Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing

The usage and pricing of gasoline (or petrol) results from factors such as crude oil prices, processing and distribution costs, local demand, the strength of local currencies, local taxation, and the availability of local sources of gasoline (supply). Since fuels are traded worldwide, the trade prices are similar. The price paid by consumers largely reflects national pricing policy. Some regions, such as Europe and Japan, impose high taxes on gasoline (petrol); others, such as Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, subsidize the cost.[1] Western countries have among the highest usage rates per person. The largest consumer is the United States, which used an average of 368 million US gallons (1.46 gigalitres) each day in 2011.[2]

Example from Germany 2007, €1.319 per litre (€4.99/US gal) (€5.988/imperial gal)

Fuel prices in the United States
Percentage of cost for gasoline and diesel in the United States.
Retail markup over crude oil and wholesale gasoline, 2014–2019

In 2008 a report by Cambridge Energy Research Associates stated that 2007 had been the year of peak gasoline usage in the United States, and that record energy prices would cause an "enduring shift" in energy consumption practices.[3] According to the report, in April fuel consumption had been lower than a year before for the sixth straight month, suggesting 2008 would be the first year US usage declined in 17 years. The total annual distance driven in the US began declining in 2006.[4]

The average price in 2012 was $3.618 per US gallon ($0.96/L), the highest ever yearly average as of 31 December 2012. As of 31 December 2012, the average price of gasoline was $3.298/US gal ($0.87/L), with New York at $3.70/US gal ($0.98/L) for the highest in the US, and Colorado at $2.987/US gal ($0.79/L) for the lowest.[5]

Finished motor gasoline amounts to 44% of the total US consumption of petroleum products.[6] This corresponds to 18.5 exajoules per year (5.1 trillion kilowatt-hours per year). As of 2012, the cost of crude oil accounted for 62% of the cost of a gallon of gasoline in the United State while refining accounted for just 12%. Taxes and distribution/marketing accounted for 12% and 14% respectively.[7]

After Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, gas prices started rising to record high levels. In terms of the aggregate economy, increases in crude oil prices significantly predict the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP), but increases in natural gas prices do not.[8] In August 2005, after the damages from Hurricane Katrina ran up gas prices, on August 30th, a day after Katrina's landfall, prices in the spot market, which typically include a premium above the wellhead price, had surged past $11 per gigajoule ($12 per million British thermal units), and on 22 September 2005, the day before Rita's landfall, the spot price had risen to $14 per gigajoule ($15 per million British thermal units).[8]

In the fifteen years prior to the 1973 oil crisis, gasoline prices in the U.S. had lagged well behind inflation.[9]

Crude oil
Crude oil prices to gas prices

Crude oil is the greatest contributing factor when it comes to the price of gasoline. This includes the resources it takes for exploration, to remove it from the ground, and transport it. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an increase in fuel costs due in large part to a worldwide increase in demand for crude oil. Prices leapt from $35 to $140 per barrel ($220 to $880/m3), causing a corresponding increase in gas prices.[10] On the supply side, OPEC (or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) has a great deal to do with the price of gasoline, both in the United States and around the world. The speculation of oil commodities can also affect the gasoline market.

Taxes
Main article: Fuel taxes in the United States

Taxes are the next biggest contributor to gasoline prices at around 12%. In the United States, both state and federal taxes apply to gasoline. In addition, other taxes may be placed on gas including applicable state sales taxes, gross receipts taxes, oil inspection fees, underground storage tank fees and other miscellaneous environmental fees.

Marketing and distribution

Distribution and marketing makes up the remaining 5%. The price of transporting crude oil to a refinery then gasoline to a point of distribution is passed on to the consumer. In addition the price to market the fuel brand is passed on.

Other factors

Aside from this breakdown, many other factors affect gasoline prices. Extreme weather, war or natural disaster in areas where oil is produced can also in turn raise the price of a gallon of gasoline. Legislation by several states for cleaner burning fuel also affects certain areas' prices of gasoline.

Balance between supply and demand directly affects the price of gasoline. U.S. consumption of gasoline follows a seasonal pattern, where every year it is more expensive during the summer months when more people are driving. The long-term trend of consumption has been to increase year over year since 1950, with dips around the introduction of corporate average fuel economy standards and the 1979 energy crisis, the early 1990s recession and Gulf War, and the Great Depression.[11]

Petrol usage and pricing in Europe
Gasoline and Diesel nominal price development 1993-2014 in Switzerland (CHF/l).

Most European countries have high fuel taxes. The prices have traditionally been three to four times the price in the United States, with prices during 2000–2005 of €1.00/litre[12] (about $1.42 per litre ($5.4/US gal) while the US had prices around $1.50 per US gallon ($0.40/l). After a large increase until the summer of 2008, the end of 2008 experienced a strong decline linked with a sharp economic downturn, with the average price of fuel in the US at $1.613 per US gallon ($0.426/l) (29 December 2008). However, the price of fuel in Europe is still more than double the US price at $1.85 per litre ($7.0/US gal).[13] Russia and some neighboring countries have a much smaller tax, with fuel prices similar to the US.[1]

Competitive petrol pricing in the UK is led by supermarkets with their own forecourts. Generally each supermarket tends to match the other's prices; the lead players being Asda, Tesco, Sainsbury's and Morrisons. In recent years the AA has criticized speculators as being the prime reason for fuel fluctuations in the UK.[14]

Countries with subsidised gasoline

A number of countries subsidize the cost of petrol/gasoline and other petroleum products. Subsidies make transport of people and goods cheaper, but discourage fuel efficiency. In some countries, the soaring cost of crude oil since 2003 has led to these subsidies being cut, moving inflation from the government debt to the general populace, sometimes resulting in political unrest.

