Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough (/ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ (listen) MID-əlz-brə) is a large post-industrial town[1][2] in North Yorkshire, England. The local council, a unitary authority, is Middlesbrough Borough Council. The 2011 Census recorded the borough's total resident population as 138,400 and the wider urban settlement as 174,700,[3] making it the largest settlement within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire. Middlesbrough is part of the larger built-up area of Teesside, which had an overall population of 376,333 at the 2011 Census.[4]

This article is about the town in North East England. For other uses, see Middlesbrough (disambiguation).

Middlesbrough
Town, borough and unitary authority
Middlesbrough Town Hall
Middlesbrough Council logo
Motto(s):  Erimus "We shall be"
Shown within North Yorkshire
Middlesbrough Location within England Show map of England Middlesbrough Location within the United Kingdom Show map of the United Kingdom Middlesbrough Location within Europe Show map of Europe
Coordinates: 54.5767°N 1.2355°W / 54.5767; -1.2355
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	North East England
Ceremonial county	North Yorkshire
Founded	1830
Administrative headquarters	Middlesbrough Town Hall
Government
• Type	Unitary authority
• Body	Middlesbrough Council
• Leadership	Leader and cabinet
• Executive	Independent
• Mayor	Andy Preston
• Chairman	John Hobson
• MPs:	Andy McDonald (L) Simon Clarke (C)
Area
• Total	20.80 sq mi (53.87 km^2)
Population  (mid-2019 est.)
• Total	174,700
Demonym(s)	Teessider
Time zone	UTC+0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode	TS
Area code(s)	01642
OS grid reference	NZ495204
Primary airport	Teesside International Airport
Councillors	46
MPs	List of MPs Andy McDonald (L) Simon Clarke (C)
Website	middlesbrough.gov.uk

Middlesbrough became a county borough within the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1889. In 1968 the borough was merged with a number of others to form the County Borough of Teesside, which was absorbed in 1974 by the county of Cleveland. In 1996 Cleveland was abolished, and Middlesbrough Borough Council became a unitary authority within the county of North Yorkshire. Erimus ("We shall be" in Latin) was chosen as Middlesbrough's motto in 1830. It recalls Fuimus ("We have been") the motto of the Norman/Scottish Bruce family, who were lords of Cleveland in the Middle Ages. The town's coat of arms is an azure lion, from the arms of the Bruce family, a star, from the arms of Captain James Cook, and two ships, representing shipbuilding and maritime trade.[5]

History

Early history

In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by St. Cuthbert at the request of St. Hilda, Abbess of Whitby. After the Angles, the area became home to Viking settlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffix by) are abundant in the area – for example, Ormesby, Stainsby, Maltby and Tollesby were once separate villages that belonged to Vikings called Orm, Steinn, Malti and Toll, but now form suburbs of Middlesbrough. The name Mydilsburgh is the earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name and dates from the Anglo-Saxon era (410–1066), while many of the aforementioned villages are recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. The manor of Middlesbrough belonged to Whitby Abbey and Guisborough Priory.[6]

In 1119 Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, granted and confirmed the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby.[7] Up until its closure on the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1537,[8] the church was maintained by 12 Benedictine monks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland. The importance of the early church at "Middleburg", later known as Middlesbrough Priory, is indicated by the fact that, in 1452, it possessed four altars.

Other links persist in the area, often through school or road names, to now-outgrown or abandoned local settlements, such as the medieval settlement of Stainsby, deserted by 1757, which amounts to little more today than a series of grassy mounds near the A19 road.[9]

Development

Old Town Hall

In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farm with a population of just 25. During the latter half of the 19th century, however, it experienced rapid growth.

The Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&DR) had been developed to transport coal from Witton Park Colliery and Shildon in County Durham, to the River Tees in the east. It had always been assumed by the investors that Stockton as the then lowest bridging point on the River Tees would be suitable to take the largest ships at the required volume. However, as the trade developed, and with competition from the Clarence Railway which had established a new port on the north side of the river at Port Clarence, a better solution was required on the south side of the river.

