practice, train operators typically open all doors and extend all the retractable staircases at all above-stations. The NFTA acquired twelve PCC streetcars from the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority in 1990 for service on the never-built Tonawandas branch. They were later sold to the Brooklyn Historic Railway Association in 2003.[30]

Rehabilitation

In May 2006, it was announced that all of the LRVs would be rehabilitated by AnsaldoBreda. The rehabilitation featured many improvements, including enhanced video monitoring of the railcar interiors, an upgraded braking system, rebuilt HVAC systems, rebuilt door systems, a new interior closely representing the agency's new look, upgraded propulsion systems and repairs to the body shells. In addition, the rail cars were to receive new monitoring systems, an automated announcement system calling out stations, new door chimes and interior/exterior LED signage to replace existing roll signs. The total project cost was estimated at $40 million for rehabilitation of the 27 cars.[31]

Because the refurbished cars have new car-to-car communications equipment, they are not compatible with unrefurbished cars and cannot run with them on the same train.[32] The project originally planned to use SuperSteel's manufacturing facilities in Schenectady, New York for the overhaul. However, due to the loss of orders and a dip in the economy, SuperSteel closed the facility in April 2009. The closure cost 175 jobs and delayed the rehabilitation.[33] The project later was moved to Gray Manufacturing Industries, located in Hornell, New York.[34] The first two cars were due back in revenue service in July 2010.[35]

After a lengthy delay, which put the project years behind the original schedule, the first two cars (fleet numbers 114 and 123) were returned to full revenue service on March 9, 2012. However, the cost of refurbishment per car had since gone up and now averaged $1.7 million per car with a total cost of $45 million to complete all cars in the fleet. Three more cars (numbers 110, 111 and 126) were sent out and were expected to be completed before the end of 2012, but did not return to full revenue service until the fall of 2013.[36] On October 1, 2014, car 113 also returned to full revenue service. Since then, 13 more cars (fleet numbers 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 117, 119, 120, 122, 124 and 125) have returned to full revenue service, bringing the total number of refurbished rail cars to 19 as of June 21, 2018.

See also

• Citizens Regional Transit Corporation
• List of tram and light-rail transit systems
• List of routes of City of Buffalo streetcars

Notes

1. "2014-2015 Annual Performance Report" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
2. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. Gargan, Edward A. (October 10, 1984). "Buffalo Trolley Line Clangs to a Start". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
4. Sebree, Mac (August 1985). "Interurbans Newsletter". Pacific RailNews. p. 38. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
5. Edens, John (December 1, 2011). "25 years ago: South Campus rapid transit station opens". UB Reporter. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
6. "Return of Vehicular Traffic to Main Street". Buffalo Place Inc. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
7. Schulman, Susan (January 23, 2015). "Vehicular traffic is set to return to 600 block of Main Street in Buffalo". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
8. McCarthy, Robert J. (January 24, 2013). "Metro Rail's Theater Station set for last use Feb. 17". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
9. "Local leaders praise $500 million plan to keep up Buffalo's momentum". The Buffalo News. January 9, 2017. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
10. Morretti, Luke (February 22, 2018). "Metro Rail expansion to Amherst moves forward". WIVB. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
11. "U.S. Light Rail Transit System Links". American Public Transportation Association. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
12. Middleton 2003, p. 152
13. "world.nycsubway.org: Buffalo, New York". Nycsubway.org. July 23, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
14. "City Of Buffalo Main Street Multi-Modal Access And Revitalization Project: Environmental Assessment" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA). April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
15. Karen Wilson (April 16, 2009). "FTA NOISE MODELING WORKSHEETS AND DETAILED METHODOLOGY" (PDF). Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
16. "NFTA-Metro COVID-19 FAQ". Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
17. "How to Ride". Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
18. "Metro Fares". Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
19. Sharon Linstedt (August 21, 2008). "Metro Rail to add earlier train run". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
20. "The National Transit Database Publications Page". National Transit Database. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
21. "Citizens for Regional Transit - Expand Metro Rail, the world's greenest mass transit!". citizenstransit.org. Archived from the original on October 3, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
22. Gifford, Gladys; Doug Funke (March 24, 2011). "Let's Do Cars on Main Street the Right Way!!" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
23. "Metro Rail extension eyed to shuttle workers to Medical Campus, Buffalo News". Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
24. "Metro Amherst-Buffalo Corridor" (PDF). NFTA. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
25. Popiolkowski, Joseph (April 18, 2017). "Plan for Metro Rail extension to Amherst coming into focus". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
26. "About - NFTA Metro". nftametrorailexpansion.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
27. Expansion Project Final Scoping Report (PDF). nftametrorailexension.com (Report). May 2019.
28. Dudzik, Kelly (September 24, 2019). "NFTA gets feedback on Metro Rail expansion plans". WGRZ. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
29. Melamed, Gilad (September 25, 2019). "Neighbors in the Northtowns voice opinions on Metro Rail expansion with the NFTA". WKBW. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
30. Bregger 2008, p. 121
31. Fink, James (June 22, 2009). "Park-and-ride likely to be saved". Buffalo Business First. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
32. McCarthy, Robert J. (March 9, 2012). "Refurbished Metro cars re-enter rail service". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
33. Lamendola, Michael (June 26, 2009). "Rail car manufacturer offers to buy vacant Super Steel site". The Daily Gazette. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
34. Penny Dessena (September 29, 2008). "Gray Manufacturing Industries, LLC" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 15, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
35. McCarthy, Robert J. (February 16, 2010). "Metro Rail trains undergo a rebirth". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
36. https://archive.today/20130209161803/http://www.wkbw.com/news/local/NFTA-Debuts-New-Modern-Metro-Rail-Cars-142120093.html. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)

References

• Bregger, D. David (2008). Buffalo's Historic Streetcars and Buses. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5750-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Middleton, William D. (2003). Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34179-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

Template:Attached KML/Buffalo Metro Rail

KML is from Wikidata

• Official website
• Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, the agency that runs Metro Rail
• Urbanrail.net's page on Metro Rail
• More details at nycsubway.org
• History of design and construction of Metro Rail
• Buffalo Metro Rail map