Fuel subsidies are common in oil-rich nations. Countries with subsidized fuel include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Burma, Kuwait, Bahrain, Trinidad and Tobago, Brunei, Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia.

In February 2010, the Iranian government implemented an energy price reform by which the energy subsidies were to be removed in five years; the most important price hike was in gasoline, as the price went up from 1000 rials ($0.10 US) to 4000 rials ($0.40 US) per litre, with a ration of 100 litres per month for private passenger cars (later reduced to 60 litres per month).

On 26 December 2010, the Bolivian government issued a decree removing subsidies which had fixed petrol/gasoline and diesel prices for the past seven years. Arguing that illegal exports (contraband) of gasoline and diesel fuel to neighboring countries by individuals for personal profit was harming the economy, Bolivia eliminated the subsidies and raised gasoline prices as much as 83%. After widespread labor strikes, the Bolivian government canceled all future planned price hikes.[15]

Venezuela used to have the cheapest gasoline in the world for decades, however on 19 February 2016 president Nicolás Maduro used decree powers to raise fuel prices by 6000%. This was the first rise in petrol prices in 20 years and he also set in place a sharp devaluation of the currency which he said aimed to shore up the country's failing economy, hard hit by falling oil prices which make up 95% of foreign income. Prices at the pump in Venezuela jumped as much as 6,086% for 95 octane gasoline, from 0.097 bolivars to 6 bolivars.[16]

Iran
See also: Smuggling in Iran and 2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan in Iran

The Iranian government introduced an energy price reform in February 2010. The reform was brought forward by the government and approved with some changes by the parliament. The major aim of the policy was to slow down the increasing trend of energy consumption in Iran by removing the energy subsidies. The plan included electricity, natural gas, gasoline, and diesel subsidies. According to the plan, all energy prices were to increase by 20 percent annually. The price reform was particularly important in gasoline, as consumption had been increasing dramatically creating a huge burden on government budget. Furthermore, to meet demand, Iran had to import gasoline from other countries, which made the country vulnerable to possible sanctions by the US and European countries. The gas price prior to reform was $0.10 US per liter with the quota of 100 liters per month per passenger car. The reform raised the price to $0.40 US per liter and later reduced the ration to 60 liters per month. The price for over-quota consumption and the imported cars were $0.70 US per liter. The energy price reform included a cash-rebate program through which each person received 455,000 rials ($15 US) per month from the government. The overall consumption of gasoline after the reform decreased from about 65 million liters per day to about 54 million liters per day.[17]

The price of gasoline based on the official USD to IRR rate is 0.29 USD/Litre in 2018 which is the second cheapest price in the world after Venezuela.[18]

Nigeria

On 1 January 2012, the Nigerian government headed by president Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, tried to cease the subsidy on petrol and deregulate the oil prices by announcing the new price for petrol as USD 0.88/litre from the old subsidised price of USD 0.406/litre (LAGOS), which in areas distant from Lagos petrol was priced at USD 1.25/litre. This led to the longest general strike (eight days), riots, Arab spring like protests and on 16 January 2012 the government capitulated by announcing a new price of USD 0.60/litre with an envisaged price of USD 2.0/litre in distant areas.[19] In May 2016 the Buhari administration increased fuel prices again to NGN 145 per litre ($0.43 at black market rates for the currency).[20]

Mexico

PEMEX, a government company in charge of selling oil in Mexico is subsidized by the Mexican government. This serves to quell inflationary pressures in Mexico. Mexico buys much of its gasoline and diesel from the United States and resells it at US$98 per barrel. Many residents of US border communities cross the border to buy fuel in Mexico,[21] thereby enjoying a cheaper fuel subsidy at the expense of Mexican taxpayers. This has caused frequent supply shortages at a number of filling stations along the border for Mexican drivers, especially truck and bus drivers who use diesel.[22]

In 2017, Mexico ended its oil industry subsidies, leading to increased prices and widespread protests throughout the country.[23]

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago through its national energy agencies Petrotrin and Trinidad and Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP)[24] offers petroleum fuels at varying subsidised prices to the users within the country.[25] Unleaded Gasoline is offered at two grades - Ron 91 at US$0.43/Litre and Ron 95 at US$0.91/Litre. Diesel is offered at US$0.24/Litre making this fuel some of the cheapest in the world.

There are an estimated 791,086 cars in the country as at February 2015 and they consume 1.2 billion litres of liquid fuel annually The Government of Trinidad and Tobago spent an estimated US$173.2 million in subsidies for gasoline and diesel in half year period October 2014 - March 2015.[26]

United States

The oil industry receives subsidies through the United States tax code, which include Percentage Depletion Allowance,[27] Domestic Manufacturing Tax Deduction, the Foreign Tax Credit and Expensing Intangible Drilling Costs. It is estimated that these tax deductions are worth $4 billion annually and are currently being debated by the government for reform. Although such subsidies exist, the sale of fuel is also taxed at rates that far exceed the sales tax rates for other goods, to help pay for bridge and road repair. It is thus unclear whether the tax impact on fuel is a net subsidy or not. However, by this logic we should also consider the fact fuel taxes can account for less than half of government road and highway spending. The additional spending is clearly a subsidy, since the existence of these roads creates fuel demand. Moreover, since the fuel tax itself is allocated to road repair, and petroleum vehicles are the main users of roads, we cannot claim the existence of such a tax cancels out other subsidies.