In 1828 the influential Quaker banker, coal mine owner and S&DR shareholder Joseph Pease sailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site down river of Stockton on which to place new coal staithes. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres (213 ha) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company. Through the company, the investors set about the development of a new coal port on the banks of the Tees nearby designed by John Harris, and a suitable town on the site of the farm (the new town of Middlesbrough) to supply the port with labour. By 1830 the S&DR had been extended to Middlesbrough and expansion of the town was assured. The small farmstead became the site of such streets as North Street, South Street, West Street, East Street, Commercial Street, Stockton Street and Cleveland Street, laid out in a grid-iron pattern around a market square, with the first house being built in West Street in April 1830.[10] The town of Middlesbrough was born.[11] New businesses quickly bought up premises and plots of land in the new town and soon shippers, merchants, butchers, innkeepers, joiners, blacksmiths, tailors, builders and painters were moving in. By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600.[12]

The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington") were constructed just to the west of the site earmarked for the location of Middlesbrough.[13][14] The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station.[15] The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on Middlesbrough Dock. Laid out by Sir William Cubitt, the whole infrastructure was built by resident civil engineer George Turnbull.[13] After three years and an expenditure of £122,000 (equivalent to £9.65 million at 2011 prices),[13] first water was let in on 19 March 1842, and the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842. On completion, the docks were bought by the S&DR.[13]

Industrialisation

Further information: Bolckow Vaughan, Dorman Long, and Teesside Steelworks

A wall celebrating the name Ironopolis

The iron and steel industry dominated the Tees area since Iron production started in Middlesbrough during the 1840s. In 1841, Henry Bolckow, who had come to England in 1827, formed a partnership with John Vaughan, originally of Worcester, and started an iron foundry and rolling mill at Vulcan Street in the town. It was Vaughan who realised the economic potential of local ironstone deposits when he discovered Ironstone in the Eston Hills in 1850. Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid 1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nations Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".[16][17]

On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its Royal Charter of Incorporation,[18] giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.[6]

In 1864, a hospital, the North Riding Infirmary, opened in Newport Road. Henry Bolckow died in 1878 and left an endowment of £5,000 for the infirmary.[6]

On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year.

In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough beginning the transition from Iron production to Steel and by the turn of the century, Teesside had become one of the major steel centres in the country and possibly the world. In 1900, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co had become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain. In 1914, Dorman Long, another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain, employing a workforce of over 20,000, and by 1929 it was the dominant steel producer on Teesside after taking over Bolckow, Vaughan & Co and acquiring its assets. It was possibly the largest Steel producer in Britain at the time. The steel components of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932) were engineered and fabricated by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for the New Tyne Bridge in Newcastle.[19]

Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the Sir Raylton Dixon & Company, which produced hundreds of steam freighters including the infamous SS Mont-Blanc, the steamship which caused the 1917 Halifax Explosion in Canada.

Middlesbrough's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th century (fuelled by the iron and steel industry), the population reaching 90,000 by the turn of the century.[12] The population of Middlesbrough as a county borough peaked at almost 165,000 in the late 1960s, but has declined since the early 1980s. The 2011 Census recorded the borough's total resident population as 138,400 and the urban settlement as 174,500.

Irish migration to Middlesbrough

Main article: Irish migration to Great Britain

From 1861 to 1871, the census of England & Wales showed that Middlesbrough consistently had the second highest percentage of Irish born people in England after Liverpool.[20][21] The Irish population in 1861 accounted for 15.6% of the total population of Middlesbrough. In 1871 the amount had dropped to 9.2% yet this still placed Middlesbrough's Irish population second in England behind Liverpool .[22] Due to the rapid development of the town and its industrialisation there was much need for people to work in the many blast furnaces and steel works along the banks of the Tees. This attracted many people from Ireland, who were in much need of work. As well as people from Ireland, the Scottish, Welsh and overseas inhabitants made up 16% of Middlesbrough's population in 1871.[21] A second influx of Irish migration was observed in the early 1900s as Middlesbrough's steel industry boomed producing 1/3 of Britain's total steel output. This second influx lasted through to the 1950s after which Irish migration to Middlesbrough saw a drastic decline. Middlesbrough no longer has a strong Irish presence, with Irish born residents making up around 2% of the current population, however there is still a strong cultural and historical connection with Ireland mainly through the heritage and ancestry of many families within Middlesbrough.

Second World War

Main article: Middlesbrough during World War II

Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the Second World War. The steel making capacity and railways for carrying steel products were obvious targets. The Luftwaffe first bombed the town on 25 May 1940, when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel plant.[23] More bombing occurred throughout the course of the war, with the railway station put out of action for two weeks in 1942.[24]

By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.[25]

Green Howards

The Green Howards was a British Army infantry regiment very strongly associated with Middlesbrough and the area south of the River Tees. Originally formed at Dunster Castle, Somerset in 1688 to serve King William of Orange, later King William III, this famous regiment became affiliated to the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1782. As Middlesbrough grew, its population of men came to be a group most targeted by the recruiters. The Green Howards were part of the King's Division. On 6 June 2006, this famous regiment was merged into the new Yorkshire Regiment and are now known as 2 Yorks – The 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards). There is also a Territorial Army (TA) company at Stockton Road in Middlesbrough, part of 4 Yorks which is wholly reserve.

