Ofsted

The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) is a non-ministerial department of the UK government, reporting to Parliament. Ofsted is responsible for inspecting a range of educational institutions, including state schools and some independent schools. It also inspects childcare, adoption and fostering agencies and initial teacher training, and regulates a range of early years and children’s social care services.[2]

Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills
Agency overview
TypeNon-ministerial government department
JurisdictionEngland
Employees1,275
Annual budget£168 million (2013–14) & £130 million (2018-2019) [1]
Agency executives
Parent departmentDepartment for Education
Websitewww.ofsted.gov.uk

The Chief Inspector (HMCI) is appointed by an Order in Council and thus becomes an office holder under the Crown. Amanda Spielman has been HMCI since 2017; since April 2017 the Chair of Ofsted has been Julius Weinberg, following the resignation of David Hoare.[3]

History

In 1833 Parliament agreed an annual grant to the National Society for Promoting Religious Education and the British and Foreign School Society, which respectively provided Church of England and non-denominational elementary schools for poor children. In 1837 two inspectors of schools, Seymour Tremenheere and the Reverend John Allen, were appointed to monitor the effectiveness of the grant. Dr James Kay-Shuttleworth, then Secretary of the Privy Council's Education Committee, ensured that the inspectors were appointed by Order in Council to guard their independence.[4]

The grant and inspection system was extended in 1847 to Roman Catholic elementary schools established by the Catholic Poor School Committee.[5] Inspectors were organised on denominational lines, with the churches having a say in the choice of inspectors, until 1876, when the inspectorate was reorganised by area.

After the Education Act 1902 inspections were expanded to state-funded secondary schools along similar lines. Over time more inspections were carried out by inspectors based in local education authorities, with His or Her Majesty's Inspectorate (HMI) focusing on reporting to the Secretary of State on education across the country.[6]

The government of John Major, concerned about variable local inspection regimes, decided to introduce a national scheme of inspections though a reconstituted HMI, which became known as the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted).[7] Under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, HMI would supervise the inspection of each state-funded school in the country, and would publish its reports for the benefit of schools, parents, and government instead of reporting to the Secretary of State.[8]

In September 2001 Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England became responsible for registration and inspection of day care and childminding in England, and the position was renamed Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills. Previously this was done by 150 local authorities, based on their implementation by 1992 of the Daycare Standards provisions of the 1989 Children Act.[9]

Schedule 11 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006[10] changed the way in which Ofsted works without significantly changing the provision. Since 2006 the structure of Ofsted has derived elements from business models, with a Chair, an executive board, regional officers, and a formal annual report to Parliament in the light of concerns about schools, and local authority children's services. In April 2007 the former Office for Standards in Education merged with the Adult Learning Inspectorate (ALI) to provide an inspection service that includes all post-16 government funded education (but not Higher Education Institutes and Universities which are inspected by the Quality Assurance Agency). At the same time it took on responsibility for the registration and inspection of social care services for children, and the welfare inspection of independent and maintained boarding schools from the Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI).[11]

Current state

The services Ofsted inspects or regulates include local services, childminding, child day care, children's centres, children's social care, CAFCASS, state schools, independent schools and teacher training providers, colleges, and learning and skills providers in England. It also monitors the work of the Independent Schools Inspectorate.[12] HMI are empowered and required to provide independent advice to the United Kingdom government and parliament on matters of policy and to publish an annual report to parliament on the quality of educational provision in England. Ofsted distributes its functions amongst its offices in London, Manchester, Nottingham, Birmingham, Cambridge, York, Darlington and Bristol.

Ofsted covers only England; the Education and Training Inspectorate in Northern Ireland, Education Scotland (previously Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education) in Scotland, and Estyn in Wales perform similar functions within their education systems.

A new Education Inspection Framework (EIF) introduced from September 2019 sets out how Ofsted undertakes inspections under section 5 of the Education Act 2005 (as amended), section 109 of the Education and Skills Act 2008, the Education and Inspections Act 2006 and the Childcare Act 2006.[13]

Inspectors

The current Chief Inspector is Amanda Spielman, who was appointed in January 2017 replacing Sir Michael Wilshaw.

