Grand Theft Auto

Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is a series of action-adventure games created by David Jones and Mike Dailly.[2] Later titles were developed under the oversight of brothers Dan and Sam Houser, Leslie Benzies and Aaron Garbut. It is primarily developed by British development house Rockstar North (formerly DMA Design), and published by its parent company, Rockstar Games. The name of the series references the term "grand theft auto", used in the United States for motor vehicle theft.

For the crime, see Motor vehicle theft. For the first game in the series, see Grand Theft Auto (video game). For other uses, see Grand theft auto (disambiguation).

Grand Theft Auto
Series logo, used since Grand Theft Auto III (2001)
Genre(s)Action-adventure
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)Rockstar Games
Creator(s)
Platform(s)
First releaseGrand Theft Auto
21 October 1997
Latest releaseGrand Theft Auto V
17 September 2013

Most games in the series are set in fictional locales modelled on cities, usually either Liberty City, Vice City or San Andreas, which are stand-ins for New York City, Miami and the state of California, respectively. The first game encompassed three fictional cities, while subsequent titles tend to emphasise a single setting. Gameplay focuses on an open world where the player can choose missions to progress an overall story, as well as engaging in side activities, all consisting of action-adventure, driving, third-person shooting, carjacking, occasional role-playing, stealth and racing elements. The series focuses on many different protagonists who attempt to rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld, although their motives for doing so vary in each game. The series also has elements of the earlier beat 'em up games from the 16-bit era. The antagonists are commonly characters who have betrayed the protagonist or his organisation, or characters who have the most impact impeding the protagonist's progress. Film and music veterans have voiced characters, including Ray Liotta, Dennis Hopper, Samuel L. Jackson, James Woods, Debbie Harry, Axl Rose and Peter Fonda.[3]

DMA Design began the series in 1997, with the release of the Grand Theft Auto. As of 2019, the series has eleven stand-alone games and four expansion packs. The third main title, Grand Theft Auto III, is considered a landmark game, as it brought the series to a three-dimensional (3D) setting and more immersive experience. Subsequent titles have followed and built upon the concept established in Grand Theft Auto III, and received significant acclaim. They have influenced other open-world action games, and led to the label Grand Theft Auto clone on similar games.

The series has been critically acclaimed and commercially successful, having shipped more than 280 million units with an estimated gross revenue of over $9 billion.[4][5] Making it the fourth-highest selling video game franchise of all time, behind Nintendo's Mario and Pokémon franchises,[6] and Tetris.[7] In 2006, Grand Theft Auto was featured in a list of British design icons in the Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and the Design Museum.[8] In 2013, The Telegraph ranked Grand Theft Auto among Britain's most successful exports.[9] The series has also been controversial for its adult nature and violent themes.

Titles
Year Title Developer Home release Universe[10]
Console Computer Handheld Mobile
Main series
1997 Grand Theft Auto DMA Design PS1
GBC 2D
1999 Grand Theft Auto 2
Windows GBC
2001 Grand Theft Auto III
  • Windows
  • OS X
3D
2002 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Rockstar North
  • PS2
  • Xbox
  • Windows
  • OS X
  • iOS
  • Android
  • Fire OS
2004 Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
  • Windows
  • OS X
  • iOS
  • Android
  • WP
  • Fire OS
2008 Grand Theft Auto IV
  • PS3
  • Xbox 360
 Windows HD
2013 Grand Theft Auto V
Windows
Expansion packs
1999 Grand Theft Auto: London 1969 Rockstar Canada PS1
  • Windows
  • MS-DOS
 2D
1999 Grand Theft Auto: London 1961
  • Windows
  • MS-DOS
2009 Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned Rockstar North
  • PS3
  • Xbox 360
 Windows HD
2009 Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony
  • PS3
  • Xbox 360
 Windows
Handheld games
2004 Grand Theft Auto Advance Digital Eclipse GBA 3D
2005 Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories Rockstar Leeds PS2 PSP
  • iOS
  • Android
  • Fire OS
2006 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories PS2 PSP
2009 Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars
  • iOS
  • Android
  • Fire OS
 HD
Notes:
1. Originally available on PlayStation 3 as part of the PlayStation 2 Classics line via the PlayStation Network, but later replaced with a HD native release.[11]
2. Originally available on Xbox 360 as part of the Xbox Originals line via the Xbox Live Marketplace, but later replaced with a HD native release.[12]

