Tony Scott

Anthony David Leighton Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was an English film director and producer. He was known for directing action and thriller films such as Top Gun (1986), Beverly Hills Cop II (1987), The Last Boy Scout (1991), True Romance (1993), Crimson Tide (1995), Enemy of the State (1998), Man on Fire (2004), Déjà Vu (2006), and Unstoppable (2010).

This article is about the film director. For other people named Tony or Anthony Scott, see Tony Scott (disambiguation).

Tony Scott
Tony Scott in 2009
Born
Anthony David Leighton Scott

(1944-06-21)21 June 1944
Tynemouth, Northumberland, England
Died19 August 2012(2012-08-19) (aged 68)
San Pedro, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge
Resting placeHollywood Forever Cemetery
EducationSunderland Art School
Alma materRoyal College of Art
Occupation
  • Film director
  • film producer
  • screenwriter
Years active1969–2012
Spouse(s)
​
(
m. 1967; div. 1974)

Glynis Staunton
​
(
m. 1986; div. 1987)

Donna W. Wilson
​
(
m. 1994)
Children2
FamilyRidley Scott (brother)
Jake Scott (nephew)
Jordan Scott (niece)
Luke Scott (nephew)

Scott was the younger brother of film director Sir Ridley Scott. They both graduated from the Royal College of Art in London, and both were among a generation of British film directors who started their careers making television commercials.[1] In 1995 both Tony and Ridley received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema.[2] In 2010, they received the BAFTA Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Filmed Entertainment.[3]

Early life

Scott was born in Tynemouth, North Tyneside, North East England,[4][5] the youngest of three sons of Elizabeth (née Williams) and Colonel Francis Percy Scott (who served in the Royal Engineers).[6][7] Scott's great uncle Dixon Scott was a pioneer of the cinema chain; opening cinemas around Tyneside. One of Dixon's cinemas, Tyneside cinema, is still operating in Newcastle.[8] It is also the last remaining open newsreel cinema operating in the United Kingdom. He followed in his elder brother's footsteps, studying at Grangefield School, West Hartlepool College of Art and graduating from Sunderland Art School with a fine arts degree. At the age of 16 he appeared in Boy and Bicycle, a short film marking the directorial debut of his 23-year-old brother Ridley.[9]

Scott studied art in Leeds after failing to gain admission to the Royal College of Art in London at his first attempt. He made a short film in 1969 based on the Ambrose Bierce story One of the Missing. As Ridley had previously cast him in a film, he reciprocated by giving his brother a role too. "The film cost £1,000", he recalled in April 2012. Whilst at the Royal College of Art, where he was taught by Raymond Durgnat, he starred in "Don't Walk", a film by fellow students Hank Onrust and Richard Stanley: the film credits state it was "made for BUNAC by MARCA films at the Royal College of Art". He graduated from the Royal College of Art, following in the footsteps of his elder brother Ridley, with the intention of becoming a painter.[10] His eldest brother Frank had earlier joined the British Merchant Navy.[11]

Film career

Commercials

The success of his elder brother's fledgling television commercial production outfit, Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), subsequently diverted his attention to film. His brother Ridley said, "Tony had wanted to do documentaries at first. I told him, 'Don't go to the BBC, come to me first.' I knew that he had a fondness for cars, so I told him, 'Come work with me and within a year you'll have a Ferrari.' And he did!"[12] Scott said, "I was finishing eight years at art school, and Ridley had opened Ridley Scott Associates and said, 'Come and make commercials and make some money' because I owed money left and right and centre."[10] He directed many television commercials for RSA while also overseeing the company's operation while his brother was developing his feature film career. "My goal was to make films but I got sidetracked into commercials and then I took off. I had 15 years [making them], and it was a blast. We were very prolific, and that was our training ground. You'd shoot 100 days in a year, then we gravitated from that to film," he said.[10] Developing his own distinctive visual style while making commercials, Scott states, "I cornered the market in sexy, rock'n'roll stuff."[1]

Scott took time out in 1975 to direct a television adaptation of the Henry James story The Author of Beltraffio.[13] After the feature film successes of fellow British directors Hugh Hudson, Alan Parker, Adrian Lyne and his elder brother during the late 1970s, all of whom had graduated from directing advertising commercials, he received initial overtures from Hollywood in 1980. His eldest brother Frank died, aged 45, of skin cancer during the same year.[14]

Early films

Scott reflected on his career in 2009:[15]

The '80s was a whole era. We were criticised, we being the Brits coming over, because we were out of advertising—Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson, Adrian Lyne, my brother—we were criticised about style over content. Jerry Bruckheimer was very bored of the way American films were very traditional and classically done. Jerry was always looking for difference. That's why I did six movies with Jerry. He always applauded the way I wanted to approach things. That period in the '80s was a period when I was constantly being criticised, and my press was horrible. I never read any press after The Hunger.