Ofsted directly employs Her Majesty's Inspectors (HMI), who are appointed by the Queen in Council. As of July 2009 there were 443 HMIs, of whom 82 were engaged in management, 245 in the inspection of schools, and the rest in inspection of other areas for which Ofsted in responsible. All HMIs inspecting schools have teaching experience.[14][15]

Most school inspections were carried out by Additional Inspectors (AI) employed by external companies known as Regional Inspection Service Providers (RISPs). As of July 2009 there were 1,948 AIs, of whom 1,567 inspect schools. Although Ofsted claims that most of these have teaching experience,[15][16] in 2012 it was forced to admit that it had done no quality control checks on these inspectors, and that many of them – including lead inspectors – were not qualified teachers and many had no experience of working with children.[17] In 2015, 40% of additional inspectors who wanted to continue working for OFSTED were not re-hired after a contractual change.[18] Although OFSTED insisted that this was part of a quality control process and 'should not be seen as an admission that its inspections were substandard',[18] serving headteacher and Times Educational Supplement columnist Geoff Barton commented 'dispensing with almost 40 per cent of inspectors on the grounds of quality is hardly an endorsement of standards.'[19]

An HMI accompanies an AI on 6–7% of inspections,[15] including 75% of those of secondary schools.[8] Reports produced by RISPs must be checked and signed off by HMI, sometimes with amendments, before publication. New Additional Inspectors must be monitored and signed off by HMI before working independently.[20]

The number of RISPs contracted to conduct school inspections was reduced in 2009 from five to three:[16][21]

School inspections

The Office carries out regular inspections of maintained schools and academies, and some independent schools in England, and publishes online reports of their findings so they can be used to improve the overall quality of education and training. [22]

System of inspection before 2005

Before 2005 each school was inspected for a week every six years, with two months' notice to prepare for an inspection. This regime was criticised by teachers and school heads as greatly disruptive of the operation of the school, and by others as enabling schools to present an unrealistic picture of themselves that did not truly reflect the quality of teaching and learning in the school.[23][24]

System of inspection 2005–12

In September 2005 a new system of short-notice inspections came into being. Under this system the senior leadership of each school were strongly encouraged to complete a Self Evaluation Form (SEF) on a continual basis, which required them to be aware of strengths and areas for development. Inspections were generally two- or three-day visits every three years, with two days' notice. They focussed on the "central nervous system" of the school – examining how well the school was managed, and what processes were in place to ensure standards of teaching and learning improve; the school leadership and management were expected to be aware of everything in the SEF. The SEF served as the main document when planning the inspection, and was crucial in evaluating the quality of leadership and management and the school's capacity to improve.[23][25]

Poster outside village school in Gilsland, referring to an Ofsted inspection report.

After an inspection of a school, Ofsted published a report on the school on its website. In addition to written comments on a number of areas, schools were assessed on each area and overall on a 4-point scale: 1 (Outstanding), 2 (Good), 3 (Satisfactory) and 4 (Inadequate). Schools rated Outstanding or Good might not be inspected again for five years, while schools judged less favourably were inspected more frequently, and might receive little or no notice of inspection visits.[25]

Figures published in March 2010 showed that revised inspection criteria, which were introduced in September 2009, resulted in a reduction from 19% to 9% in the number of schools judged to be Outstanding, and an increase from 4% to 10% in the number of schools judged to be Inadequate.[26]

Post 2012 system of inspection

A framework for section 5 inspections of academies and maintained schools was introduced from January 2012, and replaced with another new framework in September 2012. Public consultation was undertaken,[27] and Ofsted prepared for the new framework after piloting a series of inspections across the country. Among other changes, the new system relabelled the "Satisfactory" category as "Requires Improvement", with an expectation that schools should not remain at that level.[28]

A new Education Inspection Framework (EIF) introduced from September 2019 sets out how Ofsted undertakes inspections under section 5 of the Education Act 2005 (as amended), section 109 of the Education and Skills Act 2008, the Education and Inspections Act 2006 and the Childcare Act 2006.[13]