Venezuela

Today, PDVSA, Venezuelan state-owned company, spends US$1.7 billion in direct costs of importation of gasoline, and subsidizes all sales of gasoline in the internal Venezuelan market. The sale price of gasoline is US$0.015 per liter, on a fixed price in the local currency that has been in effect since 1997. Given the low price of gasoline, it is distributed free of charge to gas stations.[28]

Countries which had formerly subsidised gasoline

Indonesia

In March 2005, Indonesia increased the price of gasoline and diesel by 29%, causing widespread protests. The price of gasoline was raised from Rp 1,920 (US$0.20) per litre to Rp 2,400 (US$0.25) per litre, while diesel rose from Rp 1,650 (US$0.18) to Rp 2,100 (US$0.23). Prices were increased again in October to Rp 4,000 (US$0.48) a litre, for gasoline, while diesel was increased to Rp 4,300 (US$0.46), and kerosene, used for cooking, increased from Rp 700 (US$0.08) to Rp 2,000 (US$0.22) per litre. The price increases came as oil prices threatened to increase the government's oil subsidy to US$14 billion per year, and caused further protests.

With oil reaching over US$145 a barrel, Indonesia further increased prices on 24 May 2008 to Rp 6,000 (approx. US$0.65) per litre, and diesel to Rp 5,500 (approx. US$0.60) per litre, while kerosene was raised to Rp 2,500 (approx. US$0.28), moves which caused widespread protests.[29] In addition, it was suggested that private car owners, who are wealthy in Indonesian terms, would eventually be excluded from subsidies entirely, with the cheap fuel limited to public transport and motorcycles.

In June 2013, the government raised the price of low-octane gasoline 44% to 6,500 rupiah ($0.66) per liter and of diesel 22% to 5,500 rupiah per liter to help close a widening budget deficit. The move caused violent protest in some areas.

Furthermore, in November 18, 2014, the new government led by President Joko Widodo reallocated the government subsidy for gasoline and diesel into nation's infrastructure, education and health budget, hence raised the price of subsidized gasoline and diesel by Rp 2,000 each, so the price of gasoline and diesel became Rp 8,500 and Rp 7,500 respectively. This decision created inflation and protest throughout the archipelago.[30]

People have been encouraged to switch to LPG for cooking, as Indonesia is the world's largest exporter, whereas its oil industry is in decline, and it is now a net importer.

Malaysia

Malaysia had been subsidising gasoline since 1983[31] and recently had been spending US$6.7 billion on subsidising gasoline, diesel and gas each year.[32][33] On 5 June 2008 gasoline prices increased by 40% to MYR2.70/litre (US$3.30 a gallon), from MYR1.92/litre (US$2.32 a gallon). Diesel prices rose by MYR1.00/litre to MYR2.58 (US$3.04 per gallon), a 63% increase. It was announced that price increases were planned to bring fuel prices in line with global market cost, suggesting that it may hit US$3.80 per gallon by August. The Malaysian government has also announced a one-off cash rebate of MYR625 per year to Malaysian citizens who own cars with an engine capacity of 3,000 cc or less and MYR200 tax rebate to cars with an engine capacity of 3,000 cc and above to offset the increased costs.[34] The government introduced a temporary ban on buying fuel within 50 km of the country border, but the ban was suspended following a price increase on 7 June 2008 for petrol of 41% (to MYR2.70 a litre) and for diesel of 63% (to MYR2.58).[35]

On 22 June 2008, the Malaysian government announced plans to set up separate pumps at its border petrol stations to sell fuel to foreigners at market rates so that only locals can benefit from subsidised petrol. The new pumps will target Singaporeans and Thais who make day trips across the border to fill their tanks with cheaper fuel there, although Singapore-registered cars must have their tanks at least three-quarters full before they will be permitted to leave Singapore in any case. Petrol stations within 50 km (31 mi) of the country's northern border with Thailand or southern border with Singapore would be affected.[36] Recently, the fuel price has dropped to MYR 2.45 and it has dropped for the second time. A further reduction was made on 1 November 2008. RON97 petrol was reduced from MYR2.30 per litre (MYR8.7/US gal) to MYR2.15 a litre, RON92 petrol from MYR2.20 to MYR2.05 a litre (MYR8.3/US gal to MYR7.8/US gal), and diesel from MYR2.20 to MYR2.05 per litre The Government revealed that it had ceased subsidizing petrol as of 1 November 2008 when the price of oil dipped below US$65 per barrel. However subsidies were still being paid for diesel and natural gas.[37]

On 18 November 2008, the Malaysian government made further reductions in the price of gasoline cut pump prices by seven per cent to MYR2.00 ringgit per litre and diesel by 15 sen to MYR1.90 per litre. The government said that at current prices they were making about 30 sen per litre in sales. Then again on 3 December, petrol prices were reduced further. Gasoline prices were reduced 10 sen to MYR 1.90 per litre and as for diesel, they were reduced 10 sen to MYR 1.80 per litre.[38] On 16 December 2008 the price of RON97 petrol was reduced further to MYR1.80, while RON92 is selling at MYR1.70 per litre (MYR6.4/US gal). The pump price of diesel was also reduced to MYR1.70 a litre.[39]

From 1 September 2009 however, the price for RON97 increased to MYR2.05, while RON92 has been discontinued and replaced with RON95, at a price of MYR1.80.[40] On 16 July 2010, petrol prices across the board was raised by 5 sen, which brought the prices of RON95, RON97 and diesel to MYR1.85, MYR2.10 and MYR1.75 per litre respectively. Since then, RON97 floats with government controlled revision reflecting the global crude oil prices. As of 1 August 2010 only Malaysian-registered petrol vehicles may purchase RON95 fuel; foreign-registered vehicles (mainly from Singapore and Thailand) by law can only purchase RON97 (or diesel) at Malaysian service stations.

On 1 April 2011, RON97 increased from MYR2.50 to MYR2.70. In May 2011, RON97 further increased to MYR2.90, another record high for RON97 in Malaysia. A drop of MYR0.10 in June 2011 brings it to MYR2.80 per litre, the first price reduction since RON97 was floated at market rates.