Governance

The first ten mayors of Middlesbrough[26]

Year	Name of Mayor
1853	Henry Bolckow
1854	Isaac Wilson
1855	John Vaughan
1856	Henry Thompson
1858	John Richardson
1859	William Fallows
1860	George Bottomley
1861	James Harris
1862	Thomas Brentnall
1863	Edgar Gilkes

The first directly elected mayors of Middlesbrough[27]

Years	Name of Mayor
2002–2015	Ray Mallon
2015–2019	Dave Budd
2019–	Andy Preston

Middlesbrough was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1853. It extended its boundaries in 1866 and 1887, and became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. A Middlesbrough Rural District was formed in 1894, covering a rural area to the south of the town. It was abolished in 1932, partly going to the county borough; but mostly going to the Stokesley Rural District.[28]

In 1968 Middlesbrough became part of the County Borough of Teesside, and in 1974 it became part of the non-metropolitan county of Cleveland until the county's abolition in 1996, when Middlesbrough became a unitary authority. The town now forms part of North Yorkshire for ceremonial purposes.

Politics

Currently the Middlesbrough constituency is represented by Andy McDonald for Labour in the House of Commons. He was elected in a by-election held on 29 November 2012 following the death of previous Member of Parliament Sir Stuart Bell, who was the MP since 1983. Middlesbrough has been a traditionally safe Labour seat. The first Conservative MP for Middlesbrough was Sir Samuel Alexander Sadler, elected in 1900.

Meanwhile, the Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland constituency is represented by Simon Clarke of the Conservative Party, who won the seat off Labour in the 2017 general election. Prior to Clarke's election, the seat had always been Labour since it was created in 1997.

Local Government

See also: Middlesbrough Council

Mayor

See also: Mayor of Middlesbrough

Andy Preston, the current Mayor of Middlesbrough

The first Mayor of Middlesbrough was the German-born Henry Bolckow in 1853.[29][30] In the 20th century, encompassing introduction of universal suffrage in 1918 and changes in local government in the United Kingdom, the role of mayor changed and became largely ceremonial.

In 2001, as part of a wider programme of devolution, voters in Middlesbrough were offered a referendum to decide between a directly elected mayor or the cabinet system then in operation, with the traditional civic and ceremonial functions of the Mayors being transferred to the Chair of Middlesbrough Council, which they did so by a large margin.[31]

In 2002, Ray Mallon (Independent), formerly a senior officer in Cleveland Police, became Middlesbrough's first directly elected mayor. He was re-elected in 2007[32] and then in 2011.[33] Mallon chose not to stand for a fourth term in 2015 and his deputy mayor, Dave Budd (Labour) was elected to succeed him.[34][35] Budd decided not to stand for a second term and in the May 2019 mayoral election, local businessman Andy Preston (independent) won with 59% of the vote.[36]

Economy

Claes Oldenburg's 'Bottle O' Notes' sculpture in Middlesbrough

Tees Valley has a larger percentage of employees employed in Health Care, Education, Advanced Manufacturing and Construction than nationally. The main economic driver, once dominated by steelmaking, shipbuilding and chemical industries, has changed during the last fifty years.[37][38] Since the demise of much of the heavy industry in the area, newer technologies have since begun to emerge e.g. in the digital sector.[39] The area is still home to the nearby large Wilton International industrial site which until 1995 was largely owned by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The fragmentation of that company led to smaller manufacturing units being owned by multinational organisations. The last part of ICI itself completely left the area in 2006 and the remaining companies are now members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC).

The port of Teesport, owned by PD Ports, is a major contributor to the economy of Middlesbrough and the port owners have their offices in the town. Teesport is 1 mile (2 km) from the North Sea and 4 miles (6 km) east of Middlesbrough, on the River Tees. The port currently handles over 4,350 vessels each year and around 27 million tonnes of cargo with the estate covering approximately 779 acres.[40] Steel, petrochemical, agribulks, manufacturing, engineering and high street commerce operations are all supported through Teesport, in addition to the renewable energy sector – in both production and assembly facilities.