Special measures
Main article: Special measures

Sometimes a school is placed into special measures if it is judged as 'inadequate' (Grade 4) in one or more areas and if the inspectors have decided it does not have the capacity to improve without additional help. Schools placed into special measures receive intensive support from local authorities, additional funding and resourcing, and frequent reappraisal from Ofsted until the school is no longer deemed to be failing. Furthermore, the senior managers and teaching staff can be dismissed and the governing body may be replaced by an appointed Interim Executive Board (IEB). Schools which are failing but where inspectors consider there is capacity to improve are given a Notice to Improve (NtI).[29][30]

Home educator inspections

Ofsted, as of April 2015, was issuing new guidance to inspectors which will include the following:

  • Home-educated children are not, by definition, all in need of protection and help.
  • Ofsted does not have a mandate to inspect the quality of home education.
  • The statutory duty on local authorities (LAs) to identify as far as possible those children not receiving a suitable education does not extend to home-educated children.
  • The details, and limits, of the guidance in relation to home education

Child care inspections

Child protection

Ofsted also oversees Child Protection by English Local Authorities. In December 2008, Christine Gilbert revealed that Ofsted had been gullible: good ratings could be given, based purely on data submitted directly by local authority providers of care services, that could easily be concealing dangerously flawed practices. This was considered a factor, by The Daily Telegraph, in overlooking alleged inadequacies in Haringey Council's child care provision in the case of Baby P,[31] a child murdered by his parents and their lodger.[32] MPs criticised Ofsted for issuing a favourable report on Haringey Children's Services three months after the death, and for their policy of destroying all source materials on inspections of children's services after three months, which made it impossible to identify the mistakes made. According to Ofsted, three children died in England and Wales from abuse every week between April 2007 and August 2008. The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children gives a figure of 1 to 2 per week.[33]

Criticisms

Ofsted has been criticised as 'not fit for purpose' by the House of Commons Education Select Committee.[34] The committee also highlighted their concern about "the complex set of objectives and sectors that Ofsted now spans and its capacity to fulfil its core mission". Other criticism has come from the Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) which said "Ofsted is over-reliant on number crunching, using test data which are fundamentally unsound" and added that the organisation was "ripe for overhaul".[34]

Over a period of several years the Select Committee have questioned the Chief Inspector over its treatment of Summerhill School and what it has learnt from the 1999 Court Case and subsequent inspections.[35] In the Court Agreement between DfE and Summerhill School, Independent Schools Tribunal IST/59, inspections would include two advisors from the school and one from the DfE to ensure the fairness of the process. The school has campaigned for all schools to be similarly inspected, ensuring openness and accountability for the process.[36]

In August 2013, 18 of the 24 newly launched Free Schools were graded Good or Outstanding by Ofsted;[37] however, with over 100 state schools being downgraded from an Outstanding classification[38] this year, the consistency of Ofsted grading is once again brought into question, leading to numerous 'How to get a Good Ofsted' guides[39] being created.[40]

A 2014 report by the think tank Policy Exchange indicated that many Ofsted inspectors lack the knowledge required to make fair judgements of lessons and that judgements are so unreliable, "you would be better off flipping a coin".[41]

A 2014 poll of teachers, carried out by Teacher Support Network, revealed that over 90% of teachers felt Ofsted inspections had a neutral or negative impact on students' results.[42] In response to criticisms about the increased workload inspection frameworks caused, Ofsted pledged it would not change its inspection framework during the school year.[43] Wilshaw also dismissed speculation that Ofsted itself was responsible for teachers' heavy workload (in excess of 60 hours per week) describing it as 'a red herring'.[44] However, a 2015 poll by the NUT found that 53% of teachers were planning to leave teaching by 2017, with the extra workload from Ofsted's 'accountability agenda' a key factor in seeking a job with a better work/life balance.[43][45]

The Ofsted complaints procedure has also been heavily criticised for opacity and a strong bias in favour of the inspectors. Geoff Barton, after writing an article strongly critical of Ofsted's use of raw data rather than inspection reports to determine grades, noted that:

