Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] It has not been found among Native Americans.[18]

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup F-M89.
Haplogroup F
Possible time of origin43,400 YBP[1]
Possible place of originAsia
AncestorR9
DescendantsF1, F2, F3, F4
Defining mutations249d, 6392, 10310[2]

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution

The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[19] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[20][21][22]

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).[23] It is also found at low frequencies on The Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup F
Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.77135Wen 2004F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia)0.44252Hill 2006F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.43330Wen 2004F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo)0.41582Derenko 2007F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.34432Wen 2004F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.33315Wen 2004F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.31332Wen 2005F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.30020Li 2007F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan)0.29031Peng 2011F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.28642Wen 2005F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.27311Wen 2005F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926Wen 2005F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26319Wen 2004F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.26319Wen 2005F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese0.26242Jin 2009F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines)0.253640Peng 2011F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.25068Wen 2004F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)0.25044Hill 2007F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.25016Comas 2004F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016Wen 2004F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.24657Derenko 2007F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445Wen 2004F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.24025Wen 2005F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket0.23738Starikovskaya 2005F=9
Han (Beijing)0.22540Jin 2009F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.22091Umetsu 2005F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.219137Ji 2012F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21233Wen 2004F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729Ji 2012F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.20729Li 2007F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.20035Wen 2005F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)0.20050Hill 2007F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian0.20040Jin 2009F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai0.20040Jin 2009F1b=8
Li (Hainan)0.197346Peng 2011F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.19147Yao 2004F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand0.190105Kaewsutthi 2011F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.18937Wen 2004F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California)0.187390Ji 2012F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.18449Yao 2004F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.17928Li 2007F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan)0.1751117Ji 2012F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.174121Zheng 2011F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16718Wen 2004F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.16730Wen 2004F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.16131Li 2007F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
CHD (Han from Denver)0.15173Zheng 2011F=11
Filipino (Palawan)0.15020Scholes 2011F3b2=3
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang)0.150180Hill 2007F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020Comas 2004F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040Wen 2004F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947Jin 2009F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.146157Hill 2007F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali)0.14682Hill 2007F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.146103Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.14050Wen 2004F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon)0.14043Hill 2007F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan)0.13330Peng 2011F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.13345Yao 2004F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan)0.12931Scholes 2011F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.12931Wen 2004F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.12524Wen 2005F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.12241Wen 2005F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.118102Liu 2011F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.11435Ji 2012F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.11444Ji 2012F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.113177Tabbada 2010F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor)0.11145Hill 2007F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237Hill 2007F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.10964Wen 2004F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.107168Peng 2010F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.10519Ji 2012F=2
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.10010Wen 2005F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.098112Tabbada 2010F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea)0.097185Jin 2009F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.096633Fuku 2007F=61
Filipino0.09464Tabbada 2010F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.09432Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet)0.093216Ji 2012F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.09155Zheng 2011F=5
Buryat0.087126Kong 2003F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar0.08746Starikovskaya 2005F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.08658Yao 2004F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.086105Derenko 2007F1=8, F2a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.083336Umetsu 2005F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.08348Kong 2003F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08336Wen 2004F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.08324Wen 2004F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (northern China)0.07851Jin 2009F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.076118Zheng 2011F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.07553Yao 2004F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.075160Umetsu 2005F=12
Danga (Hainan)0.07540Peng 2011F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.074256Umetsu 2005F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.07454Ji 2012F1a=2, F1b=2
Uyghur0.07355Yao 2004F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.07170Tabbada 2010F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.069261Kim 2008F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.06929Ji 2012F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia)0.06661Hill 2006F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.065217Asari 2007F=14
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.06531Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea)0.064203Umetsu 2005F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.06447Derenko 2007F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.06447Yao 2004F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.063221Bermisheva 2002F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316Comas 2004F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.060100Uchiyama 2007F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.060133Fornarino 2009F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu)0.0591617Fuku 2007F=96
Japanese (Tōkai)0.057282Umetsu 2005F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.05753Derenko 2007F1=3
Altai Kizhi0.05690Derenko 2007F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.055110Derenko 2007F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05555Ji 2012F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.05456Wen 2004F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese0.052211Maruyama 2003F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.05139Wen 2005F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.05198Derenko 2012F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.05040Fornarino 2009F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004F=1
Korean (South Korea)0.049103Derenko 2007F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.04544Kong 2003F1b=2
Yakut0.043117Kong 2003F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan0.04295Starikovskaya 2005F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.04248Yao 2004F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.04224Ji 2012F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.04099Derenko 2007F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.03727Wen 2005F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh0.03655Yao 2004F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.034149Derenko 2012F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.031295Derenko 2007F1=7, F2a=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.02935Wen 2004F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.02540Wen 2005F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.02540Comas 2004F=1
Okinawa0.025326Umetsu 2005F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.02147Kong 2003F1c=1
Ainu0.02051Sato 2009F1b=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.01471Starikovskaya 2005F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.01471Derenko 2007F1=1
Tubalar0.01472Starikovskaya 2005F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.01473Derenko 2007F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk)0.01187Starikovskaya 2005F(xF1b)=1
Mansi0.01098Starikovskaya 2005F=1
Khanty0.009106Pimenoff 2008F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015Derenko 2007-
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004-
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004-
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004-
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004-
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004-
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024Fornarino 2009-
Nganasan0.00024Starikovskaya 2005-
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)0.00025Starikovskaya 2005-
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025Derenko 2007-
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029Fornarino 2009-
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029Hill 2006-
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032Hill 2006-
Negidal0.00033Starikovskaya 2005-
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033Hill 2006-
Yakut (Yakutia)0.00036Derenko 2007-
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.00040Wen 2004-
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044Derenko 2007-
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.00045Kong 2003-
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045Derenko 2007-
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk)0.00046Starikovskaya 2005-
Itelmen0.00047Starikovskaya 2005-
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.00047Yao 2004-
Korean (Arun Banner)0.00048Kong 2003-
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051Hill 2006-
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056Starikovskaya 2005-
Mansi0.00063Pimenoff 2008-
Chukchi0.00066Starikovskaya 2006-
Siberian Eskimo0.00079Starikovskaya 2005-
Persian (eastern Iran)0.00082Derenko 2007-
Koryak0.000155Starikovskaya 2005-