On 3 September 2013, the price for RON 95 increased from MYR1.90 to MYR2.10, RON97 from MYR2.70 to MYR2.85, and diesel from MYR1.80 to MYR2.00.[41][42] This was further increased on 2 October 2014, whereby RON 95 would cost MYR2.30 and diesel would cost MYR2.20 per litre.[43][44] Starting on 1 December 2014, Malaysia abolished fuel subsidies and began using a managed float system, in order to control the country's large current account deficit.[45][46]

Typical gasoline prices around the world

See fuel tax for tax information by country.

The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation) (GIZ) has published a list of worldwide gasoline prices by country every year since 1991. The results for 2010/2011 can be seen in this document. Two week updates for European countries can be consulted at the website of the Touring Club Switzerland.

Country/Territory US$/L
(95 RON)		 US$/US gallon
(95 RON)		 Local units Date of price Sources
Albania 1.35 5.11 ALL159/L (RON 95)
ALL158/L (Diesel)		 19 May 2016
Algeria 0.17 0.64 35.00DA/L (95 octane)

DA21.60/L (diesel)		 19 Sep 2017
Anguilla 1.45 5.49 EC$12.50/imperial gallon (regular) 24 Feb 2016
Antigua and Barbuda 1.02 3.86 EC$13.5/imperial gallon (regular)
EC$13.2/imperial gallon (diesel)		 17 Mar 2015
Andorra 1.15 4.35 €0.96/L (95)
€1.06/L (98)
€0.80/L (diesel)		 16 Jan 2016
Angola 1.04 3.94 Kz160/L (95)
Kz135/L (diesel)		 2 Jan 2016
Argentina 1.22 4.62 ARS $17.79/L (95)
ARS $12.98/L (98)
ARS $16.23/L (diesel)		 2 May 2016
Armenia 0.84 3.18 AMD510/L (95 octane)
AMD480/L (diesel)		 19 May 2016
Aruba 0.94 3.56 F200.6/L 11 Aug 2015
Australia 1.3 4.92 A$1.679/L (RON 91)
A$1.799/L (RON 95)
A$1.559/L (diesel)
A$0.799/L (LPG)		 24 Sep 2018
Austria 1.26 4.77 €1.108/L (95)
€1.31/L (98)
€1.018/L (diesel)		 13 Jun 2017
Azerbaijan 0.74 2.80 AZN 0.90/L (AI-92)
AZN 1.25/L (Premium Euro-95)
AZN 1.50/L (Super Euro-98)
AZN 0.60/L (Diesel)		 29 Nov 2017
Bahamas 0.99 3.75 US$3.85/US gallon (reg) 29 Apr 2016
Bahrain 0.53 2.01 BHD 0.140/L (91 RON)
BHD 0.200/L (95 RON)
BHD 0.235/L (98 RON)
BHD 0.160/L (Diesel)		 5 Feb 2018
Barbados 1.46 5.53 Bd$2.69/L (reg)
Bd$1.82/L (diesel)		 7 Feb 2016
Belarus 0.60 2.3 BYR11900/L (95)
BYD12300/L (Diesel)		 19 May 2016
Belgium 1.50 5.68 €1.377/L (Eurosuper 95)
€1.399/L (Super Plus 98)
€1.188/L (Diesel)
€0.431/L (LPG)		 19 May 2016
Belize 1.22 4.62 BZ$8.52/US gallon (regular)
BZ$9.30/US gallon (premium)
BZ$7.00/US gallon (diesel)		 1 Jan 2016
Bermuda 1.81 6.85 BMD1.81/L (Super)
BMD1.602/L (Diesel)		 1 Apr 2015
Bolivia 0.69 2.61 B3.74/L (Especial 85)
B4.79/L (Premium 95)
B3.72/L (diesel)		 25 Apr 2016 |
Bonaire 0.88 3.33 USD 0.889/L (super)
USD 0.547/L (diesel)		 1 Apr 2016
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.08 4.09 KM2.13/L (95)
KM2.09/L (diesel)		 15 Apr 2016
Brazil 1.284 4.86 R$4.189/L (Gasoline)

R$3.378/L (Diesel)