Scott persisted in trying to embark on a feature film career. Among the ideas interesting to him was an adaptation of the Anne Rice novel Interview with the Vampire then in development.[16] MGM was already developing the vampire film The Hunger, for which they brought Scott on in 1982. The Hunger starred David Bowie and Catherine Deneuve and introduced Willem Dafoe in a small role. The Hunger had elaborate photography and sumptuous production design, but it failed to find an audience or impress the critics, and had disappointing box office sales,[17][18] though it later became a cult favourite.[19] Finding few film opportunities in Hollywood over the next two and a half years, Scott returned to commercials and music videos.[17]

In 1985, producers Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer approached Scott to direct Top Gun on the strength of The Hunger, as well as a commercial he had done for Swedish automaker Saab in the early 1980s, where a Saab 900 turbo is shown racing a Saab 37 Viggen fighter jet.[1] Scott, though reluctant at first, agreed to direct Top Gun. Though the film received mixed critical review, it became one of the highest-grossing films of 1986, taking in more than $350 million,[17] and making a star of its young lead, Tom Cruise.[20] Labelling Top Gun “the key 1980s movie made by the British ad invasion“, Sam Delaney of The Guardian writes, "By the mid-80s, Hollywood was awash with British directors who had ushered in a new era of blockbusters using the crowd-pleasing skills they'd honed in advertising. The vast resources and freedom made available to ad directors during advertising's boom era during the 1970s enabled them to innovate and experiment with new techniques that weren't then possible in TV or film."[1]

Hollywood success

Following the success of Top Gun, Scott found himself on Hollywood's A-list of action directors.[20] He re-teamed with Simpson and Bruckheimer in 1987 to direct Eddie Murphy and Brigitte Nielsen in the highly anticipated sequel Beverly Hills Cop II. While not being critically embraced, the film nevertheless became one of the year's highest grossers.[17] His next film, Revenge (1990), a thriller of adultery and revenge set in Mexico, starred Kevin Costner, Madeleine Stowe and Anthony Quinn. Once again directing Tom Cruise, Scott returned to the Simpson-Bruckheimer fold to helm the big-budget racing film Days of Thunder (1990). Scott later stated that it was difficult to find the drama in racing cars in circles, so he "stole from all race movies to date ... then tried to build on them."[21] Scott's next film was the cult action thriller The Last Boy Scout (1991) starring Bruce Willis and Damon Wayans and written by Shane Black.

In 1993, Scott directed True Romance costing just $13 million, from a script by Quentin Tarantino.[22] The cast included Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, Dennis Hopper, Christopher Walken, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, Tom Sizemore, Chris Penn, Val Kilmer and in bit roles, James Gandolfini and Samuel L. Jackson. Although it received positive reviews from Janet Maslin and other critics, it took less than $13m and was considered a box office failure.[17] Scott's next film, Crimson Tide (1995), rejoined him with Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer as producers. A submarine thriller starring Gene Hackman and Denzel Washington it was critically and commercially well-received.

In 1995, British film studio, Shepperton Studios, was purchased by a consortium headed by Tony and Ridley Scott, which extensively renovated the studios while also expanding and improving its grounds.[23] In 1996, Scott directed The Fan, starring Robert De Niro, Wesley Snipes, Ellen Barkin and Benicio del Toro. Scott's 1998 film Enemy of the State, a conspiracy thriller, starred Will Smith and Gene Hackman, and was his highest-grossing film of the decade.[17] His next film, Spy Game, was released in November 2001. It garnered 63% positive reviews at Metacritic and made a little over $60m at the US box office. Scott subsequently directed another thriller starring Denzel Washington, Man on Fire, released in April 2004.

