Jasper Johns

Jasper Johns (born May 15, 1930) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker whose work is associated with abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and pop art. He is well known for his depictions of the American flag and other US-related topics. Johns' works regularly sell for millions of dollars at sale and auction, including a reported $110 million sale in 2010. At multiple times works by Johns have held the title of most paid for a work by a living artist.

For the Welsh Liberal politician, see Jasper Wilson Johns. For the English soccer player, see Jasper Johns (footballer). For the non-fiction book by Michael Crichton, see Jasper Johns (book).

Jasper Johns
Born
Jasper Johns Jr.

(1930-05-15) May 15, 1930
Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Known forPainting, printmaking
Notable work
Flags, Numbers, Maps, Stenciled Words
MovementAbstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, pop art
Awards(1988) Awarded the Grand Prize for Painting at the 43rd Venice Biennale Artist of the year
(1989) Awards By MIR
(1990) National Medal of Arts
(1993) Praemium Imperiale
(2011) Presidential Medal of Freedom
Detail of Flag 1954–55, Museum of Modern Art, New York City. This image illustrates Johns' early technique of painting with thick, dripping encaustic over a collage made from found materials such as newspaper. This rough method of construction is rarely visible in photographic reproductions of his work.

Johns has received many honors throughout his career, including receipt of the National Medal of Arts in 1990, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. In 2018, The New York Times called him the United States' "foremost living artist."[1]

Life

Born in Augusta, Georgia, Jasper Johns spent his early life in Allendale, South Carolina, with his paternal grandparents after his parents' marriage failed. He then spent a year living with his mother in Columbia, South Carolina, and thereafter he spent several years living with his aunt Gladys in Lake Murray, South Carolina, twenty-two miles from Columbia. He completed Edmunds High School (now Sumter High School) class of 1947 in Sumter, South Carolina, where he once again lived with his mother.[2] Recounting this period in his life, he once said, "In the place where I was a child, there were no artists and there was no art, so I really didn't know what that meant. I think I thought it meant that I would be in a situation different than the one that I was in."

Johns studied a total of three semesters at the University of South Carolina, from 1947 to 1948.[3] He then moved to New York City and studied briefly at the Parsons School of Design in 1949.[3] In 1952 and 1953 he was stationed in Sendai, Japan, during the Korean War.[3]

In 1954, after returning to New York, Johns met Robert Rauschenberg and they became long-term lovers. For a time they lived in the same building as Rachel Rosenthal.[4][5][6] In the same period he was strongly influenced by the gay couple Merce Cunningham (a choreographer) and John Cage (a composer).[7][8] Working together they explored the contemporary art scene, and began developing their ideas on art.[3]

In 1958, gallery owner Leo Castelli discovered Johns while visiting Rauschenberg's studio.[3] “And we went down," Castelli remembered. "And then I was confronted with that miraculous array of unprecedented images -- flags, red, white and blue... All white... Large ones... small ones, targets... numbers, alphabets. Just an incredible sight... Something one could not imagine, new and out of the blue."[9] Castelli immediately offered Johns his first solo show. It was here that Alfred Barr, the founding director of New York's Museum of Modern Art, purchased four works from this show.[10] In 1960 he received the Vincent van Volkmer Prize.[11] In 1963, Johns and Cage founded Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, now known as Foundation for Contemporary Arts in New York City.

Johns currently lives in Sharon, Connecticut, and on the island of Saint Martin.[12] Until 2012, he lived in a rustic 1930s farmhouse with a glass-walled studio in Stony Point, New York. He first began visiting Saint Martin in the late 1960s and bought the property there in 1972. The architect Philip Johnson is the principal designer of his Saint Martin home, a long, white, rectangular structure divided into three distinct sections.[13]

Work

Painting

Johns is best known for his painting Flag (1954–55), which he painted after having a dream of the American flag. His work is often described as Neo-Dadaist, as opposed to pop art, even though his subject matter often includes images and objects from popular culture. Still, many compilations on pop art include Jasper Johns as a pop artist because of his artistic use of classical iconography.