 14 Mar 2018
British Virgin Islands 0.89 3.37 US$2.699/US gallon (reg)
US$3.459/US gallon (diesel)		 12 Mar 2016
Brunei 0.39 1.48 BR$0.53/L 1 May 2016
Bulgaria 1.11 4.20 BGN 1.810/L (95)
BGN 2.73/L (98)
BGN 1.740/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Burma 0.52 1.97[47] K520/L (RON92)
K630/L (RON95)
K470/L (diesel)
K510/L (premium diesel)		 1 Feb 2016
Cambodia 0.85 3.22 KhR3300/L(Gasoline)
KhR2950/L(Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Canada 0.91 3.44 C$1.18/L (Gasoline) 2 May 2016
Cape Verde 1.03 3.90 Esc100.41/L (gasoline)
Esc77.24/L (diesel)		 25 Apr 2016
Cayman Islands 1.10 4.16 KYD3.79/imperial gallon (regular)
KYD3.99/imperial gallon (diesel)		 29 Apr 2016
Chile 1.23 4.66 CLP 779/L 15 Jun 2015
China 0.94 3.56 ¥ 6.24/L (Unleaded)
¥ 5.46/L (Diesel)		 2 May 2016
Colombia 1.08 4.09 COL$9300/US gallon (81 AKI)
COL$12300/US gallon (87 AKI)		 24 Sep 2018
Costa Rica 0.96 3.63 ₡1667/L (super)
₡1340/L (diesel)		 25 Apr 2016
Croatia 1.37 5.19 HRK 8.850/L (95)
HRK 10.59/L (98)
HRK 7.980/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Cuba 0.90 3.41 CUC0.90/L (95)
CUC1.10/L (98)
CUC1.10/L (diesel)		 21 Jan 2015
Curaçao 0.69 2.61 ANG 1.246/L (95 RON)
ANG 0.87/L (Diesel)		 5 Apr 2016
Cyprus 1.31 4.96 €1.079/L (95 RON)
€1.333/L (98)
€1.054/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Czech Republic 1.19 4.50 CZK 27.700/L (95)
CZK 35.90/L (98)
CZK 26.00/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Denmark 1.62 6.13 DKK 11.50/L (95)
DKK 9.19/L (diesel)		 15 May 2016
Dominica 0.93 3.52 EC$9.85/imperial gallon (regular)
EC$8.72/imperial gallon (diesel)		 4 Jan 2016
Dominican Republic 1.15 4.35 RD$172.70/US gallon (regular)
RD$131.00/US gallon (diesel)		 6 May 2016
Ecuador 0.40 1.51 US$0.40/L (Unleaded)
US$0.28/L (Diesel)		 2 May 2016
Egypt 0.54 2.04 LE 6.75/L <80 octane
LE 8.00/L <92 octane
LE 9.00/L <95 octane
LE 6.75/L diesel ('solar')		 4 Jul 2019
El Salvador 0.73 2.76 US$2.58/US gallon (regular)
US$1.99/US gallon (diesel)		 11 Apr 2016
Estonia 1.27 4.81 €1.135/L (95 RON)
€1.434/L (98 RON)
€1.065/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Finland 1.67 6.32 €1.382/L (95 RON)
€1.168/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
France 1.47 5.56 €1.32/L (95)

€1.37/L (98)
€1.07/L (diesel)		 1 Apr 2016
Georgia 0.77 2.91 GEL1.400/L (95 RON)
GEL1.400/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Germany 1.42 5.38 €1.28/L (95)

€1.38/L (98)
€1.05/L (diesel)		 1 Apr 2016
Greece 1.62 6.13 €1.299/L (unleaded)
€0.959/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Grenada 1.01 3.82 EC$12.30/imperial gallon (regular)
EC$11.20/imperial gallon (diesel)		 16 Mar 2016
Guadeloupe 1.44 5.45 €1.26/L (95)
€1.06/L (diesel)		 1 Mar 2016
Guatemala 0.73 2.76 Q19.44/US gallon(regular)
Q15.27/US gallon(diesel)		 28 Mar 2016
Guyana 0.83 3.14 G$170.00/L (regular)
G$150.00/L (diesel)		 1 May 2016
Haiti 0.82 3.10 G195/US gallon (95)
G157/US gallon (diesel)		 3 Feb 2015
Honduras 0.89 3.37 L68.36/US gallon (regular)
L57.50/US gallon (diesel)		 28 Mar 2016
Hong Kong 1.88 7.12 HK$15.53/L (Super Unleaded, RON98)
HK$14.44/L (Unleaded, RON98)
HK$10.95/L (Diesel)		 30 Jun 2016 Caltex Hong Kong/
Hungary 1.24 4.69 HUF 333.50/L (95),
HUF 317.80/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Iceland 1.50 5.68 ISK 218/L (€1.40) (95)
ISK 208/L (€1.47) (diesel)		 30 May 2020
India 1.03 3.90 ₹ 84.07/L (Petrol)
₹ 71.94/L (Diesel)		 20 May 2018
Indonesia 0.64 2.42 Rp 6,450/L (RON 88)
Rp 6,900 - Rp 7,300 (RON 90)
Rp 7,600/L - Rp 10,550 (RON 92)
Rp 8,400/L - Rp 15,100/L (RON 95)
Rp 8,700/L - Rp 10,400/L (RON 98)
Rp 5,150/L (subsidized)(Diesel)		 16 Nov 2016
Iran 0.12 0.45 10000 Rials/L gasoline
6000 Rials/L diesel (3000 rationed)		 1 Apr 2015
Iraq 0.66 2.50 ID 730.20/L (Unleaded) 2 May 2016
Ireland 1.50 5.68 €1.299/L (Unleaded 95)
€1.099/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Israel 1.73 6.55 ILS 6.06/L (95)
ILS 5.300/L (diesel)
ILS 4.21/L (LPG-autogas)		 9 Nov 2017
Italy 1.70 6.44

€0.890/L (Eurosuper)
€1.477/L (98 RON)
€1.289/L (Diesel)
€1.250/L (Special_Diesel)
€0.485/L (LPG-autogas)
€0.981/Kg (CNG-Methane)
National average, does not include self-service discounts.

 1 May 2016
Italy - Livigno (tax free) 1.53 5.79 €0.89/L (95 Octane)
€0.81/L (Diesel)		 22 Jan 2015
Jamaica 0.93 3.52 J$95.84/L (90)
J$86.26/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Japan 1.06 4.01 ¥108.48/L (Unleaded)
¥90.40/L (Diesel)		 25 Apr 2016
Jordan 1.35 5.11 JD 1.115/L (Unleaded 98) (US$1.56/L)

JD 0.965/L (Unleaded 95) (US$1.35/L)
JD 0.750/L (Unleaded 90) (US$1.05/L)

JD 0.605/L (Diesel) (US$0.85/L)