"the Ofsted complaints procedure too often seems constructed around a deep and dutiful need for self-protection. Thus an inspection system that demands transparency from schools refuses to release its own inspection notes, When challenged, it dares us to resort to a Freedom of Information request and then rejects those same requests because they don’t conform to a definition of “public interest”.[46]

In 2015 an inspector revealed that inspection judgements can be arbitrarily over-ruled by senior figures, commenting on a case where a school had been downgraded:

"We couldn’t understand this rationale at all. It turned out that Ofsted had made a brief visit to the school some time before the inspection and had come up with some sort of unreported provisional judgement. So all that evidence we had gathered meant nothing and essentially this team of experienced inspectors was not trusted to make a judgement.”[46]

Barton concluded his article, 'the accounts above reveal an inspection system that appears in too many cases to be doing great damage. My sense is that it’s time to stop quietly accepting that the way Ofsted is is the way Ofsted should be.'[46] In response, Wilshaw attacked Barton for being "too quick to perpetuate a 'them against us' view of the schools inspectorate...we fall back on a 'clichéd defence-mechanism' of whingeing about inconsistency", and insisted that Ofsted was becoming "more rigorous and demanding."[19] However, Barton argued the letter lost some of its force and all of its credibility for being published on the day 40% of inspectors were sacked for not being up to the job.[19]

If 2019 Ofsted commissioned a survey on teachers' wellbeing- and reported that "Teachers spend bulk of hours spent on marking, planning and preparing for inspections" (sic). Teachers worked a 50 to 57 hour week, and over half of that was spent outside the classroom, on meetings, data entry tasks prescribed as preparation for Ofsted inspections. Geoff Barton, the general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said "Ofsted and the government are the source of much of the stress and anxiety on staff through an extremely high-pressure accountability system.” [47]

Hope and Glory, a BBC television drama featuring actor/comedian Lenny Henry, gave an insight into a fictional portrayal of teachers dealing with a school in Special Measures.[48] OFSTED! The Musical was launched in 2004 at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[49] The piece enjoyed a total sell-out run at Venue 45 and won the Writers' Guild Award for Drama 2004 and the List Magazine Award.[50] The musical was later broadcast on Teachers TV as part of their launch night schedule.[51] Summerhill, a BBC TV drama, depicted the school being threatened with closure due to an inspection and winning a court case in 2000 against the DfE and its actions based on the inspection report.

Her Majesty's Chief Inspector

Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills (sometimes abbreviated to HMCI) is the head of Ofsted. Amanda Spielman was appointed Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills on 1 January 2017.

List of SCIs and HMCIs

The title of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools (HMCI) was created at the same time as The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) itself. Before Ofsted was set up in 1992, the person heading its forerunner, HM Inspectorate of Schools, was known as the Senior Chief Inspector (SCI) and was also a Deputy Secretary in the Department of Education and Science.

  • SCI Martin Roseveare, later Sir Martin Roseveare, 1944–1957
  • SCI Cyril English, later Sir Cyril English, 1965–1967
  • SCI W. R. Elliott, 1967–1972
  • SCI Harry W. French, 1972–1974
  • SCI Sheila Browne, 1974–83
  • SCI Eric Bolton, 1983–91
  • SCI Terry Melia, 1991–92
  • HMCI Stewart Sutherland, later Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, 1992–94
  • Chris Woodhead, later Sir Chris Woodhead, 1994–2000[52]
  • Mike Tomlinson, later Sir Mike Tomlinson, 2000–02[53]
  • David Bell, later Sir David Bell, 2002–06[54]
  • Maurice Smith, January–October 2006 (Acting)[54]
  • Christine Gilbert, 2006–2011[55]
  • Miriam Rosen, July–December 2011 (Acting)[56]
  • Sir Michael Wilshaw, January 2012–December 2016[56]
  • Amanda Spielman, January 2017–present[56]
gollark: Suffering and dying *is* broadly considered a problem.
gollark: I think this is unreasonable myself.
gollark: Alternatively, most customers don't care so they can get away with it and it's slightly more profitable.
gollark: Especially with how expensive they are.
gollark: I do not think it's appropriate to be locked into maintenance from Tesla only.