Main series
Release timeline
           2D era              3D era              HD era[10]
1997Grand Theft Auto
1998
1999Grand Theft Auto: London 1969
Grand Theft Auto: London 1961
Grand Theft Auto 2
2000
2001Grand Theft Auto III
2002Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
2003
2004Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Grand Theft Auto Advance
2005Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories
2006Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories
2007
2008Grand Theft Auto IV
2009Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned
Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars
Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony
2010
2011
2012
2013Grand Theft Auto V
Grand Theft Auto Online

The Grand Theft Auto series is split into separate fictional universes, named after the primary level of graphics capability used in each era.[10] The original Grand Theft Auto, its expansions and its sequel are considered the "2D universe". Grand Theft Auto III and its sequels are considered the "3D universe". Grand Theft Auto IV, its expansions and Grand Theft Auto V are considered the "HD universe". Each universe is considered separate with only brands, place names and background characters shared between them.[10]

Grand Theft Auto, the first game in the series, was released for Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS in October 1997, ported to the PlayStation in 1998 and the Game Boy Color in 1999. Grand Theft Auto 2 was released in 1999 for Microsoft Windows, later receiving ports on the PlayStation, Dreamcast and Game Boy Color.[13]

The PlayStation 2 also featured three instalments of the main series, all of which have been re-released on several platforms; a deal between Take-Two Interactive and Sony Computer Entertainment resulted in their timed exclusivity on the PlayStation 2, before receiving ports to Microsoft Windows and the Xbox.[14] The 2001 title Grand Theft Auto III moved away from the two-dimension (2D) graphics used in the first two games to three-dimension (3D) computer graphics[15] Grand Theft Auto: Vice City was published in 2002, and was the first to feature a speaking protagonist, voiced by Ray Liotta.[16] Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, released in 2004, introduced various new elements, including character customisation and a large map encompassing three cities and surrounding rural area.[17]

Two main installments were published for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The 2008 title Grand Theft Auto IV focused on realism and detail, removing various customisation features, while adding an online multiplayer mode.[18] Grand Theft Auto V, published in 2013, featured three playable protagonists.[19] It was released to massive financial success, breaking multiple records.[20] It was later re-released with various enhancements, in 2014 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and in 2015 for Microsoft Windows;[21] a version for PlayStation 5 and other consoles is scheduled for Q3/Q4 2021.[22][23]

Other games

Grand Theft Auto has spawned numerous additional games and expansion packs. In 1999, the original game received two expansion packs: Grand Theft Auto: London 1969 and Grand Theft Auto: London 1961, which, as their name suggests, featured a different setting - a fictional version of London - and new missions and characters.[13] Grand Theft Auto Advance, released in 2004 exclusively for the Game Boy Advance, featured a top-down perspective, similarly to the first two main games in the series. Three games were released for the PlayStation Portable: Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories in 2005, which is a prequel to Grand Theft Auto III; Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories in 2006, which is a prequel to Vice City; and Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars in 2009, which features the same setting as Grand Theft Auto IV, but the two games are otherwise unrelated. Both Liberty City Stories and Vice City Stories were later ported to the PlayStation 2, while Chinatown Wars was originally released for the Nintendo DS and later ported to PlayStation Portable.[24] In 2009, The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony were released for the Xbox 360 as expansion packs to Grand Theft Auto IV; a "strategic alliance" between Rockstar and Microsoft resulted in the timed exclusivity. The expansions focus on characters who played a relatively minor role in the main game, and whose stories take place simultaneously with Grand Theft Auto IV's. Both were later released for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows as part of a compilation, titled Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City, also available on Xbox 360.[25]

Numerous titles in the series have received ports to mobile devices. Chinatown Wars was released for iOS in 2010 and for Android and Fire OS in 2014.[26] For their tenth anniversaries, Grand Theft Auto III and Vice City were both re-released for iOS and Android in 2011 and 2012, respectively.[27][28] In 2013, San Andreas was ported to iOS, Android and Windows Phone and RT;[29] the mobile port was later re-released for Xbox 360 in 2014, the year of the game's tenth anniversary,[30] and the following year for PlayStation 3.[31] In 2015 Liberty City Stories was ported to iOS, Android and Fire OS.[32][33]

Compilations

Grand Theft Auto Double Pack was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, and includes both Grand Theft Auto III and Vice City.[34] Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy is a compilation of III, Vice City, and San Andreas, and was first released in 2005 for the Xbox.[35] It was later re-released for the PlayStation 2, Windows, Mac OS X, and PlayStation 4.[36][37][38][39] The Trilogy also served as the revised package for San Andreas, which had to be pulled from shelves due to the controversial Hot Coffee mod.[40]

Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City is a standalone compilation of the two episodes for Grand Theft Auto IV. It contains both The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony on one disc. It was released on 29 October 2009 for the Xbox 360 and on 13 April 2010 for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 3. Microsoft added Episodes from Liberty City to its backwards compatibility list for Xbox One platforms in February 2017.[41]

The series has been expanded into various other formats. Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto, a book written by David Kushner chronicling the development of the series, was published in 2012.[42] In March 2015, BBC Two announced The Gamechangers, a 90-minute docudrama based on the creation of Grand Theft Auto.[43] Directed by Owen Harris and written by James Wood, the drama stars Daniel Radcliffe as Rockstar president Sam Houser and Bill Paxton as disbarred attorney Jack Thompson.[44] In May 2015, Rockstar filed a lawsuit against the BBC for trademark infringement, stating that they had no involvement with the development of the film and had unsuccessfully tried to contact the BBC to resolve the matter.[45] It first aired on 15 September 2015 on BBC Two.[46]

In 2006, McFarland & Company published The Meaning and Culture of Grand Theft Auto.[47] Compiled by Nate Garrelts, the 264-page book is a collection of essays regarding the Grand Theft Auto series, to help audiences better understand the games and to make a point about due diligence of game criticism. The book is divided into two parts: the first part discusses the controversies surrounding the series, while the second half takes a theoretical look at the games absent of the controversy.[48]

A planned film adaptation of the series is unable to proceed because of a lawsuit by Roger Corman, who produced the 1977 film Grand Theft Auto. In 2017, Corman said "I actually sued the video game manufacturer who flat-out stole the idea. We settled out of court and they gave me some money. I retain the right to remake it, but the way it was actually written in the contract is a little bit cloudy. My lawyers are actually studying that contract to make certain that I have a clear title to remake my picture, and I will remake Grand Theft Auto."[49]

Common elements

Gameplay

Each game in this series allows the player to take on the role of a criminal in the big city, typically an individual who plans to rise through the ranks of organised crime through the course of the game. The player is given various missions by kingpins and major idols in the city underworld which must be completed to progress through the storyline. Assassinations and other violent crimes are featured regularly. Occasionally taxi driving, firefighting, street racing, bus driving, or learning to fly helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft are also involved in the game.

In later titles, notably those released after Grand Theft Auto 2, the player is given a more developed storyline in which they are forced to overcome an unfortunate event (e.g., being betrayed and left for dead), which serves as motivation for the character to advance up the criminal ladder and ultimately leads to the triumph of the character by the end of the storyline.

The Grand Theft Auto series belongs to a genre of free-roaming role-playing video games called open world games, and grants a large amount of freedom to the player. Traditional action games are structured as a single track series of levels with linear gameplay, but in Grand Theft Auto the player can determine the missions that they want to undertake, and their relationship with various characters are changed based on these choices. Influenced by the earlier game Turbo Esprit,[50][51] the cities of the games can be roamed freely at any point in the game, and are examples of open world video game environments which offer accessible buildings with minor missions in addition to the main storyline. There are exceptions: missions follow a linear, overarching plot. These missions are required to complete in order to unlock new areas in the game.

Grand Theft Auto III and subsequent games have more voice acting and radio stations, which simulate driving to music with disc jockeys, radio personalities, commercials, talk radio, pop music, and American culture.

The use of vehicles in an explorable urban environment provides a basic simulation of a working city, complete with pedestrians who generally obey traffic signals. Further details are used to flesh out an open-ended atmosphere that has been used in several other games, such as The Simpsons: Hit & Run, which has less emphasis on crime or violence, and Lego City Undercover, which reverses the roles of police officer and criminal, although the player goes undercover in gangs for a portion of the game.