 1 Dec 2018 http://www.jopetrol.com.jo/
Kazakhstan 0.46 1.74 KZT150/L (unleaded 95)
KZT125/L (unleaded 92)		 8 Sep 2015
Kenya 0.83 3.1 Sh83.20/L (Super)
Sh64.63/L (Diesel)		 15 Feb 2016
Kuwait 0.34 1.29 KWD 0.085/L (91)
KWD 0.105/L (95)
KWD 0.165/L (98)		 1 Sep 2016 KNPC (fixed prices)
Latvia 1.19 4.50 €1.064/L (95)
€0.894/L (diesel)		 1 May 2016
Liberia 0.73 2.76 L$2.96/US gallon (Gasoline) 1 May 2016
Libya 0.11 0.42 LD 0.15/L (95)
LD 0.15/L (diesel)		 4 Mar 2016
Lithuania 1.16 4.39 €1.043/L (95)
€0.876/L (diesel)		 1 May 2016
Luxembourg 1.28 4.85 EuroSuper 95 €1.108/L
SuperPlus 98 €1.423/L
Diesel €0.917/L		 5 May 2016
Macedonia 1.19 4.50 MKD 78.5/L (RON 98)
MKD 62.00/L (RON 95)
MKD 44.00/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Malaysia 0.48 1.82 MYR 2.43/L (RON97)
RM 2.16/L (RON95)
RM 2.08L (Diesel)		 5 Apr 2017

Malta 1.47 5.6 €1.320/L (Super)
€1.220/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Martinique 1.43 5.41 €1.25/L (95) 4 Apr 2016
Mauritania 0.94 3.6 UM468.61/L petrol
UM412.66/L diesel
Prices 10-20% more up north		 25 Apr 2016
Mexico 0.81 3.07 MX$13.16/L(Magna 87)
MX$13.95/L(Premium 92)
MX$1.03/L(Diesel)		 13 Mar 2016
Moldova 0.83 3.14 MDL 15.770/L (95)
MDL 13.070/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Monaco 1.66 6.28 €1.476/L(95)
€1.515/L(98)
€1.249/L(diesel)		 30 Mar 2016
Montenegro 1.23 4.66 €1.070/L (95)
€0.900/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Montserrat 1.61 6.09 EC$11.51/imperial gallon (regular) 23 Mar 2015
Morocco 1.00 3.8 MAD 9.990/L (95)
MAD 8.090/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Mozambique 0.96 3.63 MZN 49.09/L (regular)
MZN 37.72/L (diesel)		 11 Apr 2016
Namibia 0.94 3.56 NAD 12.55/L (95)
NAD 12.88/L (diesel)
NAD 12.893/L (50 ppm diesel)		 1 Aug 2018
Netherlands 1.83 6.93 €1.587/L (Euro95)
€1.205/L (Diesel)
€1.619/L (Superplus)		 5 May 2016
New Zealand 1.50 5.68 NZ$2.179/L (91 octane)
NZ$2.269/L (95 octane)
NZ$1.529/L (diesel)		 27 Apr 2018
Nicaragua 0.92 3.48 C$90.19/L (premium)
C$70.96/L (diesel)		 28 Mar 2016
Niger 0.47 1.78 $US0.47/L 1994 [48]
Nigeria (Lagos) 0.44 1.67 N145/L 11 May 2016
North Korea 1.32 5.00 KP10,700/L 8 Apr 2016
Norway 1.86 7.04 NOK 14.850/L (95)
NOK 13.610/L (Diesel)		 8 May 2016
Oman 0.55 2.08 0.180 Rials/L (91)
0.192 Rials/L (95)
0.200 Rials/L (diesel)		 1 Jan 2018
Pakistan 0.61 2.31 PKR 64.27/L (Unleaded Premium)
PKR 70.35/L (Unleaded-Hi Octane)
PKR 56.23/L (Diesel)
PKR 61.78/L (E10 Gasoline)
PKR 58.50 to 61.35/KG (CNG)		 May 1, 2016 Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority

Pakistan State Oil

Palestine (West Bank) 1.74 6.59 NIS 6.60/L (95/diesel) 1 May 2016
Panama 0.68 2.57 B$0.716/L (95)
B$0.534/L (diesel)		 6 May 2016
Peru (Lima) 0.86 3.26 PEN S/5.54/US gallon (95 Octane)
S/6.42/US gallon (diesel)		 6 Apr 2016 PSO/
Philippines 0.81 3.07 P 38.10/L (gasoline) 19 Jan 2016
Poland 1.12 4.24 PLN 4.050/L (95)
PLN 3.690/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Portugal 1.47 5.56 €1.32/L (95)
€1.759/L (98)
€1.429/L (Diesel)
€0.894 (Autogas)		 7 Mar 2016 globalpetrolprices.com
Puerto Rico 0.65 2.46 $0.627/L (95)
$0.727/L (98)
$0.577/L (Diesel)		 6 May 2016
Qatar 0.51 1.93 QAR 1.60/L (90 Octane)
QAR 1.70/L (97 Octane)
QAR 1.60/L (Diesel)		 1 Jan 2018
Romania 1.25 4.73 RON 4.910/L (95)
RON 4.690/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Russia 0.71 2.69 RUR 53.07/L (RON 98)
RUR 46.1/L (RON 95)
RUR 42.2/L (RON 92)
RUR 21.2/L (LPG)
RUR 45.7/L (Diesel)		 5 Jun 2019
Saudi Arabia 0.58 2.20 SAR 0.67/L (91 RON)
SAR 0.82/L (95 RON)
SAR 0.47/L (Diesel)		 14 Jul 2019 Saudi Aramco; fixed prices, reviewed on monthly basis.
Serbia 1.21 4.58 EuroPremium 95 RSD 129.5/L
Premium 95 RSD 157.9/L
EuroDiesel RSD 131.2/L		 5 May 2016
Sierra Leone 0.97 3.67 Le3750/L 8 Apr 2016
Singapore 1.36 5.15 S$2.320/L (RON 98)
S$2.010/L (RON 95)
S$1.970/L (RON 92)
S$1.200/L (Diesel)		 7 Nov 2016 Singapore Petroleum Company
Slovakia 1.40 5.30 €1.090/L (95 Natural)
€0.920/L (Diesel)
€0.375/L (LPG)		 5 Jan 2016
Slovenia 1.36 5.15 €1.252/L (95 Octane)
€1.29/L (100 Octane)
€1.146/L (Diesel)		 13 Jun 2017
South Africa 1.06 4.01 R15.44/L (95)
R13.92/L (diesel)
R13.97/L (50 ppm diesel)		 1 Aug 2018
South Korea 1.20 4.54 KRW 1371.19/L (gasoline)
KRW 1132.21/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
Spain 1.35 5.11 €1.14/L (95 RON)
€0.99/L (Diesel)		 21 Apr 2016
Sri Lanka 0.98 3.71 LKR 128/L (95 Octane)
LKR 117/L (92 Octane)
LKR 95/L (Diesel)		 29 Jan 2015 [49][50]