Middlesbrough also remains a stronghold for engineering based manufacturing and engineering contract service businesses. To help support this, the new TeesAMP advanced manufacturing park is designed to accommodate businesses associated with advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies.[41]

Teesside University is a major presence in the town.[42] The university has a growing reputation for developing digital businesses particularly in the field of digital animation and for hosting the Animex festival.[43] The University has 18,000 students, 2,400 staff and operates a £250,000,000 campus in Middlesbrough town-centre. The university campus has benefited from approx £250m of investment in recent years, including the £30m Campus Heart scheme. Teesside University supports a total of 2,570 full-time jobs across the Tees Valley, North East and UK economies per annum. The university contributes additional wealth to the local, regional and national economies as measured by Gross Value Added (GVA). It is estimated this contributes a total of £124 million GVA per annum. The total direct, indirect and induced spending impacts associated with full-time international students and UK students from outside of the North East is approximately £18.9 million per annum. It is estimated this spending supports 158 full-time jobs per annum in Tees Valley and contributes additional wealth of £9.3 million per annum to the local economy.[44]

The Boho zone in the town now houses a large number of these start-up digital businesses.[45]

The South Tees NHS Trust, in particular James Cook University Hospital, is also major employer. In addition it adds to the economy through innovative projects such as South Tees bio-incubator. This is a new hub which acts as a launch-pad for research, innovation and collaboration between health, technology and science. It is a facility used by GlycoSeLect (UK) Ltd. as a client of South Tees NHS Trust in strategic partnership with The Northern Health Science Alliance which has contributed £10.8bn to the UK economy.[46]

The town centre has a variety of stores from high street chains to aspirational and lifestyle brands.

Suburbs

Map of the Middlesbrough / Stockton-on-Tees area

The following list are the different wards, districts and suburbs that make up the Middlesbrough built-up area. (* areas that form part of built-up area under Redcar & Cleveland Council)

• Acklam
• Ayresome;
• Berwick Hills and Pallister;
• Brambles and Thorntree;
• Central;
• Coulby Newham;
• Hemlington;
• Kader;
• Ladgate;
• Linthorpe;
• Longlands and Beechwood;
• Marton East;
• Marton West;
• Newport;
• North Ormesby;
• Nunthorpe;
• Park;
• Park End and Beckfield;
• Stainton and Thornton;
• Trimdon;
• South Bank;*
• Teesville;*
• Normanby*
• Eston*
• Ormesby*

Landmarks

Acklam Hall

Ormesby Hall

Transporter Bridge, built in 1911

Middlesbrough Town Hall

Temenos sculpture at Middlehaven.

Middlesbrough Central (Public) Library

In the suburb and former village of Acklam, Middlesbrough's oldest domestic building is Acklam Hall of 1678. Built by Sir William Hustler, it is also Middlesbrough's sole Grade I listed building.[47][48] The Restoration mansion, has seen progressive updates through the centuries, making a captivating document of varying trends in English architecture.

Via a 1907 Act of Parliament, Sir William Arrol & Co. of Glasgow built the Transporter Bridge (1911) which spans the River Tees between Middlesbrough and Port Clarence. At 850 feet (260 m) long and 225 feet (69 m) high, is one of the largest of its type in the world, and one of only two left in working order in Britain (the other being in Newport). The bridge remains in daily use. It is, a Grade II* listed building.

Another landmark, the Tees Newport Bridge, a vertical lift bridge, opened further along the river in 1934. Newport bridge still stands and is passable by traffic, but it can no longer lift the centre section.

The urban centre of Middlesbrough remains home to a variety of architecture ranging from the Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, opened in January 2007 to replace a number of former outlying galleries; and Centre North East, formerly Corporation House, which opened in 1971. The terraced Victorian streets surrounding the town centre are characterful elements of Middlesbrough's social and historical identity, and the vast streets surrounding Parliament Road and Abingdon Road a reminder of the area's wealth and rapid growth during industrialisation.

Middlesbrough Town Hall, designed by George Gordon Hoskins and built between 1883 and 1889 is a Grade II listed building, and a very imposing structure. Of comparable grandeur, is the Empire Palace of Varieties, of 1897, the finest surviving theatre edifice designed by Ernest Runtz in the UK. The first artist to star there in its guise as a music hall was Lillie Langtry.[49] Later it became an early nightclub (1950s), then a bingo hall and is now once again a nightclub. Further afield, in Linthorpe, is the Middlesbrough Theatre opened by Sir John Gielgud in 1957; it was one of the first new theatres built in England after the Second World War.

The town includes the UK's only public sculpture by Claes Oldenburg,[50] the "Bottle O' Notes" of 1993, which relates to Captain James Cook. Based alongside it today in the town's Central Gardens is the Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (MIMA). Refurbished in 2006, is the Carnegie library, dating from 1912. The Dorman Long office on Zetland Road, constructed between 1881 and 1891, is the only commercial building ever designed by Philip Webb, the architect who worked for Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell.