Early works were composed using simple schema such as flags, maps, targets, letters and numbers. These subjects were used over and over again as continuous series. Johns' treatment of the surface is often lush and painterly; he is famous for incorporating such media as encaustic and plaster relief in his paintings. Johns played with and presented opposites, contradictions, paradoxes, and ironies, much like Marcel Duchamp (who was associated with the Dada movement). Johns also produces intaglio prints, sculptures and lithographs with similar motifs.

Johns' breakthrough move, which was to inform much later work by others, was to appropriate popular iconography for painting, thus allowing a set of familiar associations to answer the need for subject. Though the abstract expressionists disdained subject matter, it could be argued that in the end, they had simply changed subjects. Johns neutralized the subject, so that something like a pure painted surface could declare itself. For twenty years after Johns painted Flag, the surface could suffice – for example, in Andy Warhol's silkscreens, or in Robert Irwin's illuminated ambient works.

The paintings of abstract expressionist figures like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning are indexical in that they stand effectively as a signature on canvas. In contrast, Neo-Dadaists like Johns and Rauschenberg seemed preoccupied with a lessening of the reliance of their art on indexical qualities, seeking instead to create meaning solely through the use of conventional symbols. Some have interpreted this as a rejection of the hallowed individualism of the abstract expressionists. Their works also imply symbols existing outside of any referential context. Johns' Flag, for instance, is primarily a visual object, divorced from its symbolic connotations and reduced to something in-itself.

Sculpture

Johns makes his sculptures in wax first, working the surfaces in a complex pattern of textures, often layering collaged elements such as impressions of newsprint, or of a key, a cast of his friend Merce Cunningham's foot, or one of his own hand. He then casts the waxes in bronze, and, finally, works over the surface again, applying the patina.[14] Flashlight is one of his earliest pedestal-based sculptures.[15] One sculpture, a double-sided relief titled Fragment of a Letter (2009), incorporates part of a letter from Vincent van Gogh to his friend, the artist Émile Bernard. Using blocks of type, Johns pressed the letters of van Gogh's words into the wax. On the other side he spelled out the letter in the American Sign Language alphabet with stamps he made himself. Finally, he signed his name in the wax with his hands in sign language.[16] Numbers (2007) is the largest single bronze Johns has made and depicts his now classic pattern of stenciled numerals repeated in a grid.[14]

Prints

Since 1960 Johns has worked closely with Universal Limited Art Editions, Inc (ULAE) in a variety of printmaking techniques to investigate and develop existing compositions.[17] Initially, lithography suited Johns and enabled him to create print versions of iconic depictions of flags, maps, and targets that filled his paintings. In 1971, Johns became the first artist at ULAE to use the handfed offset lithographic press, resulting in Decoy — an image realized in printmaking before it was made in drawing or painting. However, apart from the Lead Reliefs series of 1969, he has concentrated his efforts on lithography at Gemini G.E.L.[18] In 1976, Johns partnered with writer Samuel Beckett to create Foirades/Fizzles; the book includes 33 etchings, which revisit an earlier work by Johns and five text fragments by Beckett. He has also worked with Atelier Crommelynck in Paris, in association with Petersburg Press of London and New York; and Simca Print Artists in New York.[19] In 2000, Johns produced a limited-edition linocut for the Grenfell Press.[20]

In 1973, Johns produced a print called Cup 2 Picasso,[21] for XXe siècle, a French publication. For the May 2014 issue of Art in America, he created a black-and-white lithograph depicting many of his signature motifs, including numbers, a map of the United States and sign language.[22]