See also

References
  1. "Ofsted annual report and accounts: 2013/14 onwards". Ofsted. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  2. Ofsted. "About us". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  3. "Ofsted boss in Isle of Wight row quits". BBC. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  4. Cannon, John (2002). "HMI". The Oxford Companion to British History. Encyclopedia.com: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  5. McLaughlin, Terence H.; O'Keefe, Joseph; O'Keeffe, Bernadette (1996). "Setting the scene: current realities and historical perspectives". In McLaughlin, Terence; O'Keeffe, Bernadette (eds.). The contemporary Catholic school: context, identity, and diversity. Routledge. pp. 1–21. ISBN 978-0-7507-0471-7.
  6. "Education: Inspectorate and HMI Reports". Domestic Records Information 127. National Digital Archive of Datasets. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  7. "Education (Schools) Act 1992". The National Archives. 1992. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  8. Children, Schools and Families Committee – First Report: School Accountability (Report). House of Commons. 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  9. Plomin, Joe (3 September 2001). "Ofsted to inspect pre-schools". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  10. "Education and Inspections Act 2006". The National Archives. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  11. Carvel, John; Ward, Lucy (28 March 2007). "Same name, new recipe". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  12. Memorandum submitted by Mrs Stella R Davis Archived 22 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Work of Ofsted Archived 22 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Children, Schools and Families Committee – Written Evidence, House of Commons, 9 February 2009.
  13. Ofsted, The Education Inspection Framework, published May 2019, accessed 28 October 2019
  14. "How to become an Additional Inspector for school inspection". Ofsted. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009.
  15. "Letter from Christine Gilbert, dated 6 July 2009". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 9 July 2009. col. 997W. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011..
  16. "Our partners". Ofsted. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009.
  17. Exley, Stephen (27 July 2012). "Inspectors unqualified to teach sit in judgement". TES. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
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  20. "Letter from Christine Gilbert, dated 19 December 2006". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 19 December 2006. col. 1882W. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011..
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  22. "OFSTED About Us, Responsibilities".
  23. McNulty, Bernadette (10 February 2004). "Teachers torn over inspection reform". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
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  31. Gammell, Caroline; Simpson, Aislinn (5 December 2008). "Head of Ofsted Christine Gilbert admits failings over death of Baby P". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015.
  32. Lakhani, Nina; Johnson, Andrew (16 November 2008). "Nasty, brutish and short: The horrific life of Baby P". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016.
  33. Gammell, Caroline (10 December 2008). "Three children die from abuse every week, Ofsted chief Christine Gilbert reveals". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015.
  34. Sheerman, Barry (11 July 2007). "Ofsted under fire in MPs' report". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009.
  35. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Education and Skills - Minutes of Evidence. Wednesday 5 November 2003.
  36. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) HC 980 OFSTED Annual Report, Session 2012-13.
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  38. Dozens of 'Outstanding' Schools Downgraded Archived 2 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, July 2013.
  39. How to go from Good to Outstanding Archived 22 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian Teacher Network.
  40. Ofsted Good to Outstanding White Paper Archived 8 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Classroom Monitor.
  41. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. admin (29 September 2015). "Research Reports". teachersupport.info. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  43. Gurney-Read, Josie. "Half of teachers could leave the profession in two years". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  44. "Lack of support puts young teachers off, Ofsted warns". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  45. Richardson, Hannah. "More than 50% of teachers in England 'plan to quit in next two years'". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  46. Barton, Geoff. "I wrote about my Ofsted experiences and received a postbag overflowing with teachers' anguish – here are their stories". TES Online. Times Media Group. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  47. Adams, Richard (21 July 2019). "Ofsted under fire in its own survey of teachers' wellbeing". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  48. Phibbs, Harry (20 November 2008). "Details of Lenny Henry and OFSTED related Drama Hope And Glory". London: www.guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
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  54. Press release (16 December 2005). "David Bell Named as New Permanent Secretary at Department for Education and Skills". Department for Education and Skills. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
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