Criminal activities in Grand Theft Auto games do not go unnoticed by the police. As the player engages in these in-game illegal activities, they may gain a "wanted level", represented by a maximum of five or six stars. A small crime, such as running over a non-player character, may create a one star wanted level situation, while shooting an officer may earn more stars. As the number of stars increase, the amount and strength of the response will increase; a single star might have a few police cars chase after the player, while at 5 or 6 stars, tanks and attack helicopters will chase down the player. Many in-game missions will automatically give the player a wanted level after completing a certain event which they must then get rid of before the mission is complete. Often, trying to keep away from the police while wanted will cause the player to gain even higher wanted levels. The player can remove their character's wanted level by avoiding detection or spending in-game money at specific locations to elude the police (such as a mod shop to repaint their car). Alternatively, if the player-character dies, they will respawn at a hospital and the wanted level will be removed, though the player may lose money, guns, and other benefits they had before being chased. The "wanted level" gameplay concept has become common in other GTA Clones and similar open world games.

Setting

Most of the Grand Theft Auto series is set in a fictional version of the United States, in a number of different time periods. The original Grand Theft Auto introduced three main cities: Liberty City, based upon New York City, Vice City, based upon Miami, and San Andreas, based mostly upon parts of California; in this game, San Andreas was based mostly on San Francisco and parts of Las Vegas. The London 1969 and London 1961 expansion packs changed the setting to a fictional version of London, making them the only games in the series so far to use a location outside the United States and with the name of a real-life city.

The second entry in the franchise, Grand Theft Auto 2, was set in the futuristic "Anywhere City," the only locale in the series with no particular real-life inspiration.

Subsequent games in the series have re-imagined and expanded upon the original three locales. Grand Theft Auto III is set in 2001 in a different rendition of Liberty City only loosely based on New York City.[52] Grand Theft Auto: Vice City takes place in 1986 within a new version of the eponymus city, while Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is set in 1992 within San Andreas, reimagined as entire state instead of a single city. In this depiction, the state of San Andreas is based on the states of California and Nevada, and consists of three major cities: Los Santos (Los Angeles), San Fierro (San Francisco), and Las Venturas (Las Vegas). Surrounding towns and areas of desert, water, woodland, and countryside lie between the three cities. The GTA III rendition of Liberty City is also briefly featured during one mission.

Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, originally released for the PlayStation Portable handheld console and later re-issued for other consoles, are prequels to GTA III and Vice City, respectively, set a few years prior to the original games. Liberty City Stories takes place in 1998 within the same rendition of Liberty City featured in GTA III, with some differences in terms of buildings and geography to reflect the different time periods; the same for Vice City Stories, set in Vice City in 1984. The Game Boy Advance exclusive Grand Theft Auto Advance is also set in the GTA III rendition of Liberty City in the year 2000.

Grand Theft Auto IV and its subsequent expansion packs The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony are set in 2008 within a third revision of Liberty City, which is a closer analogue to New York City and its boroughs than the GTA III version.[53] Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars is also set in this version of Liberty City in 2009, although the Alderney portion of the map is not present.[54]

Grand Theft Auto V is set in 2013 withinin a new depiction of the southern state of San Andreas that only features Los Santos (Los Angeles) and the rural Blaine County, consisting of various small towns and areas of forest, desert or mountain.[55] It includes revised landmarks such as the "Vinewood" sign (instead of Hollywood), Rockford Hills (instead of Beverly Hills), Del Perro Pier (instead of Santa Monica Pier), Los Santos International Airport (LSIA) (instead of LAX), Los Santos Golf Club (instead of Los Angeles Country Club), and Galileo Observatory (instead of Griffith Observatory). The game also features the town of Ludendorff in the fictional state of North Yankton, which is the setting of two missions in the game: one taking place in 2004, and the other in 2013. Los Angeles was extensively researched for Grand Theft Auto V. The team organised field research trips with tour guides and architectural historians and captured around 250,000 photos and hours of video footage during these visits.[56] Since the release of the game, hundreds of in-game buildings have been identified as being based on real-world landmarks.[57] The New Yorker's Sam Sweet notes that, with sales of the game reaching thirteen million copies, "there will be more people living in the imaginary state of Los Santos than in the real city on which it was modelled."[58]

All settings in the series from GTA III onwards are located on one or multiple islands, close to one another, at an undetermined distance from the US mainland. Only the GTA III rendition of Liberty City is connected to the mainland on its northwest corner (a region that remains inaccessible to the player).