Collaborations

For decades Johns worked with others to raise both funds and attention for Merce Cunningham's choreography. He privately assisted Robert Rauschenberg in some of his 1950s designs for Cunningham. In spring 1963, Johns helped start the Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, then intended to sponsor and raise funds in the performance field; the other founders were John Cage, Elaine de Kooning, the designer David Hayes, and the theater producer Lewis B. Lloyd. Johns later was the Merce Cunningham Dance Company's artistic adviser from 1967 to 1980. In 1968 Johns and Cunningham made a Duchamp-inspired theater piece, Walkaround Time, in which Johns's décor replicates elements of Duchamp's work The Large Glass (1915–23).[23] Earlier, Johns also wrote neodada lyrics for The Druds, a short-lived avant-garde noise music art band that featured prominent members of the New York proto-conceptual art and minimal art community.[24][25]

Commissions

In 1964, architect Philip Johnson, a friend, commissioned Johns to make a piece for what is now the David H. Koch Theater at Lincoln Center.[26] After presiding over the theatre's lobby for 35 years, Numbers (1964), an enormous 9-foot-by-7-foot grid of numerals, was supposed to be sold by the center for a reported $15 million. Art historians consider Numbers a historically important work in part because it is the largest of the artist's numbers motifs and the only one where each unit is on a separate stretcher, fashioned from a material called Sculpmetal, which was chosen by the artist for its durability.[27] Responding to widespread criticism, the board of Lincoln Center had to drop its selling plans.[28]

Valuation

In 1998, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York bought Johns' White Flag. While the Museum would not disclose how much was paid, The New York Times reported that "experts estimate [the painting's] value at more than $20 million".[29] The National Gallery of Art acquired about 1,700 of Johns' proofs in 2007. This made the gallery home to the largest number of Johns' works held by a single institution. The exhibition showed works from many points in Johns' career, including recent proofs of his prints.[30] The Greenville County Museum of Art in Greenville, South Carolina, has several of his pieces in their permanent collection.

Johns was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984.[31] In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[32] On February 15, 2011 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, becoming the first painter or sculptor to receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom since Alexander Calder in 1977. In 1990 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1994. In 1994 he was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal.[33]

His text Statement (1959) has been published in Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists' Writings.[34]

Since the 1980s, Johns typically produces only four to five paintings a year; some years he produces none. His large-scale paintings are much favored by collectors and because of their rarity are extremely difficult to acquire. His works from the mid to late 1950s, typically viewed as his period of rebellion against abstract expressionism, remain his most sought after. Skate's Art Market Research (Skate Press, Ltd.), a New York-based advisory firm servicing private and institutional investors in the art market, has ranked Jasper Johns as the 30th most valuable artist in the world.[35] The firm's index of the 1,000 most valuable works of art sold at auction—Skate's Top 1000—contains 7 works by Johns.

In 1980 the Whitney Museum of American Art paid $1 million for Three Flags (1958), then the highest price ever paid for the work of a living artist.[13] In 1988, Johns' False Start was sold at auction at Sotheby's to Samuel I. Newhouse, Jr. for $17.05 million, setting a record at the time as the highest price paid for a work by a living artist at auction, and the second highest price paid for an artwork at auction in the U.S.[36] In 2006, private collectors Anne and Kenneth Griffin (founder of the Chicago-based hedge fund Citadel LLC) bought False Start (1959) from David Geffen[37] for $80 million, making it the most expensive painting by a living artist.[13] On November 11, 2014, a 1983 version of Flag was auctioned at Sotheby's in New York for $36 million, establishing a new auction record for Johns.[38]

The most expensive work sold of Jasper Johns was Flag (1958), one of a series, was sold privately to hedge fund billionaire Steven A. Cohen in 2010 for a reported $110 million (then £73 million; €81.7 million). The seller was Jean-Christophe Castelli, son of Leo Castelli, Johns's legendary dealer, who had died in 1999. While the price was not disclosed by the parties, art experts say Cohen paid about $110 million. "Flags" are Johns's most famous works. The artist painted his first American flag in 1954–55, a work now at the MoMA.[39]

