Kalay

Kalay, (Burmese: ကလေး) also known as Kale, is a town in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar. It is located upstream from Mandalay and Monywa on the Myittha River, a tributary of the Chindwin River. The town is the district headquarters of the Kalay District.[1] It has gained importance with trans border movement enabled between Myanmar and India following the 165 kilometres (103 mi) Tamu–Kalay section of India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway built by the Border Roads Organization of India under the Look-East Connectivity policy.[2] Consequently, Kalay is now one of the fastest developing towns in Myanmar.

Kalay

ကလေး
Town
Kalay
Location in Myanmar
Coordinates: 23°11′N 94°3′E
Country Myanmar
Region Sagaing Region
DistrictKalay District
TownshipKalay Township
Founded3 February 966
Area
 • Total2,337.74 km2 (902.61 sq mi)
Elevation
140 m (450 ft)
Population
400,000
Time zoneUTC+6.30 (MST)

Kalay has several notable prisons, to which people from all across the region are transported.[3]

Etymology

The earlier name of the town ‘Karlaymyo,’ renamed now as ‘Kalaymyo,’ means “a town surrounded by four satellite towns” in the Burmese language. "Kalaymyo" means "town of children" in Burmese Language.[1]

History

According to tradition, Kalay was established as a town on 3 February 966 (Sunday, the 5th of waning of Tabodwe 328 ME).[1] A votive tablet unearthed in Kalay in 1983, with a Mon language inscription, refers to the "Aniruddha, the Great King".[4][5]

During the Second World War, Kalay was an important regrouping point for the British during their retreat from Burma in 1942 because of the relatively easier access to India along the Manipur River (the alternative was to march through malarial forests from Kalewa to Tamu).[6]

On September 19, 2007, 200 monks marched through the streets of Kalay as a part of the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests. Over the next few days, the monks were joined by thousands of people of the Chin ethnic group. On September 24, students marched from Kalay University with posters and protested, demanding the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and two other political prisoners.[7]

In July 2015, a monsoon rain triggered a natural disaster, and a state of emergency was declared in four regions of the country. The disaster caused a flash flood in Kalay and surrounding areas. Kalay was devastated by the disaster.

Geography
Agricultural field in Kalay

Geographically, the distinctive feature of the town is that the Tropic of Cancer passes through it. This point has been marked by the milepost 55/56 near Kyansitgon village. Set in terrain that has an average elevation of 450 feet (140 m) above mean sea level, the town has a picturesque backdrop of the Laytha Hill in the east and the Chin Hills in the west.[1]

The city is drained by the Myittha River that flows in a south–north direction, the Nayyinzaya River that flows in a north–south direction, and the Manipura River (also called the Nunkathe River) from across the international border with India; the last-named river has its origin in Manipur state of the north-east India.[1]

Climate

A tropical monsoon climate dominates the town. Temperature variations are significant, with summer months from March to May recording 100–112 °F (38–44 °C) and the winter months in the range of 50–70 °F (10–21 °C). The average annual temperature is reported to be 79 °F (26 °C). The average annual rainfall is of the order of 67.77 inches (172.1 cm).[1]

Climate data for Kalay (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5)		 38.8
(101.8)		 42.1
(107.8)		 42.6
(108.7)		 43.7
(110.7)		 39.0
(102.2)		 38.6
(101.5)		 38.5
(101.3)		 37.2
(99.0)		 36.0
(96.8)		 33.8
(92.8)		 31.6
(88.9)		 43.7
(110.7)
Average high °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4)		 30.0
(86.0)		 34.0
(93.2)		 36.5
(97.7)		 35.8
(96.4)		 33.5
(92.3)		 32.8
(91.0)		 32.3
(90.1)		 32.2
(90.0)		 31.9
(89.4)		 29.2
(84.6)		 26.7
(80.1)		 31.8
(89.2)
Average low °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2)		 13.0
(55.4)		 16.2
(61.2)		 20.1
(68.2)		 23.2
(73.8)		 24.9
(76.8)		 25.1
(77.2)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.1
(75.4)		 22.5
(72.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 13.8
(56.8)		 19.8
(67.6)
Record low °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)		 6.7
(44.1)		 8.6
(47.5)		 14.7
(58.5)		 18.8
(65.8)		 22.0
(71.6)		 23.0
(73.4)		 22.6
(72.7)		 20.5
(68.9)		 17.7
(63.9)		 11.5
(52.7)		 9.1
(48.4)		 6.0
(42.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.1
(0.16)		 5.0
(0.20)		 18.3
(0.72)		 38.1
(1.50)		 133.6
(5.26)		 273.2
(10.76)		 322.8
(12.71)		 376.7
(14.83)		 326.1
(12.84)		 166.3
(6.55)		 38.5
(1.52)		 4.9
(0.19)		 1,707.6
(67.23)
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[8]

