Haplogroup F (mtDNA)
Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] It has not been found among Native Americans.[18]
| Haplogroup F | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 43,400 YBP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Asia |
| Ancestor | R9 |
| Descendants | F1, F2, F3, F4 |
| Defining mutations | 249d, 6392, 10310[2] |
It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.
Distribution
The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[19] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[20][21][22]
Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).[23] It is also found at low frequencies on The Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup F
| Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) | 0.771 | 35 | Wen 2004 | F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9 |
| Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.442 | 52 | Hill 2006 | F1a1a=23 |
| Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.433 | 30 | Wen 2004 | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1 |
| Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.415 | 82 | Derenko 2007 | F1=33, F2a=1 |
| Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) | 0.344 | 32 | Wen 2004 | F1a=10, F2a=1 |
| Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.333 | 15 | Wen 2004 | F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1 |
| Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.313 | 32 | Wen 2005 | F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1 |
| Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.300 | 20 | Li 2007 | F1b=4, F1a=2 |
| Lingao (Hainan) | 0.290 | 31 | Peng 2011 | F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1 |
| Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.286 | 42 | Wen 2005 | F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1 |
| Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.273 | 11 | Wen 2005 | F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
| Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.269 | 26 | Wen 2005 | F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
| Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.263 | 19 | Wen 2004 | F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
| Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.263 | 19 | Wen 2005 | F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
| Vietnamese | 0.262 | 42 | Jin 2009 | F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1 |
| Taiwan (aborigines) | 0.253 | 640 | Peng 2011 | F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1 |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.250 | 68 | Wen 2004 | F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
| Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.250 | 44 | Hill 2007 | F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1 |
| Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.250 | 16 | Comas 2004 | F=4 |
| Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.250 | 16 | Wen 2004 | F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1 |
| Khakassian (Khakassia) | 0.246 | 57 | Derenko 2007 | F1=11, F2a=3 |
| Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.244 | 45 | Wen 2004 | F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1 |
| Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.240 | 25 | Wen 2005 | F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1 |
| Ket | 0.237 | 38 | Starikovskaya 2005 | F=9 |
| Han (Beijing) | 0.225 | 40 | Jin 2009 | F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2 |
| Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.220 | 91 | Umetsu 2005 | F=20 |
| Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) | 0.219 | 137 | Ji 2012 | F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7 |
| Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.212 | 33 | Wen 2004 | F1a=6, F1b=1 |
| Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) | 0.207 | 29 | Ji 2012 | F1a=5, F1b=1 |
| Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.207 | 29 | Li 2007 | F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1 |
| Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.200 | 35 | Wen 2005 | F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
| Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.200 | 50 | Hill 2007 | F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1 |
| Manchurian | 0.200 | 40 | Jin 2009 | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1 |
| Thai | 0.200 | 40 | Jin 2009 | F1b=8 |
| Li (Hainan) | 0.197 | 346 | Peng 2011 | F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1 |
| Han (Xinjiang) | 0.191 | 47 | Yao 2004 | F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1 |
| Thailand | 0.190 | 105 | Kaewsutthi 2011 | F1=18, F(xF1)=2 |
| Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.189 | 37 | Wen 2004 | F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1 |
| Han (southern California) | 0.187 | 390 | Ji 2012 | F=73 |
| Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.184 | 49 | Yao 2004 | F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1 |
| Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.179 | 28 | Li 2007 | F1a=4, F1b=1 |
| Han (Taiwan) | 0.175 | 1117 | Ji 2012 | F=196 |
| CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) | 0.174 | 121 | Zheng 2011 | F=21 |
| Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 18 | Wen 2004 | F1a=2, F1b=1 |
| Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 30 | Wen 2004 | F2a=5 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.161 | 31 | Li 2007 | F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1 |
| CHD (Han from Denver) | 0.151 | 73 | Zheng 2011 | F=11 |
| Filipino (Palawan) | 0.150 | 20 | Scholes 2011 | F3b2=3 |
| Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang) | 0.150 | 180 | Hill 2007 | F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2 |
| Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.150 | 20 | Comas 2004 | F=3 |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.150 | 40 | Wen 2004 | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2 |
| Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.149 | 47 | Jin 2009 | F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1 |
| Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.146 | 157 | Hill 2007 | F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1 |
| Indonesian (Bali) | 0.146 | 82 | Hill 2007 | F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1 |
| Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.146 | 103 | Wen 2005 | F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1 |
| Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.140 | 50 | Wen 2004 | F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
| Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.140 | 43 | Hill 2007 | F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1 |
| Cun (Hainan) | 0.133 | 30 | Peng 2011 | F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1 |
| Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.133 | 45 | Yao 2004 | F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1 |
| Batak (Palawan) | 0.129 | 31 | Scholes 2011 | F1a3=3, F3b2=1 |
| Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.129 | 31 | Wen 2004 | F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
| Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.125 | 24 | Wen 2005 | F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1 |
| Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.122 | 41 | Wen 2005 | F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
| Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.118 | 102 | Liu 2011 | F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1 |
| Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) | 0.114 | 35 | Ji 2012 | F=4 |
| Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) | 0.114 | 44 | Ji 2012 | F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1 |
| Filipino (Luzon) | 0.113 | 177 | Tabbada 2010 | F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1 |
| Indonesian (Alor) | 0.111 | 45 | Hill 2007 | F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1 |
| Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) | 0.110 | 237 | Hill 2007 | F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1 |
| Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.109 | 64 | Wen 2004 | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1 |
| Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.107 | 168 | Peng 2010 | F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2 |
| Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.105 | 19 | Ji 2012 | F=2 |
| Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.100 | 10 | Wen 2005 | F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
| Filipino (Visayas) | 0.098 | 112 | Tabbada 2010 | F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.097 | 185 | Jin 2009 | F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2 |
| Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) | 0.096 | 633 | Fuku 2007 | F=61 |
| Filipino | 0.094 | 64 | Tabbada 2010 | F1a3=3, F1a4=3 |
| Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.094 | 32 | Wen 2005 | F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1 |
| Tibetan (Tibet) | 0.093 | 216 | Ji 2012 | F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3 |
| CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) | 0.091 | 55 | Zheng 2011 | F=5 |
| Buryat | 0.087 | 126 | Kong 2003 | F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2 |
| Tofalar | 0.087 | 46 | Starikovskaya 2005 | F1b=4 |
| Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.086 | 58 | Yao 2004 | F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1 |
| Tuvinian (Tuva) | 0.086 | 105 | Derenko 2007 | F1=8, F2a=1 |
| Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.083 | 336 | Umetsu 2005 | F=28 |
| Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.083 | 48 | Kong 2003 | F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1 |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.083 | 36 | Wen 2004 | F2a=2, F1b=1 |
| Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) | 0.083 | 24 | Wen 2004 | F1a=1, F1b=1 |
| Korean (northern China) | 0.078 | 51 | Jin 2009 | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1 |
| JPT (Japanese from Tokyo) | 0.076 | 118 | Zheng 2011 | F=9 |
| Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.075 | 53 | Yao 2004 | F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1 |
| Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.075 | 160 | Umetsu 2005 | F=12 |
| Danga (Hainan) | 0.075 | 40 | Peng 2011 | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1 |
| Japanese (northern Kyūshū) | 0.074 | 256 | Umetsu 2005 | F=19 |
| Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.074 | 54 | Ji 2012 | F1a=2, F1b=2 |
| Uyghur | 0.073 | 55 | Yao 2004 | F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1 |
| Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.071 | 70 | Tabbada 2010 | F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1 |
| Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea) | 0.069 | 261 | Kim 2008 | F1=12, F(xF1)=6 |
| Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) | 0.069 | 29 | Ji 2012 | F1a=2 |
| Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.066 | 61 | Hill 2006 | F1a1a=4 |
| Japanese (Hokkaidō) | 0.065 | 217 | Asari 2007 | F=14 |
| Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.065 | 31 | Wen 2005 | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.064 | 203 | Umetsu 2005 | F=13 |
| Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.064 | 47 | Derenko 2007 | F1=3 |
| Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.064 | 47 | Yao 2004 | F1b=2, F1a=1 |
| Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) | 0.063 | 221 | Bermisheva 2002 | F=14 |
| Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.063 | 16 | Comas 2004 | F=1 |
| Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.060 | 100 | Uchiyama 2007 | F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1 |
| Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.060 | 133 | Fornarino 2009 | F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1 |
| Japanese (Gifu) | 0.059 | 1617 | Fuku 2007 | F=96 |
| Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.057 | 282 | Umetsu 2005 | F=16 |
| Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.057 | 53 | Derenko 2007 | F1=3 |
| Altai Kizhi | 0.056 | 90 | Derenko 2007 | F1=3, F2a=2 |
| Kalmyk (Kalmykia) | 0.055 | 110 | Derenko 2007 | F1=6 |
| Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.055 | 55 | Ji 2012 | F1a=2, F2=1 |
| Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.054 | 56 | Wen 2004 | F1c=2, F1a=1 |
| Japanese | 0.052 | 211 | Maruyama 2003 | F1b=9, F1a=2 |
| Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.051 | 39 | Wen 2005 | F1b=1, F3=1 |
| Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) | 0.051 | 98 | Derenko 2012 | F1=5 |
| Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Comas 2004 | F=1 |
| Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.050 | 40 | Fornarino 2009 | F1c=1, F1d=1 |
| Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | Comas 2004 | F=1 |
| Korean (South Korea) | 0.049 | 103 | Derenko 2007 | F1=5 |
| Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) | 0.045 | 44 | Kong 2003 | F1b=2 |
| Yakut | 0.043 | 117 | Kong 2003 | F2a=3, F1b=2 |
| Tuvan | 0.042 | 95 | Starikovskaya 2005 | F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1 |
| Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.042 | 48 | Yao 2004 | F1a=1, F1b=1 |
| Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.042 | 24 | Ji 2012 | F=1 |
| Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.040 | 99 | Derenko 2007 | F1=4 |
| Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.037 | 27 | Wen 2005 | F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
| Kazakh | 0.036 | 55 | Yao 2004 | F1b=2 |
| Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.034 | 149 | Derenko 2012 | F1=4, F2=1 |
| Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.031 | 295 | Derenko 2007 | F1=7, F2a=2 |
| Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.029 | 35 | Wen 2004 | F2a=1 |
| Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.025 | 40 | Wen 2005 | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1 |
| Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.025 | 40 | Comas 2004 | F=1 |
| Okinawa | 0.025 | 326 | Umetsu 2005 | F=8 |
| Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.021 | 47 | Kong 2003 | F1c=1 |
| Ainu | 0.020 | 51 | Sato 2009 | F1b=1 |
| Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan) | 0.014 | 71 | Starikovskaya 2005 | F1b=1 |
| Telenghit (Altai Republic) | 0.014 | 71 | Derenko 2007 | F1=1 |
| Tubalar | 0.014 | 72 | Starikovskaya 2005 | F1b=1 |
| Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.014 | 73 | Derenko 2007 | F1=1 |
| Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk) | 0.011 | 87 | Starikovskaya 2005 | F(xF1b)=1 |
| Mansi | 0.010 | 98 | Starikovskaya 2005 | F=1 |
| Khanty | 0.009 | 106 | Pimenoff 2008 | F1=1 |
| Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.000 | 15 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | Comas 2004 | - |
| Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 24 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Nganasan | 0.000 | 24 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) | 0.000 | 25 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.000 | 25 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Andhra Pradesh (tribal) | 0.000 | 29 | Fornarino 2009 | - |
| Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Negidal | 0.000 | 33 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.000 | 36 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | Wen 2004 | - |
| Tajik (Tajikistan) | 0.000 | 44 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) | 0.000 | 45 | Kong 2003 | - |
| Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.000 | 45 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk) | 0.000 | 46 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Itelmen | 0.000 | 47 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.000 | 47 | Yao 2004 | - |
| Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.000 | 48 | Kong 2003 | - |
| Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | Hill 2006 | - |
| Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.000 | 56 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Mansi | 0.000 | 63 | Pimenoff 2008 | - |
| Chukchi | 0.000 | 66 | Starikovskaya 2006 | - |
| Siberian Eskimo | 0.000 | 79 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
| Persian (eastern Iran) | 0.000 | 82 | Derenko 2007 | - |
| Koryak | 0.000 | 155 | Starikovskaya 2005 | - |
Subclades
F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.
F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[20][24]
F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[8] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.
F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.
F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.
- F
- F* – China
- F1
- F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[25]), China, Kazakhstan
- F1a – China, Uyghur, Thailand
- F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[25]), China
- F1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
- F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
- F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malay, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
- F1a1b – Japan, Korea
- F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
- F1a1c1 – Moken
- F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
- F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
- F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
- F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
- F1a4
- F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
- F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province[25]), South Africa
- F1a4b – China
- F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
- F1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
- F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
- F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province[25]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
- F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
- F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[25]), China
- F1c – Japan
- F1c1 – Japan
- F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[25])
- F1c1 – Japan
- F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
- F1a – China, Uyghur, Thailand
- F1b
- F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
- F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
- F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a1a – Japan
- F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a3 – Japan
- F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
- F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
- F1b1d – Japan, Korea
- F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
- F1b1e1 – Yakut
- F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
- F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
- F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
- F1d – China, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[25]), Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux), Hezhen, ancient Scythian
- F1e – Thailand
- F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province[25]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
- F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
- F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[25]), China, Kazakhstan
- F2
- F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane[25]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
- F2a'b'g
- F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Japan, Kazakhstan
- F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
- F2g – China, Ladakh
- F2c – China
- F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
- F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
- F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province[25]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
- F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[25]), Vietnam (Dao)
- F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
- F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Poland
- F2h'i – China
- F3 (formerly R9a)
- F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
- F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province[25]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
- F3b – Thailand, Japan, China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
- F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
- F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
- F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
- F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
- F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
- F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
- F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
- F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
- F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
- F4
- F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan
- F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province[25])
- F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar
gollark: https://dxsmiley.github.io/mathbot/
gollark: Stop that.
gollark: Oh. We don't have MathBot?
gollark: =tex \aleph_69
gollark: I say the limit should be infinite.#
References
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- Haplogroup F.
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- Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
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External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup F (mtDNA). |
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup F
- Spread of Haplogroup F, from National Geographic
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Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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