Other work
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References
Notes
  1. Solomon, Deborah (7 February 2018). "Jasper Johns Still Doesn't Want to Explain His Art". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  2. Georgian Encyclopedia.org, New Georgia Encyclopedia 16 January 2009.
  3. Jasper Johns (born 1930); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
  4. Horne, Peter; Lewis, Reina, eds. (1996). Outlooks: lesbian and gay sexualities and visual cultures. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 0-415-12468-9. Rauschenberg, who was better known in 1963 than Warhol was, and Jasper Johns were both prototypical Pop artists as well as gay men; they also were lovers.
  5. "Gay Artist Robert Rauschenberg Dead at 82". The Advocate. 14 May 2008. He met Jasper Johns in 1954. He and the younger artist, both destined to become world-famous, became lovers and influenced each other's work. According to the book Lives of the Great 20th Century Artists, Rauschenberg told biographer Calvin Tomkins that 'Jasper and I literally traded ideas. He would say, 'I've got a terrific idea for you,' and then I'd have to find one for him.'
  6. Zongker, Brett (1 November 2010). "Smithsonian explores impact of gays on art history". The Associated Press. When artist Jasper Johns was mourning the end of his relationship with Robert Rauschenberg, he took one of his famous flag paintings, made it black, and dangled a fork and spoon together from the top. Hidden symbols in Johns' "In Memory of My Feelings," tell part of story, curators said. Color from the relationship is gone. A fork and spoon elsewhere in the painting are separated. Here we have a coded glimpse into a six-year relationship that was rarely acknowledged even in Rauschenberg's 2008 obituary. The Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery is decoding such history from abstract paintings and portraits in the first major museum exhibit to show how sexual orientation and gender identity have shaped American art.
  7. Vaughan, David (27 July 2009). "Obituary: Merce Cunningham". The Observer.
  8. Lanchner, Carolyn; Johns, Jasper (2010). Jasper Johns. The Museum of Modern Art. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-87070-768-1.
  9. "The Flags of Jasper Johns". The Attic. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  10. Finkel, Jori. Artist Dossier: Jasper Johns. May 2009, Art+Auction.
  11. "Vincent van Volkmer Kunstpreis". www.vincentvanvolkmer.com (in German). Retrieved 2019-08-22.
  12. Betti-Sue Hertz. “Jasper Johns' Green Angel: The Making of A Print” Resource Library (San Diego Museum of Art) January 29, 2007.
  13. Vogel, Carol (February 3, 2008). "The Gray Areas of Jasper Johns". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  14. Jasper Johns: Numbers, 0–9, and 5 Postcards, November 2, 2012 – January 5, 2013 Matthew Marks Gallery, Los Angeles.
  15. Jasper Johns, Flashlight (1960/1988) Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine Walker Art Center, Minneapolis.
  16. Jasper Johns: New Sculpture and Works on Paper, May 7 – July 1, 2011 Matthew Marks Gallery, New York.
  17. Jasper Johns: Prints 1987 – 2001, April 24 – June 7, 2003 Gagosian Gallery, London.
  18. Gemini G.E.L.: A Catalogue Raisonné, 1966–2005 | Jasper Johns National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
  19. Johns: The Prints, February 2 – April 13, 2008 Madison Museum of Contemporary Art.
  20. "Sun on Six by Jasper Johns on artnet Auctions". Artnet.com. 2012-05-12. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  21. Jasper Johns, Cup 2 Picasso (1973) Christie's London, September 16, 2009.
  22. Carol Vogel (April 17, 2014), Art as Magazine Insert New York Times.
  23. Alistair Macaulay (January 7, 2013), Cunningham and Johns: Rare Glimpses Into a Collaboration New York Times.
  24. Patty Mucha on The Druds
  25. Blake Gopnik, Warhol:  A Life as Art London: Allen Lane. March 5, 2020. ISBN 978-0-241-00338-1 p. 297
  26. Julie Belcove (April 29, 2011), Meaning in the making Financial Times.
  27. Frank DiGiacomo (January 18, 1999), Art in the Gilded Age: Lincoln Center Czars Hang Up Jasper Johns New York Observer.