Away from the town centre, at Middlehaven stands the Temenos sculpture, designed by sculptor Anish Kapoor and designer Cecil Balmond. The steel structure, consisting of a pole, a circular ring and an oval ring, stands approximately 110 m long and 50 m high and is held together by steel wire. It was unveiled in 2010 at a cost of £2.7 million.

Culture and community

Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (mima)

Middlesbrough Leisure Park is located at the eastern edge of the town centre. The leisure park hosts restaurants, a Cineworld multiplex cinema, fast food outlets, an American Golf outlet and a gym.[51]

Middlesbrough also has a healthy musical heritage. A number of bands and musicians hail from the area, including Paul Rodgers, Chris Rea, and Micky Moody.

Festivals and fairs

The Middlesbrough Mela is an annual, multi-cultural festival attracting an audience of up to 40,000 to enjoy a mix of live music, food, craft and fashion stalls. It began in Middlesbrough's Central Gardens, now Centre Square, and is either held there or in Albert Park.[52]

The Middlesbrough Art Weekender is a contemporary art festival organised by the Auxiliary that has been held in central Middlesbrough since 2017.[53] In 2019, it was held over the weekend of 26–29 September and included the works of artists such as Emily Hesse and Karina Smigla-Bobinski.[54]

Museums and galleries

Dorman Museum

There are several museums and galleries in Middlesbrough, including the Auxiliary Warehouse space, which opened as part of the 2019 Middlesbrough Art Weekender and is the most recent addition to the contemporary art community;[55] the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, which was opened on 28 October 1978 in celebration of the 250th anniversary of Captain James Cook's birth in nearby Marton; the Dorman Memorial Museum, which was founded by Sir Arthur Dorman and specialises in social and local history; Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, known locally as mima, is a purpose built contemporary art gallery, which was built to replace the Cleveland Gallery (closed 1999) and Cleveland Crafts Centre (closed 2003) and opened its doors in 2007; though just outside the boundary of Middlesbrough, within a joint preservation area with Redcar and Cleveland, Ormesby Hall, is an 18th-century palladian mansion, once owned by the Pennyman family and is now a National Trust property; Platform A Gallery, is a contemporary art space at the end of platform one of Middlesbrough Train Station;[56] in July 2000 The Transporter Bridge Visitor Centre was opened to commemorate the building of the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge.[57]

Parks

Albert Park was donated to the town by Henry Bolckow in 1866. It was formally opened by Prince Arthur on 11 August 1868, and comprises a 30 hectares (74 acres) site. The park underwent a considerable period of restoration from 2001 to 2004, during which a number of the park's landmarks, saw either restoration or revival.

Stewart Park was donated to the people of Middlesbrough in 1928 by Councillor Thomas Dormand Stewart and encompasses Victorian stable buildings, lakes and animal pens. It is also home to the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum. During 2011 and 2012, the park underwent major refurbishment. It hosted the BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend in the summer of 2019.[58]

Newham Grange Leisure farm in the suburb of Coulby Newham, has operated continuously in this spot since the 17th century, becoming a farm park and conservation centre farm with the first residential development of the suburb in the 1970s.

Theatres and music venues

Middlesbrough Town Hall is the pre-eminent theatre venue in Middlesbrough. It has two concert halls, the first a classic Victorian concert hall with a prosecenium stage and seating 1,190, the second is under the main hall and is called the Middlesbrough Crypt, it has a capacity of up to 600. The venue is run by Middlesbrough Council and is funded, in part, by Arts Council England as a National Portfolio Organisation specialising in music.[59] It was refurbished with the assistance of the National Lottery Heritage Fund and reopened in 2018.[60]

The Middlesbrough Theatre (formerly the Little Theatre) is in the suburb of Linthorpe. It was designed by architects Elder & De Pierro[61] and was the first purpose designed theatre to be erected in post-war England when it was opened on 22 October 1957 by Sir John Gielgud.[62][63]

Transport

Middlesbrough is served by public transport. Locally, Arriva North East and Stagecoach provide the majority of bus services, with National Express and Megabus operating long-distance coach travel from Middlesbrough bus station.

Train services are operated by Northern and TransPennine Express. Departing from Middlesbrough railway station, Northern operates rail services throughout the north-east region including to Newcastle, Sunderland, Darlington, Redcar and Whitby, whilst TransPennine Express provides direct rail services to cities such as Leeds, York, Liverpool and Manchester.

A trial e-scooter hire system is operating in Middlesbrough during 2020.[64]

Middlesbrough is served by a number of major roads including the A19 (north/south), A66 (east/west), A171, A172 and A174.