Voice acting

The series has included a wide variety of voice actors. The original Grand Theft Auto, its mission packs and its sequel, as well as Grand Theft Auto Advance and Chinatown Wars did not feature any voice credited to specific roles.[59][60] The first game in the series to do so was Grand Theft Auto III which, despite a limited budget and the series' low profile at the time,[61] featured several notable actors from film and television. These included Frank Vincent, Michael Madsen and Kyle MacLachlan, who all had prominent roles. At the time it was rare for a video game to use such high-profile actors, and Grand Theft Auto III is considered a pioneer in doing so.[62] The next game, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, featured more film actors, including Ray Liotta as the player character. Although the following title, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, also featured many notable film actors—such as Samuel L. Jackson, Peter Fonda and James Woods—it had been decided that the use of such actors should be reduced, particularly for leading roles. As a result, many of the prominent roles in San Andreas were voiced by lower profile actors or rappers.[63][64]

From Liberty City Stories through to Grand Theft Auto V, the series has continued using lesser known actors to voice main characters, but still uses celebrities and real-life radio personalities to voice the DJs of the many radio stations featured in each game. Some games also feature celebrities portraying themselves, such as Lazlow Jones, Phil Collins,[65] Ricky Gervais[66] and Katt Williams.[67]

Controversies

According to The Guinness World Records 2008 and 2009 Gamer's Edition, it is the most controversial video game series in history, with over 4,000 articles published about it, which include accusations of glamorising violence, corrupting gamers, and connection to real life crimes.[68]

Grand Theft Auto

The game was controversial from the very first incarnation of the series.[69] Grand Theft Auto was condemned in Britain, Germany, and France due to its "extreme violence",[70] and Brazil banned it outright.[70] Publicist Max Clifford planted sensational stories in tabloids in order to help sell the first game.[69][71][72]

Grand Theft Auto III
See also: Grand Theft Auto III § Controversies

The controversies flared up again with Grand Theft Auto III, since the 3D graphics made the violence more realistic, and players could pay for the services of prostitutes to restore their health, and if they wished, kill them to get some of their money back.[72]

There is also criticism from the focus on illegal activities in comparison with traditional "heroic" roles that other games offer. The main character can commit a wide variety of crimes and violent acts while dealing with only temporary consequences, including the killing of policemen and military personnel.

Vice City
See also: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City § Controversies

The sixth game in the series, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, also came under criticism. One mission in particular, in which the player must instigate a gang war between Haitian and Cuban gangs, has been controversial. Haitian and Cuban anti-defamation groups criticised the game.

Jean-Robert Lafortune of the Haitian American Grassroots Coalition is quoted as saying that "The game shouldn't be designed to destroy human life, it shouldn't be designed to destroy an ethnic group," for this and similar scenarios, including lines in the game's script such as "kill the Haitian dickheads" said by character "Diaz" during an altercation between the player and a Haitian gang. After the threat of a lawsuit by the Haitian-American Grassroots Coalition, Rockstar removed the word "Haitians" from this phrase in the game's subtitles.[73]

San Andreas
Main article: Hot Coffee mod

San Andreas was criticised initially due to its "gangster" elements, which include drugs, prostitution, and murder. Later it received additional criticism after the discovery of an interactive sex minigame, nicknamed Hot Coffee; initially cut from the game, it remained in the game code, and was discovered in both the console and Windows versions of the game.

After the release of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, modders managed to find the unused code in the game and released unofficial patches for the Windows and Xbox (with a modchip) versions as well as a PlayStation 2 version through the use of an Action Replay code enabling the player to engage in these sexual mini-games (dubbed "Hot Coffee" in reference to a euphemism for sex used in the game). These mini-games were left partially intact in the game's code. This prompted application of an AO (Adults Only) ESRB rating to the version of the game containing the leftover code. Take-Two Interactive was forced to re-release the game in order to restore the M (Mature) rating. A class action lawsuit against Take-Two was also filed as a result of the "Hot Coffee" code.[74][75]

Grand Theft Auto IV
Main article: Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto IV

One of the controversies involved with this game was Mothers Against Drunk Driving's (MADD) criticism of the ability to drink and drive as a new feature. MADD had even requested ESRB to change the rating of the game from "M" for ages seventeen and up to "AO", for adults only, because they felt it was inappropriate for children, even at the age of seventeen, to experience drunk driving in such a manner.[76] In the final game, drunk driving is a playable event, but it is a crime that automatically generates a wanted rating[77] and main playable character Niko Bellic loudly (and drunkenly) proclaims that it is a "bad idea" and that he "should know better".[78]

Notably, it is impossible to drive while drunk in the GTA IV expansions, The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony. These were released after the criticism. It is, however, possible to drive drunk again in the successor, Grand Theft Auto V.[79]

The Lost and Damned
See also: Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned § Controversy

The Lost and Damned expansion pack for Grand Theft Auto IV was condemned by US parents group Common Sense Media who issued a public warning against the pack's content due to a full-frontal nudity scene during one of the cutscenes. They claimed the game was "more controversial than its predecessors" because it featured "full frontal male nudity".[80]

Chinatown Wars
See also: Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars § Controversy
Nintendo wanted us to make Grand Theft Auto, and we wanted to make a game on their platform. They didn't want us to make a Grand Theft Auto for kids, and we weren't interested in making a game we wouldn't normally make.