Scott and his brother Ridley were co-producers of the TV series Numb3rs,[21] which aired from 2005 to 2010. Tony Scott directed the first episode of the fourth season.[24] In 2006, he contributed voice-over to a song called Dreamstalker on Hybrid's album I Choose Noise; Scott has worked together with Hybrid on several films through mutual friend Harry Gregson-Williams.

Next for Scott came Domino (2005) starring Keira Knightley.[25] Notable for its use of experimental film techniques, it was drubbed by critics and rejected by audiences. In autumn 2006, Scott reteamed with Denzel Washington for the sci-fi action film Déjà Vu.[26] Scott once again teamed up with Denzel Washington on The Taking of Pelham 123, which also starred John Travolta and was released in cinemas on 12 June 2009.[27] The film was a remake of the 1974 film of the same title. 2009 also saw the debut of The Good Wife, a legal drama television series which had Scott and his brother as two of several executive producers.[28]

In 2010, the Scott brothers produced the feature film adaptation of the television series The A-Team.[29] Scott's film, Unstoppable, again starring Washington (with Chris Pine), was released in November 2010.[30]

Shortly before his death he produced Coma, an A&E miniseries,[31] the Coca-Cola short film The Polar Bears and the thrillers Stoker and The East, both with his brother.

Unreleased projects

Scott developed a film adaptation of Clifford Irving's novel Tom Mix and Pancho Villa (1981) for over a decade. In November 2003, he scouted locations in Mexico, and Steven Zaillian was writing the screenplay. "This is Lawrence of Arabia meets The Wild Bunch, a huge film with trains, cavalry, thousands of soldiers in uniform and on horseback," Scott said.[32]

In late 2006, Scott announced a remake of the action thriller The Warriors (1979). "The original Warriors was New York in the 1970s, and everything went upwards, everything went vertically. And now I'm making it a contemporary thing and doing it in L.A., so everything is horizontal. So my vision of The Warriors is Los Angeles in 2007 and the gangs, instead of being 30, are going to be 3,000 or 5,000," he said.[33] Scott met with actual gang members for research: "I've met all the heads of all the different gangs, so I've already educated myself. They all said, 'Listen dude, if you get this on we'll sign a treaty and we'll all stand on the Long Beach Bridge. There'll be 150,000 members there. It'll look like the L.A. Marathon.'"[33] Scott was simultaneously developing a drama project titled Emma's War about British foreign aid worker Emma McCune.[34] Scott said in October 2006, "It's been a difficult piece to crack. We had one writer aboard who did a pass at the script and didn't get it, but we've got someone else onboard now who I'm going to make live down there and smell it, touch it, feel it. There's nothing that can compare to that kind of first-hand experience."[35]

Tom Cruise was with Scott just two days prior to the director's suicide, scouting locations for a sequel to Top Gun, scheduled for production in 2013.[36] In December 2012, Paramount announced that the project was officially cancelled, but they would go ahead with a 3D IMAX remastering of the original Top Gun, which was released on 8 February 2013.[37] In June 2013 it was confirmed by Bruckheimer that Top Gun 2 has been given the greenlight once again. Scott was also slated to direct Narco Sub, from a script by David Guggenheim and Mark Bomback, about "a disgraced American naval officer forced to pilot a sub carrying a payload of cocaine to America."[36] Scott was also considering a remake of the classic western The Wild Bunch (1969).[36]

Directing style

Katey Rich of Cinema Blend wrote that Scott had a "trademark frenetic camera style,"[38] which Scott spoke about in June 2009, in reference to The Taking of Pelham 123:

It's about energy and it's about momentum, and I think the movie's very exciting, and it's not one individual thing. The true excitement comes from the actors—that gives you the true drama—and whatever I can do with the camera, that's icing on the cake. I wanted the movie to grab you. I use four cameras and I maybe do three takes—so the actors love it. Maybe I move it more than I should, but that's the nature of the way I am.[15]

Scott also spoke about his career in general:

What always leads me in terms of my movies are characters. [I tell my production team] 'Go into the real world, cast these people in the real world, and find me role models for my writers.' Then I reverse-engineer. I don't change the structure of the script, but I use my research. That's always been my mantra, and that's what gets me excited, because I get to educate and entertain myself in terms of worlds I could never normally touch, other than the fact that I'm a director. [...] If you look at my body of work, there's always a dark side to my characters. They've always got a skeleton in the closet, they've always got a subtext. I like that. Whether it's Bruce Willis in Last Boy Scout or Denzel Washington in The Taking of Pelham 123. I think fear, and there's two ways of looking at fear. The most frightening thing I do in my life is getting up and shooting movies. Commercials, movies, every morning I'm bolt upright on one hour two hours sleep, before the alarm clock goes off. That's a good thing. That fear motivates me, and I enjoy that fear. I'm perverse in that way. I do other things. I've rock climbed all my life. Whenever I finish a movie, I do multi-day ascents, I go hang on a wall in Yosemite. That fear is tangible. That's black and white. I can make this hold or that hold. The other fear is intangible, it's very abstract, and that's more frightening.[15]

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that Scott was "one of the most influential film directors of the past 25 years, if also one of the most consistently and egregiously underloved by critics" and called him "[o]ne of the pop futurists of the contemporary blockbuster."[39] She felt that "[t]here was plenty about his work that was problematic and at times offensive, yet it could have terrific pop, vigor, beauty and a near pure cinema quality. These were, more than anything, films by someone who wanted to pull you in hard and never let you go."[39]

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "the propulsive, at times borderline preposterous popcorn-thriller storylines; the slice-and-dice editing and the images that somehow managed to glow with grit; the fireball violence, often glimpsed in smeary-techno telephoto shots; the way he had of making actors seem volatile and dynamic and, at the same time, lacking almost any subtext" were qualities of Scott's films that both "excited audiences about his work" and "kept him locked outside the gates of critical respectability."[40]

Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that after Top Gun, Scott "found his commercial niche as a brash, flashy, sometimes vulgar action painter on celluloid," citing Beverly Hills Cop II, Days of Thunder, The Last Boy Scout, True Romance, and The Fan as examples.[41] McCarthy concluded that Unstoppable, Scott's final film, was one of his best. Apart from having "its director's fingerprints all over it—the commitment to extreme action, frenetic cutting, stripped-down dialogue"—McCarthy found "a social critique embedded in its guts; it was about disconnected working class stiffs living marginal lives on society's sidings, about the barely submerged anger of a neglected underclass," something which "always had been lacking from Tony Scott's work, some connection to the real world rather than just silly flyboy stuff and meaningful glances accompanied by this year's pop music hit."[41] Betsy Sharkey of The Los Angeles Times wrote that Denzel Washington—who starred in Crimson Tide, Man on Fire, Déjà Vu, The Taking of Pelham 123, and Unstoppable—was Scott's muse, and Scott "was at his best when Washington was in the picture. The characters the actor played are the archetype of the kind of men Scott made. At their core, and what guided all the actions that followed, was a fundamental decency. They were flawed men to be sure, some more than others, but men who accorded dignity to anyone who deserved it."[42]

Personal life

Scott married three times. His first marriage was to BAFTA Award winning TV production designer Gerry Boldy (1944–2007) in 1967. They were divorced in 1974.[43] His second marriage was in 1986 to advertising executive Glynis Sanders.[44] They divorced a year later when his affair with Brigitte Nielsen (married to Sylvester Stallone at the time), whom he met on the set of Beverly Hills Cop II, became public. He subsequently met film and TV actress Donna Wilson, who was 24 years his junior, on the set of Days of Thunder in 1990; they married in 1994. She gave birth to their twin sons, Frank and Max, in 2000.[45]

Death
Scott jumped off the Vincent Thomas Bridge

On 19 August 2012, at approximately 12:30 pm. PDT, Scott committed suicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro port district of Los Angeles.[46] Investigators from the Los Angeles Police Department's Harbor Division found contact information in a note left in his car, parked on the bridge,[47] and a note at his office for his family.[48][49] One witness said he did not hesitate before jumping, but another said he looked nervous before climbing a fence, hesitating for two seconds, and jumping into the water beside a tour boat.[50][47][51] His body was recovered from the water by the Los Angeles Port Police.[6] On 22 August, Los Angeles County coroner's spokesman Ed Winters said the two notes Scott left behind made no mention of any health problems,[52] but neither the police nor the family disclosed the content of those notes.[53]