[51] [52] [53]

St Kitts and Nevis 0.95 3.60 EC$11.56/imperial gallon (regular) 2 May 2016
St Lucia 1.06 4.01 EC$2.13/L (regular)
EC$1.92/L (diesel)		 23 Feb 2016
St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.86 3.26 EC$10.50/imperial gallon (regular) 2 May 2016
Suriname 0.87 3.29 SR$4.69/L (Petrol)
SR$4.23/L (diesel)		 5 Apr 2016
Sweden 1.61 6.09 SEK 12.54/L (95),
SEK 14.90/L (98),
SEK 13.50/L (diesel)		 15 May 2016
Switzerland 1.40 5.30 CHF 1.30/L (RON 95)
CHF 1.34/L (€1.05/L) (Diesel)		 1 May 2016
Syria 0.833 3.15 SY 150 pound/L (unleaded)
SY 150 pound/L (Diesel)		 1 Jun 2015
Taiwan 0.76 2.88 NT$23.1/L (92 unleaded)
NT$24.6/L (95 unleaded)
NT$26.7/L (98 unleaded)
NT$20.5/L (diesel)		 11 Jul 2016
Togo 0.83 3.14 CFA477.44/L (regular)
CFA523.45/L (diesel)		 2 May 2016
Thailand 1.1069 4.19 ฿36.76/L (Gasoline)
฿29.65/L (Gasohol 95-E10)
฿29.38/L (Gasohol 91-E10)
฿26.74/L (Gasohol 95-E20)
฿21.14/L (Gasohol 95-E85)
฿29.19/L (Diesel)
฿32.19/L (Premium Diesel)
฿26.19/L (Diesel B20)		 7 Jul 2018 PTT Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago 0.91 3.44 US$0.74/L (92)
US$0.74/L (95)
US$0.51/L (diesel)		 1 Oct 2016
Tunisia 0.78 2.95 TND 1.57/L (€0.69) (95 RON)
TND 1.18/L (€0.52) (Diesel)		 11 Apr 2016
Turks and Caicos 1.31 4.96 US$4.94/US gallon (super)
US$4.50/US gallon (diesel)		 9 May 2016
Turkey 1.57 5.94 TL 4.41/L (95 RON)
TL 3.67/L (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
Turkmenistan 0.30 1.14 TMN 0.62 /L (Unleaded) 5 Jan 2015
UAE 0.61 2.31 AED 2.17/L (91 Octane)
AED 2.25/L (95 Octane)
AED 2.36/L (98 Octane)
AED 2.49/L (Diesel)		 5 Feb 2018
Ukraine 0.84 3.18 UAH 19.90/L (95 Octane)
UAH 17.90/L (diesel)		 5 May 2016
United Kingdom 1.59 6.02 £1.079/L (£4.898/imperial gallon) (Unleaded)
£1.15/L (£5.221/imperial gallon) (Super)
£1.078/L (£4.894/imperial gallon) (Diesel)		 5 May 2016
United States 0.736 2.79 $2.807/US gallon
$3.163/US gallon (diesel)		 13 Feb 2017
Uruguay 1.34 5.07 U$42.50/L 1 May 2016
Uzbekistan 0.89 3.37 UZ SUM 2460/L (95) 1 Jan 2016
Venezuela 0.00 0.00 BsS. 0.0001/L (95) 20 Aug 2018 (fixed prices)

$-prices in the official, non-essential rate

Vietnam 0.70 2.65 VND 15,640/L (RON 95)
VND 14,940/L (RON 92)
VND 10,370/L (Diesel)		 23 Apr 2016 Petrolimex
Yemen 0.72 2.73 177.54 Rials/L (unleaded)
177.54 Rials/L (diesel)		 11 Apr 2016
Zambia 0.95 3.60 ZK9.87/L (Gasoline) 13 Jul 2015
Zimbabwe 3.31 12.53 $3.31/L (Petrol)
$3.11/L (diesel)		 13 Jan 2019

Protests

India

Wide protests on petrol price hikes have been frequent in the last 4–5 years. On 24 May 2012 the petrol price was hiked by ₹7.50, resulting prices in the range of ₹73 - 82 all over the country.[54] Opposition had declared a bandh on 31 May 2012 across the country to protest against the price hike,[55] which evoked mixed response, amid incidents of stone pelting, arson and road blockades in some parts of the country.[56][57]

gollark: !q take 15 fuel <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !q give 1 clay <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !q take 1 clay <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !q list <@!258639553357676545>
gollark: !q give 10 iron_ore <@!258639553357676545>