Education

See also: List of schools in Middlesbrough

Middlesborough High School was built on a site in Albert Road that had been given by Sir Joseph Pease in 1877.[6] Lady Pease laid the foundation stone for the school buildings, designed by Alfred Waterhouse, in 1884.[65] In 1909, the school was given to the local council. The buildings are now part of Teeside University.[66]

Middlesbrough became a university town in 1992, after a campaign for a distinct 'Teesside University' since the 1960s. Before its establishment, extramural classes had been provided by the University of Leeds Adult Education Centre on Harrow Road, from 1958 to 2001.[67] Teesside University has more than 20,000 students. It dates back to 1930 as Constantine Technical College. Current departments of the university include Teesside University Business School and Schools of Arts and Media, Computing, Health and Social Care, Science & Engineering and Social Sciences & Law. The university teaches computer animation and games design and co-hosts the annual Animex International Festival of Animation and Computer Games. The university also has links with the James Cook University Hospital south of the town centre.

There are also modern schools, colleges and sixth form colleges, the largest of which is Middlesbrough College, in Middlehaven, with 16,000 students. Others include Trinity Catholic College in Saltersgill[68] and Macmillan Academy on Stockton Road. The Northern School of Art, which opened in 1960, is also based in Middlesbrough and Hartlepool. It is one of only four specialist art and design further education colleges in the United Kingdom.

Secondary schools

Secondary schools in Middlesbrough include:

• Acklam Grange School, also home to the Acorn Sports Centre ISHA
• Outwood Academy Acklam
• Trinity Catholic College
• The King's Academy
• Unity City Academy
• Macmillan Academy[69]
• Outwood Academy Normanby
• Beverley School
• Nunthorpe Academy
• Outwood Academy Ormesby
• St Peter's Catholic Voluntary Academy

Demography

In 2011, Middlesbrough had a population of 174,700,[3] which makes it the largest town in North East England and largest urban settlement within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire. The borough had a population of 138,412 at the same census. For comparison, the Built-up area sub-division (BUASD) is about the same size as Bournemouth, the largest town in South West England. Middlesbrough town is larger than the borough. The town is made up of the borough, as well as the suburbs which make up the area known as Greater Eston, which is to the east of the borough in Redcar and Cleveland. Greater Eston does not have a very high ethnic minority population, which makes the town more indigenous than the smaller borough.

Middlesbrough compared 2011	Middlesbrough BUASD	Middlesbrough (borough)
White British	88.4%	86.0%
Asian	6.4%	7.8%
Black	1.0%	1.3%

[70][71]

In the borough of Middlesbrough, 14.0% of the population were non-white British, compared with only 11.6% for the town. This makes the town about as ethnically diverse as Exeter. Additionally, it has a lower indigenous population than Gateshead and South Shields which are further north on the other side of County Durham. It is also the second most ethnically diverse settlement in the North East (after Newcastle). The settlement of Middlesbrough is not coterminus with the council area and is recognised as a Built-up area sub-division (BUASD) of Teesside by the Office for National Statistics.[4]

Women in the Middlehaven ward had the second lowest life expectancy at birth, 74 years, of any ward in England and Wales in 2016.[72]

Religion

Christianity

St John's Church

Middlesbrough is a deanery of the Archdeaconry of Cleveland, a subdivision of the Church of England Diocese of York in the Province of York. It stretches west from Thirsk, north to Middlesbrough, east to Whitby and south to Pickering.

Middlesbrough is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, which was created on 20 December 1878 from the Diocese of Beverley. Middlesbrough is home to the Mother-Church of the diocese, St. Mary's Cathedral, which is in the suburb of Coulby Newham. The present bishop is the Right Reverend Terence Patrick Drainey, 7th Bishop of Middlesbrough, who was ordained on Friday 25 January 2008.

The synagogue in Park Road South, which opened in 1938 and closed in 1998

Judaism

Ashkenazi Jews started to settle in Middlesbrough from 1862 and formed Middlesbrough Hebrew Congregation in 1870 with a synagogue in Hill Street. The synagogue moved to Brentnall Street in 1874 and then to a new building in Park Road South in 1938.[73]

Editions of the Jewish Year Book record the growth and decline of Middlesbrough's Jewish population. It was about 100 in 1896–97 and peaked at 750 in 1935. It then declined to 30 in 1998, in which year the synagogue in Park Road South was ceremonially closed.[73]

Islam

The Islamic community is represented in several mosques in Middlesbrough. Muslim sailors visited Middlesbrough from about 1890.[74] and, in 1961, Azzam and Younis Din opened the first Halal butcher shop.[74] The first mosque was a house in Grange Road in 1962.[74] The Al-Madina Jamia Mosque, on Waterloo Road, the Dar ul Islam Central Mosque, on Southfield Road, and the Abu Bakr Mosque & Community Centre,[75] which is on Park Road North.

