Haplogroup A (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
| Haplogroup A | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 40,000 ± 10,000 YBP 40,500 (95% CI 37,900 <-> 43,200) ybp[1] |
| Coalescence age | 18,600 (95% CI 14,200 <-> 23,900) ybp[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Asia |
| Ancestor | N |
| Descendants | A3, A4, A5, A7, A8 |
| Defining mutations | 152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319[2] |
Origin
Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.
Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[3]
Distribution
Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka[4] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[3]
Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[4][5][6]
Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[7][8] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[5]
In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[4] 25/216 = 11.6%,[9] 11/73 = 15.1%[9]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[5][10][11] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[4][12][13][14] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[10] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[11] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[5]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[12] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[10] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[15] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[15] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[16] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[5] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[17]
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.
- A
- A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
- A(xA3, A7, A9, A11) – Uyghur, Japan, Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
- A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[1]]
- A1* – Japan, Korea
- A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp[1]]
- A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
- A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
- A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi
- A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp[1]]
- A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp[1]]
- A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp[1]]
- A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
- A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
- A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup[19]
- A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
- A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
- A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
- A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
- A2b – Chukchi
- A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
- A2c
- A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
- A2d1a – USA (Hispanic)
- A2d2 – USA (Hispanic)
- A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
- A2e'ao
- A2e
- A2ao
- A2ao1
- A2f
- A2f1 – Newfoundland
- A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American)
- A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
- A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- A2f1 – Newfoundland
- A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
- A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
- A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
- A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
- A2i – USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
- A2j – USA (Hispanic)
- A2j1 – USA (Hispanic)
- A2k – USA (Hispanic)
- A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
- A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
- A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
- A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
- A2l
- A2m
- A2n – Canada
- A2o
- A2ai
- A2aj
- A2p'am
- A2p
- A2p1
- A2p2
- A2am – USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela
- A2p
- A2q
- A2q1
- A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
- A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican)
- A2s
- A2t – USA (Mexican)
- A2u
- A2u1
- A2u2
- A2v
- A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
- A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
- A2v1b – Mexico
- A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
- A2w – Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
- A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
- A2x
- A2y
- A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
- A2aa
- A2ab
- A2ac
- A2ac1
- A2ad
- A2ad1
- A2ad2
- A2ae
- A2af
- A2af1
- A2af1a
- A2af1a1
- A2af1a2
- A2af1b
- A2af1b1
- A2af1b1a
- A2af1b1b
- A2af1b2
- A2af1b1
- A2af1a
- A2af2
- A2af1
- A2ag
- A2ah
- A2ak
- A2al
- A2an
- A2ap
- A2aq
- A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
- A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp[1]]
- A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis[19]
- A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[1]]
- A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[19] Selkup[19] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin),[20] Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[21]
- A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),[22] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp[1]]
- A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai,[5] Stony Tunguska River basin[20]) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp[1]]
- A12b – Buryat,[5] Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)[23] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp[1]]
- A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[19] Selkup[19] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia),[24] Buryat,[5] Ket,[19] Qashqai (Iran),[25] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp[1]]
- A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[1]]
- A13'14 – China (Shiyan, etc.), Uyghur, Khamnigan, Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Russia, Korea, Japan, Ireland
- A13 – China, Uyghur, Naxi, Lahu, Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province and Lampang Province[26]), Vietnam (Phù Lá)
- A14 – Russia (Altai Kizhi, etc.), Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province, Mon from Lopburi Province[26]), Vietnam (Pa Then)
- A15 – Uyghur
- A15a – China (Han in Beijing, etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
- A15b – China, Japan (Ehime)
- A15c – China
- A15c1 – Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
- A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
- A17 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province,[26] Blang from Chiang Rai Province,[26] Mon from Ratchaburi Province[26]), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
- A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing), Romania
- A19 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
- A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
- A21 – Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
- A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver)
- A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
- A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
- A26 – Denmark
- A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[1]]
- A3 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 2,800 <-> 11,900) ybp[1]]
- A3a – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korean [TMRCA 3,900 (95% CI 1,300 <-> 9,000) ybp[1]]
- A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp[1]]
- A9
- A11 – Nepal, Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp[1]]
- A(xA3, A7, A9, A11) – Uyghur, Japan, Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
- A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp]
- A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), South Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A5a1
- A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
- A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[27]
- A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
- A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.)
- A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea
- A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi)
- A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[27]
- A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
- A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
- A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
- A5a3
- A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American)
- A5a3a
- A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo)
- A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
- A5a4 – Japan
- A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
- A5a1
- A5b – China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp[1]]
- A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[1]]
- A5b1* – Uyghur
- A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp[1]]
- A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp[1]]
- A5b1b* – Han Chinese
- A5b1b1
- A5b1b1* – Miao
- A5b1b1a – China
- A5b1b1b – China
- A5b1b2 – Uyghur
- A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
- A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
- A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
- A5b1d* – China
- A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
- A5b2 – China (Tujia, etc.)
- A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[1]]
- A5c – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Khamnigan, Buryat [TMRCA 6,100 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 11,800) ybp[1]]
- A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
- A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), South Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
- A8 – Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp[1]]
- A8a – Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup,[19] Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp[1]]
- A8b – Koryak [TMRCA 375 (95% CI 50 <-> 1,150) ybp[1]]
- A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York, Chumash Indians California [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp[1]]
- A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
Popular culture
The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[28][29]
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.
Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.
See also
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup A (mtDNA). |
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population genetics
- Indigenous Amerindian genetics
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Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American.
- "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup A
- Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders (PLoS)
- Spread of Haplogroup A, from National Geographic
- Aiyana
- A10 Ancient DNA – Ancient Chumash Paleoasiatic remains. A10 haplogroup assignment. www.pcas.org/assets/docu Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California
- A10 (( A10 ancient America sample.......Chumash documented origin, Cayegues (Kayiwish) Coastal Paleoasiatic California Indian populations, John R. Johnson, Anthropology 131CA http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/classes/anth131ca/California%20Genetic%20Prehistory.pdf