Dan Houser, on the making of Chinatown Wars for the Nintendo DS[81]

There has been some controversy over a drug dealing minigame[82] along with comments that some Nintendo games are being aimed at children (despite the fact that the game was rated Mature). The drug dealing mini-game allows players to peddle six types of drugs around the city, but the profit the player makes depends on market conditions, which will be based on the area in which they deal, and the level of regular service this area receives from them.[83][84]

Grand Theft Auto V
Main article: Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto V

A segment in the latest instalment caused controversy for scenes containing player initiated torture. The mission "By the Book" features graphic depictions of kneecapping, electrocution, dental extraction and waterboarding, and the player is required to perform an act of torture in order to progress in the game.[85][86][87]

UK-based charity Freedom from Torture publicly condemned the use of torture scenes in Grand Theft Auto V. The organisation, who works to rehabilitate survivors of torture, joined other human rights charities who were outraged at a torture scene in the game in which the players have to pull teeth and electrocute an unarmed man in order to extract information. The charity's CEO Keith Best stated: “Rockstar North has crossed a line by effectively forcing people to take on the role of a torturer and perform a series of unspeakable acts if they want to achieve success in the game."[85]

The game has also been accused of sexism. The Los Angeles Times considered the game's satirical portrayals of women uncreative, and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience.[88] Edge noted that while "every female in the game exists solely to be sneered, leered or laughed at", it treated its all-male lead characters in a similar vein through their stereotyped tendencies towards violence.[89] Sam Houser, Rockstar Games co-founder, felt that the development team sometimes overlooked their portrayal of women in Grand Theft Auto games, but that the weight towards male characters "fit with the story we wanted to tell".[90]

Lawsuits

Several celebrities have sued Rockstar Games and/or Take-Two Interactive for purportedly violating their intellectual property or personality rights, including hip-hop artist Daz Dillinger,[91] Karen Gravano of Mob Wives,[92] and actress Lindsay Lohan.[93]

Lawsuits involving Jack Thompson
Further information: Jack Thompson (activist) § Grand Theft Auto

Former lawyer Jack Thompson has been involved in a number of attempts to get families of murder victims to hold the Grand Theft Auto series accountable for the death of their loved ones. Due to his conduct in this and related cases, Thompson was disbarred in 2008[94] and was fined more than $100,000 by the Florida Bar Association.[95]

On 20 October 2003, the families of Aaron Hamel and Kimberly Bede, two young people shot by teens William and Josh Buckner (who in statements to investigators claimed their actions were inspired by Grand Theft Auto III) filed a US$246 million lawsuit against publishers Rockstar Games, Take-Two Interactive Software, retailer Walmart, and PlayStation 2 manufacturer Sony Computer Entertainment America.[96][97] Rockstar and its parent company, Take-Two, filed for dismissal of the lawsuit, stating in US District Court on 29 October 2003 that the "ideas and concepts as well as the 'purported psychological effects' on the Buckners are protected by the First Amendment's free-speech clause". The lawyer of the victims, Jack Thompson, denied that, but failed in his attempt to move the lawsuit into a state court and under Tennessee's consumer protection act.[98] Two days later, the plaintiffs filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, and the case was closed.

In February 2005, a lawsuit was brought upon the makers and distributors of the Grand Theft Auto series claiming the games caused a teenager to shoot and kill three members of the Alabama police force. The shooting took place in June 2003 when Devin Moore, 17 years old at the time, was taken in for questioning by police in Fayette, Alabama regarding a stolen vehicle. Moore then grabbed a pistol from one of the police officers and shot and killed him along with another officer and dispatcher before fleeing in a police car.[99][100] One of Moore's attorneys, Jack Thompson, claimed it was Grand Theft Auto's graphic nature—with his constant playing time—that caused Moore to commit the murders, and Moore's family agrees. Damages were being sought from branches of GameStop and Wal-Mart in Jasper, Alabama, the stores from which Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, respectively, were purchased and also from the games' publisher Take-Two Interactive, and the PlayStation 2 manufacturer Sony Computer Entertainment. On 29 March 2006 the case was dismissed and permission to appeal was denied.[101]