Demographics
A school in Kalay

The population of Kalay is estimated to be 400,000, comprising 35% Bamar, 55% Chin and 10% other nationalities and foreigners.[1] The valley town, with its tranquil atmosphere, is inhabited in equal numbers by the Chin community and Bamars. The original settlers are Shans.[9]

Economy

The economy of Kalay is dependent upon agriculture but it is also an industrial town. Cars, jeeps, trucks, fire engines, trailers, three-wheeled motorcycles are manufactured in the Kalay Industrial Estate. The town is the hub of trading activity with India across the border.[1]

Kalay Township is unable to meet its own food requirements, although it exports food to neighbouring towns and cities. It has 80,000 acres (32,000 ha) under paddy, 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) under peas, and 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) under cooking oil crops. The irrigation dam in RāZāJo village will provide water to grow more crops under irrigated conditions.[1]

Kalay Township has teak, ironwood (Pterocarpus indicus), the large timber tree Shorea obtusa, Shorea robusta and many other species of tree.[1]

Religion

The religious composition of Kalay and the surrounding township is listed as 55 percent Buddhist (mainly Theravada Buddhists),40 percent Christian (mainly Baptist) and the remaining 5 percent follow other religious practices. The district has 116 Buddhist monasteries, 508 churches, a mosque, two Hindu temples, two Buddhist seminaries for nuns, five Buddhist nunneries and a joss house (Chinese communal temple).[1]

Social infrastructure

The basic social services of education (primary to high school level, and universities within close commutable distances from the town), health services (general hospital, military hospital and traditional medicines' hospital), modern telecommunication network (telephone, Internet, telecommunication satellite network etc.), Media network of news papers (simultaneous coverage of news with Yangon), TV and radio services are well established in the town. The town’s electricity needs are met from the MāNePu Hydroelectric Project, which also helps promote industries.[1]

Transportation

The strategic road between India and Myanmar, built with assistance from the Government of India, is the 165 kilometres (103 mi) Tamu–Kalay road. The Border Roads Organization, a parastatal organization of the Government of India, started construction of this road in 1997, which was opened by the Foreign Minister of India in 2001. This road has facilitated trans-border movement between India and Myanmar.[2] Apart from this road, the town is well connected by a network of roads with Kalay, Gangaw, Monywa, Yagyi and Mandalay. The important road route during the rainy season is the Kalay-Gangaw-Monywa-Mandalay road and during winter it is the Kalay-Myoma-Yagyi-Monywa-Mandalay Route.[1]

Rail services also operate between Kalay and Gangaw. This line passes through the Pountaung Pounyar Tunnel.[1]

Inland water transport is also available up to Kalaywa, which is 24 kilometres (15 mi)short of Kalay. On this route, Morlike, Homalin, Khunte, Mingin and Monywar are also accessible.[1]

There is an airport at Kalay, an extension of a British-built Second World War airstrip that was used to ferry troops and supplies into Myanmar during the British reconquest of Myanmar in 1945. The airport is located in the middle of the town. Myanmar National Airlines, Air Bagan, Air Mandalay and Air KBZ operate regular air services to and from Yangon, Mandalay and Kalaymyo.[1][6] The airport is at an elevation of 499 feet (152 m); it has a 79 metres (259 ft) wide and 1,677 metres (5,502 ft) long runway with blacktopped surface.[10][11]

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gollark: Discord bots are easy, machine learning is less easy.
gollark: *Do* you think I should actually store the compressed size? It would require either compressing to a temporary file and concatting it on later, or leaving some space in the pre-file-header bit to write it in after it's been compressed.

See also

References
  1. "Kalaymyo (2009-2010)". Kalay Township. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  2. Burma file a question of democracy. India Research Press. 2003. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-88353-12-5. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  3. Lintner, Bertil (2009). The resistance of the monks: Buddhism and activism in Burma. Human Rights Watch. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-56432-544-0.
  4. Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15–17 November 1995, Yangon. Universities Historical Research Centre. 1996.
  5. Nai Pan Hla), Tōkyō Gaikokugo Daigaku. Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo (1991). Summary of a new historical perspective of Old Burma: a special lecture delivered to the Basic Burmese Summer Intensive Course at the Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies on August 30, 1991. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. p. 18.
  6. Slim, William (1961). Defeat into Victory. New York: David McKay. LCCN 61017449.
  7. Alexander, Amy (2009). Burma: "we are like forgotten people" : the Chin people of Burma : unsafe in Burma, unprotected in India. Human Rights Watch. p. 46. ISBN 978-2-564-32426-6.
  8. "Myanmar Climate Report" (PDF). Norwegian Meteorological Institute. pp. 23–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  9. Reid, Robert; Michael Grosberg (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. pp. 33, 256, 262. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  10. Airport information for VYKL at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006.Source: DAFIF.
  11. Airport information for KMV at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective October 2006).
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