See also
  • Automobile costs

References
  1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation). "International Fuel Prices 2010/11" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  2. Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures Archived 2012-06-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 7 August 2012
  3. Ana Campoy (20 June 2008). "Prices Curtail US Gasoline Use". Wall Street Journal. p. A4.
  4. Clifford Krauss (19 June 2008). "Driving Less, Americans Finally React to Sting of Gas Prices, a Study Says". New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  5. "Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices". US EIA. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  6. US Energy Information Administration. "US Product Supplied for Crude Oil and Petroleum Products". Retrieved 25 May 2007.
  7. What do I pay for in a gallon of regular gasoline? US Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  8. Kliesen, Kevin L. "Rising Natural Gas Prices And Real Economic Activity". Review (00149187) 88.6 (2006): 511-526. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 February 2013
  9. "Gas prices catch up to inflation". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. February 24, 1974. p. 6A.
  10. Rittenberg and Tregarthen. Principles of Microeconomics: Chapter 4. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  11. U.S. Gasoline Use Hits A Record, But That May Not Last (with chart)
  12. File:Benzinpreis.png
  13. "European Prices in Chart"
  14. Deo, Ritwik (October 2012). "Petrol prices on the slide". My Family Club.
  15. "Fuel Price Reform in Bolivia" (PDF). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
  16. Brodzinsky, Sibylla (17 February 2016). "Venezuela president raises fuel price by 6,000% and devalues bolivar to tackle crisis" – via The Guardian.
  17. Iranian targeted subsidy plan.
  18. https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/gasoline_prices/
  19. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21699171-petrol-prices-are-now-bit-more-realistic-will-naira-be-next-fuel-and
  20. "Nigeria fury as fuel prices double after subsidy ends". 2 January 2012 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  21. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20081127-9999-1b27gas.html
  22. JOEL MILLMAN; ANA CAMPOY (24 June 2008). "Fill 'er Up: Gas Is Cheap in Tijuana, So Californians Buy Big Fuel Tanks". The Wall Street Journal. p. A1.
  23. Okeowo, Alexis (24 January 2017). "The Gas-Price Protests Gripping Mexico". The New Yorker. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  24. "Company Profile - NP".
  25. http://www.energy.tt/index.php?categoryid=355&p2001_articleid=1233
  26. "Fuel subsidy lower at $912m".
  27. https://www.wsj.com/articles/does-the-oil-and-gas-industry-still-need-tax-breaks-1479092522
  28. http://www.abc.es/internacional/20130515/abci-venezuela-gasolina-201305142039.html Venezuela is going bankrupt for having the cheapest gasoline in the world (ABC Spain - in Spanish)
  29. "AFP: Indonesian police, protesters clash over fuel price hike: reports". Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
  30. Janes, Andrew (21 November 2014). "Indonesian Rupiah Completes Weekly Gain After Fuel Subsidies Cut". Bloomberg.
  31. http://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/ffs_malaysia_czguide.pdf
  32. News, ABC. "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends".
  33. AP (3 June 2008). "Malaysia to lift fuel price controls". Associated Press For Petrol price : old price = rm$1.92/litre (US$0.59/litre or US$2.22/Gallon) increase to new price rm$270.00/litre (US$0.83/litre = US$3.12/Gallon, base on US$1 = MYR$3.27); For Diesel price : old price = MYR$1.58/litre (US$0.48/litre or US$1.83/Gallon) increase to new price MYR$2.58/litre (US$0.79/litre = US$2.98/Gallon, base on US$1 =MYR$3.27);.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  34. AP (4 June 2008). "Malaysia considers cash handouts as fuel hike looms". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
  35. "Malaysia lifts ban on fuel sales to foreigners". Reuters UK. Reuters. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
  36. Channel Newsasia (22 June 2008). "Malaysia to set up separate border petrol pumps for foreigners". Channel Newsasia. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  37. Malaysian Insider (18 November 2008). "Malaysians are now paying petrol tax". Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  38. "M'sia to dump petrol subsidy?". The Straits Times. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-02-23. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  39. "Petrol and diesel down 10 sen". 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  40. "RON95 price up 5 sen to MYR1.80". 1 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  41. Cheng, Nicholas. "RON 97 petrol to cost 15 sen more per litre - Nation - The Star Online".
  42. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2013-09-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-01. Retrieved 2014-10-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. "Fuel prices at pumps up after midnight". 1 October 2014.
  45. "Malaysia to end petrol and diesel subsidies". 21 November 2014 – via www.bbc.com.
  46. "Putrajaya scraps subsidies for RON95, diesel". 21 November 2014.
  47. $0.001149 on unofficial exchange rate
  48. "Irrigation Technology Transfer in Support of Food Security : Proceedings of a Subregional Workshop, Harare, Zimbabwe, 14–17 April 1997." (Book, 1997) [WorldCat.org]. N.p., 11 May 2016. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. Pages 98-100
  49. "Sri Lanka sharply raises fuel prices". AFP. 24 May 2008. Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  50. "Sri Lanka increases fuel prices with immediate effect". Colombo Page. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  51. "Current Product Prices (Effect from 05th midnight of December 2014)". Ceypetco. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  52. "Fuel prices reduced from midnight". Dailymirror. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  53. "Ceylon Petroleum Corporation". Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2014-12-20.
  54. Agencies (24 May 2012). "Petrol price hiked by Rs. 7.50, oil firms say can't help it". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  55. "Petrol price hike: Opposition unites to call for all India bandh on May 31". The Times Of India. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  56. Press Trust of India (31 May 2012). "Bharat bandh: Mixed response to nationwide strike against petrol price hike". The Times of India. New Delhi, India. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  57. NDTV Correspondent (31 May 2012). "Bharat Bandh: Nationwide protests on petrol price hike evoke mixed response". NDTV. New Delhi, India. Retrieved 31 May 2012.

United States

International
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.