  28. Carol Vogel (January 26, 1999), Lincoln Center Drops Plan to Sell Its Jasper Johns Painting New York Times.
  29. Vogel, Carol (October 29, 1998). "Met Buys Its First Painting by Jasper Johns". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
  30. Brett Zongker (March 6, 2007). "National Gallery to Get Jasper Johns Prints". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-04-16. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter J" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  32. "National Medal of Arts". The National Endowment for the Arts. 2013-04-24. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  33. "MacDowell Medal winners 1960-2011". 2011-04-13. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  34. Kristine Stiles & Peter Selz, Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists' Writings (Second Edition, Revised and Expanded by Kristine Stiles) University of California Press 2012, p. 375
  35. "SkatePress.com". SkatePress.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  36. RITA REIFPublished: November 11, 1988 (1988-11-11). "Jasper Johns Painting Is Sold for $17 Million – New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  37. Jori Finkel (May 14, 2009), Jasper Johns BLOUINARTINFO.
  38. "Rothko, Jasper Johns star at NYC art auction". businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  39. "Most expensive living artist at private sale". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  40. Works of Art: Modern Art Metropolitan Museum of Art, online June 15, 2007
  41. (March 15, 2019). Jasper Johns. Tango, (1955). artdesigncafe. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  42. Jasper Johns. Target with Four Faces, (1955), moma.org.. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  43. (March 15, 2019). Jasper Johns. Device circle, (1959). artdesigncafe. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  44. "Buyer of Johns Painting". The New York Times. May 9, 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. ... Jasper Johns's fiercely compelling Diver, from 1962, which brought $4.2 million last Tuesday at Christie's, ... was an auction record for a work by any living artist.
  45. Cotter, Holland (21 March 2014). "A Lens Catches; a Painter Converts". The New York Times.
  46. ""The Simpsons" Mom and Pop Art (TV Episode 1999)" – via www.imdb.com.
Bibliography
Further reading
  • Bernstein, Roberta. Jasper Johns' Paintings and Sculptures, 1954–1974: "The Changing Focus of the Eye.". Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1985.
  • Bernstein, Roberta; Tone, Lilian; Johns, Jasper and Varnedoe, Kirk. Jasper Johns: A Retrospective, The Museum of Modern Art, 2006.
  • Castleman, Riva. Japser Johns: A Print Retrospetive. The Museum of Modern Art 1986.
  • Crichton, Michael. Jasper Johns, Whitney/Abrams, 1977 (out of print).
  • Hess, Barbara. Jasper Johns. The Business of the Eye. Taschen, Köln 2007.
  • Johns, Jasper; Varnedoe, Kirk; Hollevoet, Christel; and Frank, Robert. Jasper Johns: Writings, Sketchbook Notes, Interviews, The Museum of Modern Art, 2002 (out of print).
  • Kozloff, Max. Jasper Johns, Abrams, 1972. (out of print)
  • Krauss, Rosalind E. and Knight, Christopher. "Split decisions: Jasper Johns in retrospect" Artforum, September 1996. Findarticles.com
  • Kuspit, Donald (2010). "Jasper Johns: The Graying of Modernism". Psychodrama: Modern Art as Group Therapy. London: Ziggurat. pp. 417–425. ISBN 9780956103895.
  • Orton, Fred. Figuring Jasper Johns, Reaktion Books, 1994.
  • Pearlman, Debra. Where Is Jasper Johns? (Adventures in Art), Prestel Publishing, 2006.
  • Rosenberg, Harold. "Jasper Johns: Things the Mind Already Knows". Vogue, 1964.
  • Shapiro, David. Jasper Johns Drawings 1954–1984. Abrams 1984 (out of print).
  • Steinberg, Leo. Jasper Johns. New York: George Wittenborn, 1963.
  • Tomkins, Calvin. Off the Wall: Robert Rauschenberg and the Artworld of our time. Doubleday. 1980.
  • Weiss, Jeffrey. Jasper Johns: An Allegory of Painting, 1955–1965, Yale University Press, 2007.
  • Yau, John. A Thing Among Things: The Art of Jasper Johns, D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, 2008.
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