Ethnographic Lithuania

Ethnographic Lithuania was an early 20th-century concept that define Lithuanian territories as a significant part of the territories that belonged to Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Lithuanians as all people living on them, regardless of whether those people spoke the Lithuanian language and considered themselves Lithuanian. The concept was in contrast to those of "historic Lithuania", the territories of the Duchy, and the "linguistic Lithuania", the area where Lithuanian language was overwhelmingly spoken.[1][2]

Map showing changes in the territory of Lithuania since the 13th century
Lithuanian language area in the 16th century
Northwestern governorates of the Russian Empire and borders of modern Lithuania
Major Lithuanian linguistic areal in 1876.
See Eastern Lithuanian linguistic areal around 1900-1910 for a detailed view of the eastern part.

The concept of ethnographic Lithuania clashed with the right for self-determination of people living in that large territory, particularly Poles and Belarusians, who, according to the supporters of the ethnographic Lithuania, were "slavicized Lithuanians" who needed to be re-Lithuanized. They argued that an individual cannot decide on his ethnicity and nationality, which are decided by not language but ancestry.[2]

In 1920 Lithuanian politician Mykolas Biržiška wrote about nationality: "One cannot define it according to the opinion of every individual. Belonging or not to a given nationality is not something everybody can decide for themselves, it is not something that can be solved according to political liberalism, even if hidden under the cloak of democratic slogans. It is too complex, too tied with ancient history, too related with the history of a given nation, for the will or passivity of any individual to challenge it. [...] Ethnographic Lithuania does not end where the locals no longer speak Lithuanian, it spreads further, to the regions which do not speak - but used to - Lithuanian, since it is composed of one Lithuanian nation, regardless of whether it speaks Lithuanian, has forgotten the language or even holds it in contempt."[2]

The geographical scope of ethnographic Lithuania was noted in 1905, the year of Great Seimas of Vilnius, when Russian prime minister Sergei Witte received the following memorial: "Lithuanians, knowing that territory inhabited by them since the historical times consists of the Lithuanian gubernyas of the Northwestern Krai: Vilna Governorate, Kovno Governorate and Grodno Governorate, part of Courland and Suwałki Governorate (incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland), consider them in the ethnographic perspective Lithuanian, and their inhabitants living there alongside the Lithuanians as either newcomers - such as Poles, Jews and Russians - or slavicized Lithuanians, such as Belarusians."[2]

Demands of this early program would only slightly be modified in the coming decades[2] (some would also include part of the Minsk Governorate around Novogrodek and the West Prussian territory around Memel). In essence, Lithuanian elites demanded the creation of a Lithuanian country with 125,000 square miles (320,000 km2), from the Baltic Sea in the West, Daugava River in the north, to Bug River and Polesie marshes in the south.[2] That territory was inhabited in the early 20th century by 5,850,000 people; out of those, according to the official Russian Empire statistics, Lithuanians formed 1,659,000 - i.e. less than 30%.[2] Out of the regions mentioned in the 1905 declaration, only the Kovno Governorate and the northern part of Suwałki Governorate had a clear Lithuanian majority.[2]

The concept of ethnographic Lithuania, which encouraged territorial ambitions of the Lithuanian nation in the aftermath of the World War I, would result in conflict with newly recreated Polish state, as both states would claim the border territories and populace as their own.

Currently, the Republic of Lithuania has no territorial claims.

See also

References
  1. Thomas Lane, Lithuania: Stepping Westward, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-26731-5, Google Print, p. 30
  2. Łossowski, Piotr (1995). Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918-1920 (in Polish). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. pp. 13–19. ISBN 83-05-12769-9.
  • T. Norus, Tomas Naruševičius, Jonas Žilius, Lithuania's case for independence. 1918. Public domain due to age. p.25-34 discuss the concept of ethnographic Lithuania

Further reading
  • Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999, Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-300-10586-X
  • Egidijus Aleksandravičius, Political goals of Lithuanians, 1863-1918, Journal of Baltic Studies, Volume 23, Issue 3 Autumn 1992, pages 227 - 238
  • Jakubowski J., STUDYA NAD STOSUNKAMI NARODOWOŚCIOWEMI NA LITWIE PRZED UNIĄ LUBELSKĄ, Warszawa, Prace t-wa naukowego warszawskiego, 1912, str. 1-10,
  • Władysław Wielhorski, Litwa etnograficzna, Wilno, 1928
  • Krzysztof Buchowski, Dwudziestowieczna Litwa w historiografii Polskiej po 1989 roku
  • Vytautas Merkys, Tautiniai santykiai Vilniaus vyskupijoje 1798-1918 m., Vilnius, 2006

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