Sikhism

The Sikh community established its first gurdwara (temple) in Milton Street in 1967.[74] After a time in Southfield Road, the centre is now in Lorne Street and was opened in 1990.[74]

Hinduism

There is a Hindu Cultural Centre in Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby, which was opened in 1990.[74]

Television and filmography

Captain James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1775, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich

Middlesbrough has featured in many television programmes, including The Fast Show, Inspector George Gently, Steel River Blues, Spender, Play for Today (The Black Stuff; latterly the drama Boys from the Blackstuff) and Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.[76]

Film director Ridley Scott is from the North East and based the opening shot of Blade Runner on the view of the old ICI plant at Wilton. He said: “There’s a walk from Redcar … I’d cross a bridge at night, and walk above the steel works. So that’s probably where the opening of Blade Runner comes from. It always seemed to be rather gloomy and raining, and I’d just think “God, this is beautiful.” You can find beauty in everything, and so I think I found the beauty in that darkness.” It has been claimed that the site was also considered as a shooting location for one of the films in Scott's Alien franchise.[77]

Some of the film Billy Elliot was filmed on the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge.[76]

In the 2009 action thriller The Tournament Middlesbrough is that year's location where the assassins' competition is being held.

In November 2009, the MiMA art gallery was used by the presenters of Top Gear as part of a challenge. The challenge was to see if car exhibits would be more popular than normal art.[78]

In March 2013, Middlesbrough was used as a stand in for Newcastle 1969 in BBC's Inspector George Gently starring Martin Shaw and Lee Ingleby; the footage appeared in the episode "Gently Between The Lines" (episode 1 of series 6).

In 2010, filmmaker John Walsh made the satirical documentary ToryBoy The Movie about the 2010 general election in the Middlesbrough constituency and sitting MP Stuart Bell's alleged laziness as an MP.[79][80][81]

Notable people

See also: List of people from Middlesbrough

Sport

Riverside Stadium, 2015

Middlesbrough FC (MFC), is a Championship football team, owned by local haulage entrepreneur Steve Gibson and managed by Neil Warnock. The club is based at the Riverside Stadium, where they have played since 1995. Previously the stadium was Ayresome Park. Founder members of the Premier League in 1992, Middlesbrough won the Football League Cup in 2004,[82] and were beaten finalists in the 2005-06 UEFA Cup.[83] In 1905 they made history with Britain's first £1,000 transfer when they signed Alf Common from local rivals Sunderland.[84] Another league club, Middlesbrough Ironopolis FC, was briefly based in the town in the late 19th century.

Speedway racing was staged at Cleveland Park Stadium from the pioneer days of 1928 until the 1990s. The post-war team, known as The Middlesbrough Bears, and for a time, The Teessiders, the Teesside Tigers and the Middlesbrough Tigers operated at all levels. The track operated for amateur speedway in the 1950s before re-opening in the Provincial League of 1961. The track closed for a spell later in the 1960s but returned in as members of the Second Division as The Teessiders.

Athletics is a major sport in Middlesbrough with two local clubs serving Middlesbrough and the surrounding Teesside area, Middlesbrough and Cleveland Harriers and Middlesbrough AC (Mandale). Training facilities exist at the Middlesbrough Sports Village, which was opened in 2015, replacing Claville Stadium.[85] Notable athletes to train at both facilities are World & European Indoor Sprint Champion Richard Kilty, British Indoor Long Jump record holder Chris Tomlinson and several British Internationals. The sports village includes a running track with grandstand, an indoor gym and café, football pitches, as well as a cycle circuit and velodrome. Adjacent to the sports village is a skateboard park and also Middlesbrough Tennis World.

Middlesbrough hosts several road races through the year. In September, the annual Middlesbrough Tees Pride 10k road race[86] is held on a one lap circuit round the southern part of the town. First held in 2005, the race now attracts several thousand competitors.

Middlesbrough RUFC was founded in 1872, and are currently members of the Yorkshire Division One. They have played their home games at Acklam Park since 1929, and have a ground-share with Middlesbrough Cricket Club, which started in 1930.