In May 2005, Jack Thompson appeared via satellite on the Glenn Beck program on CNN's Headline News. Thompson mentioned Devin Moore and said, regarding Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, "There's no doubt in my mind [...] that but for Devin Moore's training on this cop killing simulator, he would not have been able to kill three cops in Fayette, Alabama who are now dead and in the ground. We are suing Take-Two, Sony, Wal-Mart, and GameStop for having trained Devin Moore to kill. He had no history of violence. No criminal record."[102]

In September 2006, Thompson brought another lawsuit, claiming that Cody Posey played the game obsessively before murdering his father Delbert Paul Posey, stepmother Tryone Schmid, and stepsister Marilea Schmid on a ranch in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The suit was filed on behalf of the victims' families.[103] The suit alleged that were it not for his obsessive playing of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the murders would not have taken place.[104] Named in the suit were Cody Posey, Rockstar Games, Take-Two Interactive, and Sony. The suit asked for US$600 million in damages.[105] During the criminal trial, Posey's defence team argued he was abused by his father, and tormented by his stepmother.[106] Posey was also taking Zoloft at the time of the killings.[107] The lawsuit was dismissed in December 2007.[108]

Reception
Aggregate review scores
As of 5 February 2015.
Game GameRankings Metacritic
Grand Theft Auto (PC) 79%[109]
(PS1) 68%[110]
(GBC) 57%[111]		 —
London 1969 (PC) 75%[112]
(PS1) 69%[113]		 —
Grand Theft Auto 2 (PC) 72%[114]
(DC) 71%[115]
(PS1) 70%[116]
(GBC) 35%[117]		 (PS1) 70[118]
Grand Theft Auto III (PS2) 95%[119]
(PC) 94%[120]		 (PS2) 97[121]
(Xbox) 96[122]
(PC) 93[123]
Vice City (PS2) 94%[124]
(PC) 94%[125]		 (Xbox) 96[122]
(PS2) 95[126]
(PC) 94[127]
San Andreas (PS2) 95%[128]
(Xbox) 92%[129]
(PC) 92%[130]		 (PS2) 95[131]
(Xbox) 93[132]
(PC) 93[133]
Advance (GBA) 70%[134] (GBA) 68[135]
Liberty City Stories (PSP) 87%[136]
(PS2) 77%[137]		 (PSP) 88[138]
(PS2) 78[139]
Vice City Stories (PSP) 85%[140]
(PS2) 76%[141]		 (PSP) 86[142]
(PS2) 75[143]
Grand Theft Auto IV (PS3) 97%[144]
(X360) 97%[145]
(PC) 88%[146]		 (PS3) 98[147]
(X360) 98[148]
(PC) 90[149]
The Lost and Damned (PC) 94%[150]
(PS3) 94%[151]
(X360) 90%[152]		 (X360) 90[153]
(PS3) 88[154]
Chinatown Wars (NDS) 93%[155]
(PSP) 90%[156]		 (NDS) 93[157]
(PSP) 90[158]
The Ballad of Gay Tony (PC) 90%[159]
(PS3) 90%[160]
(X360) 89%[161]		 (X360) 89[162]
(PS3) 87[163]
Grand Theft Auto V (XONE) 98%[164]
(PS3) 97%[165]
(PS4) 96%[166]
(X360) 96%[167]
(PC) 95%[168]		 (XONE) 97[169]
(PS3) 97[170]
(PS4) 97[171]
(X360) 97[172]
(PC) 96[173]

Ever since the release of Grand Theft Auto III in 2001, the Grand Theft Auto series has been a major success, both critically and financially. It has generated perfect or near perfect reviews and scores on almost all of the games; by September 2013, the series sold over 150 million copies worldwide,[174] and as of August 2015, Grand Theft Auto shipped over 220 million units worldwide.[6] The Times Online reported that Grand Theft Auto IV recorded 609,000 copies in the UK on its first day of release.[175] In its first week, Grand Theft Auto IV sold approximately 6 million copies worldwide and grossed over $500 million.[176]