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[20][24]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[8] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

  • F
    • F* – China
    • F1
      • F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[25]), China, Kazakhstan
        • F1a – China, Uyghur, Thailand
          • F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[25]), China
            • F1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
              • F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
                • F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malay, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
              • F1a1b – Japan, Korea
              • F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
                • F1a1c1 – Moken
                • F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
              • F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
                • F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
            • F1a4
              • F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
                • F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province[25]), South Africa
              • F1a4b – China
          • F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
            • F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province[25]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
          • F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
            • F1a3a – Filipino (Lipa City), Indonesia
              • F1a3a1 – Japan
                • F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea
              • F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan)
              • F1a3a3 – Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan)
        • F1c – Japan
          • F1c1 – Japan
            • F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[25])
              • F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
                • F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
                • F1c1a1b – China
              • F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
        • F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
      • F1b
        • F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
          • F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
            • F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
              • F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                • F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
                  • F1b1a1a1a – Japan
                • F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
                • F1b1a1a3 – Japan
            • F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
          • F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
          • F1b1d – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
            • F1b1e1 – Yakut
          • F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
      • F1d – China, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[25]), Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux), Hezhen, ancient Scythian
        • F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[25]), China, Japan, South Africa
      • F1e – Thailand
        • F1e1 – China (Han from Hunan)
          • F1e1a – Japan
        • F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1e3 – China (Shantou, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[25]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province[25]), Sumatra
      • F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province[25]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
    • F2
      • F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane[25]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
      • F2a'b'g
        • F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Japan, Kazakhstan
          • F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor)[26], Yi, Tibetan
          • F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)[26]
          • F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia[26]
        • F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[25]), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic),[27] Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic)[27]
        • F2g – China, Ladakh
      • F2c – China
        • F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
        • F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
      • F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province[25]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
      • F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[25]), Vietnam (Dao)
        • F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
      • F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Poland
      • F2h'i – China
        • F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[25])
        • F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
    • F3 (formerly R9a)
      • F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
        • F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province[25]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
      • F3b – Thailand, Japan, China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
        • F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
          • F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
            • F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
            • F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
          • F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
            • F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
    • F4
      • F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan
        • F4a1
          • F4a1a – Japan, China (She), Taiwan
          • F4a1b – China, Japan
        • F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang[25]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province[25])
      • F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province[25])
        • F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar
gollark: Ongoing containment efforts are projected to be ready to move into full operation by 2024.
gollark: The horse contains code, and is not an emergent property of anomalous cellular automata embedded in Discord infrastructure?!
gollark: <@231856503756161025> Instead of SRV records, I could also do horrible DNS things to return different A(AAAA)/CNAME records.
gollark: This does sound like an actual mental health problem of some kind.
gollark: What of your previous unfinished games?

See also

References
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  11. Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". Int J Legal Med. 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447.
  12. Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7
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  18. Haplogroup F.
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  21. Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; et al. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
  22. Pimenoff, Ville N; Comas, David; Palo, Jukka U; et al. (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205.
  23. Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
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  25. Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
  27. Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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