Iduna language

Iduna is an Austronesian language spoken on Goodenough Island of Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.

Iduna
Vivigani
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Region	Milne Bay Province (Goodenough Island)
Native speakers	(6,000 cited 1984)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Western Oceanic Papuan Tip Nuclear Papuan Tip North Papuan Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux Bwaidoga Iduna
Language codes
ISO 639-3	viv
Glottolog	idun1242[2]

Phonology

Consonants

The inventory of the Iduna language consists of 14 consonant phonemes.[3]

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
						Plain	Lab.
Stops	Voiceless			t		k		ʔ
	Voiced	b		d		g
Fricatives	Voiceless		f
	Voiced		v
Nasals		m		n
Approximants					j		w	h
Lateral				l

Voiced plosives generally contrast with their unvoiced counterparts, except for the bilabial series, where /b/ varies freely between [b] and [p]. Moreover, the phoneme /g/ is commonly realized as [g], though for some speakers it may be pronounced as a voiced fricative [ɣ] without contrast. Finally, /t/ has also two allophonic realizations: [t] occurs word initially and word medially before non-front vowels /a/, /o/ or /u/, whereas [s] only appears before front vowels /i/ or /e/.[4] Other minor allophonic realizations may occur. Among these variations only the last one is reflected in the orthography.

Phoneme	Allophones	Context
/b/	[b ~ p], [bʷ]	free variant; [bʷ] before non-syllabic /u/
/f/	[f], [fʷ]	Normally [f]; [fʷ] before non-syllabic /u/
/k/	[k], [kʷ]	Normally [k]; [kʷ] before non-syllabic /u/
/g/	[g ~ ɣ], [gʷ]	free variant; [gʷ] before non-syllabic /u/
/t/	[t], [s]	[s] before /i/ and /e/; [t] elsewhere
/d/	[d], [tʰ]	[tʰ] before /i/ in final syllable position only; [d] elsewhere
/m/	[m], [mʷ]	Normally [m]; [mʷ] before non-syllabic /u/

Vowels

There are 5 vowel phonemes in Iduna.[3]

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low		a

Vowels have allophones too. The major allophonic variations are described in the following table. These include the double realization of /a/, which corresponds to [a] when found in stressed syllables, while it approximates [ʌ] in unstressed environments, and the nasal allophonic variant of /u/.[5]

Phoneme	Allophone	Context
/a/	[a], [ʌ]	[a] in stressed syllable; [ʌ] elsewhere
/u/	[u], [ũ]	[ũ] following /m/; [u] elsewhere

The language also has 4 monomoraic diphthongs: /ai/, /au/, /ao/ and /oi/. These are distinguished from vowel sequences, which instead are bimoraic, e.g. the word giyauna [gi.jau.nʌ] "he scrapes it" contrasts with giyauna [gi.ja.u.nʌ] "he unties it".[6]

Phonotactics

In Iduna consonant clusters are forbidden, therefore there are only open syllables of type V, CV and CVV. Also, the special kind of sequence CuV is generally interpreted as CʷV.

Writing system

The Iduna alphabet is shown in the following table:[7]

A a	B b	D d	E e	F f	G g	H h	I i	L l
[a]	[b]	[d]	[ɛ]	[f]	[g]	[h]	[i]	[l]
M m	O o	S s	T t	U u	V v	W w	Y y	ʼ
[m]	[ɔ]	[s]	[t]	[u]	[v]	[w]	[j]	[ʔ]

Notes

1. Iduna at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Iduna". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Sampson and Huckett (1965), pp. 3-4.
4. Sampson and Huckett (1965), pp. 10-13.
5. Sampson and Huckett (1965), pp. 20-21.
6. Sampson and Huckett (1965), pp. 7-8.
7. Sampson and Huckett (1965), p. 30.

References

• Sampson, Nancy; Huckett, Joyce (1965). Vivigani Phonemes (PDF) (draft). Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Retrieved February 21, 2019.
• Huckett, Joyce (1974). "Notes on Iduna Grammar" (PDF). In Healey, Alan (ed.). Three studies in languages of eastern Papua. Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages 3. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). pp. 63–133. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
• Huckett, Joyce (1976). "Iduna Sentence Structure" (PDF). In Loving, Richard (ed.). Grammatical studies in Suena and Iduna. Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages 15. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). pp. 127–262. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
• Huckett, Joyce (n.d.). Vivigani language lessons (PDF) (draft). Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Retrieved February 21, 2019.