Gallery

• 
  Teesside Crown Court
• 
  The CIAC Building at RiversideOne, Middlehaven
• 
  40,000 Years of Modern Art, at Middlehaven
• 
  The Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, circa 2007
• 
  Panoramic view of Middlesbrough

Twin towns

Middlesbrough is twinned with:

• Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, since 1974
• Dunkirk, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France[87]

Middlesbrough and Oberhausen entered into a town twinning partnership in 1974, close ties having existed for over 50 years. Those ties began in 1953 with youth exchanges, the first of which was held in 1953. Both towns continue to be committed to twinning activities today.[88] Although Middlesbrough is also officially twinned with the French town of Dunkirk, twinning events have ceased.[88]

Freedom of the Borough

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Middlesbrough.[89]

Individuals

• L. Taylor - 30 March 1967 (deceased 23 May 1983)
• Right Rev. Monsignor Canon M O'Sullivan - 26 March 1968 (deceased 6 May 1978)
• Mrs Mary A. Daniel - 16 October 1974 (deceased 23 December 1983)
• Mrs Ethel A. Gaunt - 16 October 1974 (deceased 10 June 1990)
• Rt. Hon. Lord Bottomley OBE PC of Middlesbrough in the County of Cleveland - 21 December 1976 (deceased 3 November 1995)
• Councillor Mr E. A. Dickinson MBE - 8 May 1981 (deceased 2001)
• Mrs Rose M. Haston - 9 May 1986 (deceased 22 January 1991)
• Councillor Mr Arthur Pearson CBE - 9 May 1986 (deceased 23 February 1997)
• Councillor Mr Robert I. Smith - 9 May 1986 (deceased 23 February 1993)
• Councillor W. Ferrier MBE - 16 June 1992 (deceased 4 March 2015)
• Councillor Miss G. Popple - 16 June 1992 (deceased 10 May 2003)
• Councillor Mr Len Poole BEM JP - 16 June 1992 (deceased 15 May 2011)
• Mr John Robert Foster OBE - 8 March 1996
• Alma Collin MBE - 15 March 2000 (deceased 2014)
• Councillor Mrs Hazel Pearson OBE - 3 December 2003 (deceased 5 February 2016)
• Mr Steve Gibson - 18 March 2004
• Mr Jack Hatfield - 30 June 2009 (deceased January 2014)
• Mr Mackenzie Thorpe - 11 April 2019

Military units

• The Green Howards: 13 May 1944, transferred to the Yorkshire Regiment: 25 October 2006.
• The 34th (Northern) Signal Regiment (Volunteers): 29 April 1972.
• HMS Marlborough, RN: 15 March 2000.

Climate

Middlesbrough has an oceanic climate typical for the United Kingdom. Being sheltered from prevailing south-westerly winds by both the Lake District and Pennines to the west and the Cleveland Hills to the south, Middlesbrough is in one of the relatively drier parts of the country, receiving on average 574 millimetres (22.6 inches) of rain a year. Temperatures range from mild summer highs in July and August typically around 20 °C (68 °F) to winter lows in December and January falling to around 0 °C (32 °F).

Climate data for Middlesbrough, England
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	6.8 (44.2)	7.3 (45.1)	9.7 (49.5)	12.0 (53.6)	15.0 (59.0)	17.8 (64.0)	20.4 (68.7)	20.1 (68.2)	17.5 (63.5)	13.6 (56.5)	9.6 (49.3)	6.9 (44.4)	13.1 (55.6)
Average low °C (°F)	0.7 (33.3)	1.0 (33.8)	2.1 (35.8)	3.6 (38.5)	5.8 (42.4)	8.6 (47.5)	10.7 (51.3)	10.7 (51.3)	8.5 (47.3)	6.2 (43.2)	3.2 (37.8)	0.7 (33.3)	5.2 (41.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	41.1 (1.62)	32.9 (1.30)	36.3 (1.43)	41.5 (1.63)	40.8 (1.61)	52.4 (2.06)	52.9 (2.08)	60.6 (2.39)	49.7 (1.96)	57.5 (2.26)	60.2 (2.37)	48.2 (1.90)	574.2 (22.61)
Average precipitation days	9.9	8.1	8.4	8.2	9.0	8.7	9.1	9.8	8.0	9.8	11.8	10.6	111.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours	54.8	71.3	102.7	132.4	174.6	168.3	170.6	160.7	125.9	93.3	59.8	45.5	1,360
Source: UK Met Office[90]

See also

• Parmo
• Teesport

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Further reading

• Bell, Lady Florence. At the Works, a Study of a Manufacturing Town (1907) online.
• Briggs, Asa. Victorian Cities (1965) pp 245–82.
• Doyle, Barry. "Labour and hospitals in urban Yorkshire: Middlesbrough, Leeds and Sheffield, 1919–1938." Social history of medicine (2010): hkq007.
• Glass, Ruth. The social background of a plan: a study of Middlesbrough (1948)

External links

• Middlesbrough travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official Middlesbrough Council Website
• Regional Europe - Middlesbrough
• "At the works, a study of a manufacturing town (Middlesbrough, Yorkshire)" by Florence Bell, 1907