On 22 October 2012, the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office announced the cause of death as "multiple blunt force injuries." Therapeutic levels of mirtazapine and eszopiclone were in his system at the time of death. Both drugs have been known to cause suicidal thoughts or ideation.[54] A coroner's official said Scott "did not have any serious underlying medical conditions" and that there was "no anatomic evidence of neoplasia [cancer] identified."[55]

In a November 2014 interview with Variety, Ridley Scott, while describing his brother's death as "inexplicable", contradicted the coroner's official verdict by saying that Tony had been "fighting a lengthy battle with cancer — a diagnosis the family elected to keep private during his treatments and in the immediate wake of his death."[56]

Funeral and legacy

A family press release on 22 August 2012, stated that "The family will announce plans after Labour Day for a gathering to celebrate the life and work of Tony Scott. Details will be forthcoming once they are formalised."[57] The family announced that they had established a scholarship fund at the American Film Institute in Scott's name, stating, "The family ask that in lieu of flowers, donations be made to the fund to help encourage and engage future generations of filmmakers."[58] He was cremated, and his ashes were interred at Hollywood Forever Cemetery on 24 August in Los Angeles. Subsequently, it was reported that he had left his estate to his family trust.[59][60]

Many actors paid tribute to him, including Tom Cruise, Christian Slater, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda and Keira Knightley,[61][62] as well as musical collaborators Hybrid.[63] Cruise complimented Scott as "a creative visionary whose mark on film is immeasurable."[61] Denzel Washington, Scott's most frequent acting collaborator, said, "Tony Scott was a great director, a genuine friend and it is unfathomable to think that he is now gone." Directors UK chairman Charles Sturridge said Scott was "a brilliant British director with an extraordinary ability to create energy on screen, both in action and in the creation of character."[64]

The first episode of Coma and the first episode of season 4 of The Good Wife were dedicated in his memory. His brother Ridley's films The Counselor and Exodus: Gods and Kings were also dedicated in memory of him.[65] Ridley also paid tribute to Tony at the 2016 Golden Globes, after his film, The Martian, won Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.[66]

Filmography

Films
Feature films
Year Title Director Producer Notes
1983 The Hunger Yes No
1986 Top Gun Yes No
1987 Beverly Hills Cop II Yes No
1990 Revenge Yes No
Days of Thunder Yes No
1991 The Last Boy Scout Yes No
1993 True Romance Yes No
1995 Crimson Tide Yes No
1996 The Fan Yes No
1998 Enemy of the State Yes No
2001 Spy Game Yes No
2004 Man on Fire Yes Yes
2005 Domino Yes Yes
2006 Déjà Vu Yes No
2009 The Taking of Pelham 123 Yes Yes
2010 The A-Team No Yes
Unstoppable Yes Yes
2013 Stoker No Yes Posthumous release
The East No Yes
Out of the Furnace No Yes
Short and mid-length films
Year Title Director Producer Screenwriter Notes
1969 One of the Missing Yes No Yes Short. Also cinematographer and editor.
1970 Loving Memory Yes No Yes Mid-length. Also cinematographer and editor.
1976 The Author of Beltraffio Yes No No Mid-length. Produced for the French television anthology series Nouvelles de Henry James.
2002 Beat the Devil Yes Yes No Short. Executive producer.
2004 Agent Orange Yes No No Short.
2012 The Polar Bears No Yes No Short.

Television

Others
Music videos
Commercials
  • DIM Underwear (1979)
  • SAAB (1984) “Nothing on Earth Comes Close”
  • Player, Achievements and Big Bang for Barclays Bank (2000)
  • Telecom Italia (2000) (Starring Marlon Brando and Woody Allen)
  • Ice Soldier for US Army (2002)
  • One Man, One Land for Marlboro (2003)

Recurring collaborators
Actors and actresses
ActorThe HungerTop GunBeverly Hills Cop IIRevengeDays of ThunderThe Last Boy ScoutTrue RomanceCrimson TideThe FanEnemy of the StateSpy GameMan on FireDominoDéjà VuThe Taking of Pelham 123UnstoppableTotal
James Aubrey NN2
Shondrella Avery NN2
Jack Black N (deleted scene)NN3
Lillo Brancato, Jr. NN2
Eric Bruskotter NN2
Dan Butler NN2
Kevin Corrigan NN2
Matt Craven NN2
Tom Cruise NN2
Billy Devlin NN2
James Gandolfini NNNN4
Victor Gojcaj NN2
Gene Hackman NN2
Paul Herman NN2
Val Kilmer NNN3
John Leguizamo NN2
Vic Manni NNNN4
Frank Medrano NN2
Charles Paraventi NN2
Brad Pitt NN2
Shane Rimmer NN2
Jason Robards NN2
Mickey Rourke NN2
Joe Santos NN2
Tom Sizemore NN2
Lew Temple NNN3
Christopher Walken NNN3
Denzel Washington NNNNN5