In 2006, Grand Theft Auto was voted one of Britain's top 10 designs in the Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and the Design Museum. The game appeared in a list of British design icons which included Concorde, Jaguar E-Type, Aston Martin DB5, Mini, World Wide Web, Tomb Raider, K2 telephone box, London tube map, AEC Routemaster bus and the Supermarine Spitfire.[8][177]

The series has broken several records, resulting in Guinness World Records awarding the series 10 world records in the Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include Most Guest Stars in a Video Game Series, Largest Voice Cast in a Video Game (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas), Largest In-Game Soundtrack (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas) as well as Most Successful Entertainment Launch of All Time (Grand Theft Auto V). Guinness World Records also ranked Grand Theft Auto in third place on their list of top 50 console games of all time based on initial impact and lasting legacy.[178] Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is listed as the most successful game on the PlayStation 2 according to The Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition.

Grand Theft Auto III, San Andreas and Vice City currently lie at the 2nd, 5th and 6th highest rated PlayStation 2 games on Metacritic, respectively,[179] while Chinatown Wars is rated the best game on the Nintendo DS[180] and the second best on the PlayStation Portable,[181] and Grand Theft Auto IV is currently rated the second best game ever, with a score of 98, only trailing behind The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Also, Vice City, Grand Theft Auto III, San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto IV and Grand Theft Auto V lie at 11th, 24th, 27th, 93rd and 2nd best PC games of all time, on Metacritic.[182][183] Along with this, The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony are currently placed 35th and 59th in the top Xbox 360 games.[184]

Sales
Year Game Sales Acquired label(s)
1997 Grand Theft Auto 1 million+[185] PS1 Greatest Hits, Platinum
1999 Grand Theft Auto: London 1969
Grand Theft Auto: London 1961
Grand Theft Auto 2 PS1 Greatest Hits
2001 Grand Theft Auto III 17.5 million[186] PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum
2002 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City 20 million[186] PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum
2004 Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 27.5 million[187][188]
  • PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum
  • Xbox Platinum Hits

  • PS3 Greatest Hits
  • Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
Grand Theft Auto Advance 100,000
2005 Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories 8 million[186]
  • PSP Greatest Hits, Platinum
  • PS2 Platinum
2006 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories 4.5 million[186]
  • PSP Greatest Hits, Platinum
  • PS2 Platinum
2008 Grand Theft Auto IV 25 million+[189]
  • PS3 Greatest Hits, Platinum
  • Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
2009 Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned 1 million+[190][191]
Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars 200,000[192] PSP Greatest Hits
Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony
Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City 160,000+[193]
  • PS3 Greatest Hits
  • Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
2013 Grand Theft Auto V 130 million[194]
  • PS3 Greatest Hits
  • Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
Total series sales: 235 million+[6][195]

Similar games
See also: Grand Theft Auto clone

The release of Grand Theft Auto III is treated as a major event in the history of video games, much like the release of Doom nearly a decade earlier.[196]

During interviews to mark the 10th anniversary of the release of Grand Theft Auto III, producer of the Street Fighter series, Yoshinori Ono, said "It would be no exaggeration to say that Grand Theft Auto III changed the industry, and we can basically separate the time before and after its emergence as distinct eras." In the same article Bethesda studios director, Todd Howard, said "The mark of a truly great game is how many people try to recapture or emulate it and fail. There's a long line behind this one."[197]

Subsequent games that follow this formula of driving and shooting have been called "Grand Theft Auto clones". Some reviewers even extended this label to the Driver series, even though this series began years before the release of Grand Theft Auto III.[198] Grand Theft Auto clones are a type of 3D action-adventure game,[199][200][201][202][203] where players are given the ability to drive any vehicle or fire any weapon as they explore an open world.[204] These games often incorporate violent and criminal themes. Notable games that are comparable to Grand Theft Auto are Saints Row,[205] Scarface: The World Is Yours,[206] True Crime: Streets of LA,[207][208] Watch Dogs,[209] Sleeping Dogs,[210] Just Cause,[211] Mafia[212] and The Godfather.[213]

gollark: It's now a feature. A *great* feature.
gollark: <@!257604541300604928> If you don't know, the original Civ or something had a bug with Gandhi.
gollark: Gandhi has nukes.
gollark: Gandhi. Obviously.
gollark: Did you know that in 1700 AZ Rome's riflemen defeated the armies of America in the Battle of Oxford?

See also

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Further reading
  • Garrelts, Nate (2006). The Meaning and Culture of Grand Theft Auto. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland. ISBN 9780786428229.
  • Kushner, David (2012). Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470936375.
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