Film crew
Crew memberTop GunBeverly Hills Cop IIRevengeDays of ThunderThe Last Boy ScoutTrue RomanceCrimson TideThe FanEnemy of the StateSpy GameMan on FireDominoDéjà VuThe Taking of Pelham 123UnstoppableTotal
Jerry Bruckheimer (producer) NNNNNN6
Paul Cameron (cinematographer) NN2
Harold Faltermeyer (composer) NN2
Harry Gregson-Williams (composer) NNNNNNN7
Samuel Hadida (producer) NN2
Brian Helgeland (screenwriter) NN2
Jeffrey L. Kimball (cinematographer) NNNN4
Chris Lebenzon (editor) NNNNNNNNN9
Daniel Mindel (cinematographer) NNN3
Ward Russell (cinematographer) NN2
Don Simpson (producer) NNNN4
Michael Tronick (editor) NNNN4
Christian Wagner (editor) NNNNN5
Billy Weber (editor) NNN3
Dariusz Wolski (cinematographer) NN2
Hans Zimmer (composer) NNNN4
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See also

References
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  2. "Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema". BAFTA. 13 October 2015.
  3. Sullivan, Michael (17 September 2010). "BAFTA/LA to honor Scott Free Prods". Variety. Reed Elsevier Inc. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  4. "Anthony D L Scott: England and Wales Birth Registration Index". Family Search.org.
  5. "Tony Scott: tragic illness behind Top Gun director's suicide" (20 August 2012). Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  6. Blankenstein, Andrew; Horn, John (19 August 2012). "'Top Gun' director Tony Scott jumps to his death from L.A. bridge". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  7. "How Winston helped save the nation". The Scotsman. 6 July 2002. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  8. Hodgson, Barbara (16 February 2018). "Who is Ridley Scott? Read our guide to the North East-born star as he receives top award". Chronicle. Newcastle: chroniclelive.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  9. "Tony Scott". The Telegraph. London. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  10. Galloway, Stephen (22 August 2012). "Tony Scott's Unpublished Interview: 'My Family Is Everything to Me'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  11. "Ten Things About... Ridley Scott". Digital Spy. 19 December 2016.
  12. Ridley Scott's comment on The Directors—The Films of Ridley Scott.
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  32. Fleming, Michael; Bensinger, Ken (17 November 2003). "'Pancho' in Mexico mix". Variety. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  33. Collura, Scott (16 November 2006). "Helmer Talks Warriors Remake". IGN. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  34. Bunbury, Stephanie (16 April 2005). "Nicole enters movie maelstrom". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  35. Alter, Ethan (23 October 2006). "SCOTT, TONY". Film Journal International. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  36. McClintock, Pamela (20 August 2012). "Tony Scott Spent Final Days Working With Tom Cruise on 'Top Gun 2'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  37. "For the Very First Time TOP GUN to be Released In IMAX® 3D" Archived 14 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. IMAX.com. Retrieved 29 June 2014
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  39. Dargis, Manohla (20 August 2012). "A Director Who Excelled in Excess". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  40. Gleiberman, Owen (21 August 2012). "Was Tony Scott a good director? It depends on what your definition of good is". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  41. McCarthy, Todd (22 August 2012). "Todd McCarthy: How Tony Scott Finally Won Me Over". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  42. Sharkey, Betsy (24 August 2012). "Tony Scott, a man of action who brought out the best in his men". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  43. Stafford-Clark, Nigel (12 May 2007). "Obituary: Gerry Scott Foulds". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
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  50. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/tony-scott-death-director-looked-nervous-before-jumping-off-bridge.html
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  66. "Golden Globes 2016 ceremony – in pictures". The Guardian. 9 February 2016.

Further reading
  • Gerosa, Mario ed. (2014). Il cinema di Tony Scott. Il Foglio. ISBN 9788876064814.
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