A Raisin in the Sun

A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959.[1] The title comes from the poem "Harlem" (also known as "A Dream Deferred"[2]) by Langston Hughes. The story tells of a black family's experiences in south Chicago, as they attempt to improve their financial circumstances with an insurance payout following the death of the father. The New York Drama Critics' Circle named it the best play of 1959, and in recent years publications such as The Independent[3] and Time Out[4] have listed it among the best plays ever written.

For other uses, see A Raisin in the Sun (disambiguation).
A Raisin in the Sun
First-edition publication (Random House 1959)
Written byLorraine Vivian Hansberry
Characters
  • Walter Younger
  • Ruth Younger
  • Beneatha Younger
  • Travis Younger
  • Lena Younger (Mama)
  • George Murchison
  • Joseph Asagai
  • Karl Lindner
  • Mrs. Johnson
  • Moving Men
Date premieredMarch 11, 1959 (1959-03-11)
Place premieredEthel Barrymore Theatre
Original languageEnglish
GenreDomestic drama
SettingSouth Side, Chicago

Plot

Walter and Ruth Younger, their son Travis, along with Walter's mother Lena (Mama) and Walter's sister Beneatha, live in poverty in a dilapidated two-bedroom apartment on Chicago's south side. Walter is barely making a living as a limousine driver. Though Ruth is content with their lot, Walter is not and desperately wishes to become wealthy. His plan is to invest in a liquor store in partnership with Willy and Bobo, his street-smart acquaintances.

At the beginning of the play, Walter and Beneatha's father has recently died, and Mama (Lena) is waiting for a life insurance check for $10,000. Walter has a sense of entitlement to the money, but Mama has religious objections to alcohol, and Beneatha has to remind him it is Mama's call how to spend it. Eventually, Mama puts some of the money down on a new house, choosing an all-white neighborhood over a black one for the practical reason that it happens to be much cheaper. Later she relents and gives the rest of the money to Walter to invest with the provision that he reserve $3,000 for Beneatha's education. Walter gives all of the money to Willy, who absconds with it, depriving Walter and Beneatha of their dreams, though not the Youngers of their new home. Meanwhile, Karl Lindner, a white representative of the neighborhood they plan to move to, makes a generous offer to buy them out. He wishes to avoid neighborhood tensions over the interracial population, which to the three women's horror Walter prepares to accept as a solution to their financial setback. Lena says that while money was something they try to work for, they should never take it if it was a person's way of telling them they weren't fit to walk the same earth as they.

Meanwhile, Beneatha's character and direction in life are being defined for us by two different men: her wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison, and Joseph Asagai. Neither man is actively involved in the Youngers' financial ups and downs. George represents the "fully assimilated black man" who denies his African heritage with a "smarter than thou" attitude, which Beneatha finds disgusting, while dismissively mocking Walter's lack of money and education. Joseph patiently teaches Beneatha about her African heritage; he gives her thoughtfully useful gifts from Africa while pointing out she is unwittingly assimilating herself into white ways. She straightens her hair, for example, which he characterizes as "mutilation".

When Beneatha becomes distraught at the loss of the money, she is scolded by Joseph for her materialism. She eventually accepts his point of view that things will get better with a lot of effort, along with his proposal of marriage and his invitation to move with him to Nigeria to practice medicine.

Walter is oblivious to the stark contrast between George and Joseph: his pursuit of wealth can be attained only by liberating himself from Joseph's culture, to which he attributes his poverty, and by rising to George's level, wherein he sees his salvation. Walter redeems himself and black pride at the end by changing his mind and not accepting the buyout offer, stating that the family is proud of who they are and will try to be good neighbors. The play closes with the family leaving for their new home but uncertain future.

The character Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes were cut from the Broadway performance and in reproductions due to time constraints. Mrs. Johnson is the Younger family's nosy and loud neighbor. She cannot understand how the family can consider moving to a white neighborhood and jokes that she will probably read in the newspaper in a month that they have been killed in a bombing. Her lines are employed as comic relief, but Hansberry also uses this scene to mock those who are too scared to stand up for their rights. In the introduction by Robert B. Nemiroff, he writes that the scene is included in print because it draws attention away from a seemingly happy ending to a more violent reality inspired by Hansberry's own experiences.

Litigation
What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?

Langston Hughes (1951)[5]

Experiences in this play echo a lawsuit (Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32 (1940)), to which the playwright Lorraine Hansberry's family was a party when they fought to have their day in court because a previous class action about racially motivated restrictive covenants (Burke v. Kleiman, 277 Ill. App. 519 (1934)) had been similar to their situation. This case was heard prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968), which prohibited discrimination in housing and created the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity. The Hansberry family won their right to be heard as a matter of due process of law in relation to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court held that the Hansberry defendants were not bound by the Burke decision because the class of defendants in the respective cases had conflicting goals, and thus could not be considered to be the same class.

The plaintiff in the first action in 1934 was Olive Ida Burke, who brought the suit on behalf of a property owners' association to enforce racial restrictions. Her husband, James Burke, later sold a house to Carl Hansberry (Lorraine's father) when he changed his mind about the validity of the covenant. Mr. Burke's decision may have been motivated by the changing demographics of the neighborhood, but it was also influenced by the Depression. The demand for houses was so low among white buyers that Mr. Hansberry may have been the only prospective purchaser available.[6]

Lorraine reflects upon the litigation in her book To Be Young, Gifted, and Black:

"Twenty-five years ago, [my father] spent a small personal fortune, his considerable talents, and many years of his life fighting, in association with NAACP attorneys, Chicago’s ‘restrictive covenants’ in one of this nation's ugliest ghettos. That fight also required our family to occupy disputed property in a hellishly hostile ‘white neighborhood’ in which literally howling mobs surrounded our house. ... My memories of this ‘correct’ way of fighting white supremacy in America include being spat at, cursed and pummeled in the daily trek to and from school. And I also remember my desperate and courageous mother, patrolling our household all night with a loaded German Luger (pistol), doggedly guarding her four children, while my father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court."

The Hansberry house, a red-brick three-flat at 6140 S. Rhodes in Washington Park that they bought in 1937, was given landmark status by the Chicago City Council's Committee on Historical Landmarks Preservation in 2010.[7]

Production and reception
Scene from the play. Ruby Dee as Ruth, Claudia McNeil as Lena, Glynn Turman as Travis, Sidney Poitier as Walter, and John Fiedler as Karl Lindner.

With a cast in which all but one character is black, A Raisin in the Sun was considered a risky investment, and it took over a year for producer Philip Rose to raise enough money to launch it. There was disagreement with how it should be played, with focus on the mother or focus on the son. When the play hit New York, Poitier played it with the focus on the son and found not only his calling but also an audience enthralled.[8]

After touring to positive reviews, the play premiered on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959. It transferred to the Belasco Theatre on October 19, 1959, and closed on June 25, 1960, after 530 total performances. Directed by Lloyd Richards, the cast comprised:

Ossie Davis later took over as Walter Lee Younger, and Frances Williams as Lena Younger.

Waiting for the curtain to rise on opening night, Hansberry and producer Rose did not expect the play to be a success, for it had already received mixed reviews from a preview audience the night before. Though it won popular and critical acclaim, reviewers argued about whether the play was "universal" or particular to black experience.[9] It was then produced on tour.

A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway, as well as the first with a black director, Mr. Richards.[10]

Hansberry noted that her play introduced details of black life to the overwhelmingly white Broadway audiences, while director Richards observed that it was the first play to which large numbers of black people were drawn.[10] Frank Rich, writing in The New York Times in 1983, stated that A Raisin in the Sun "changed American theater forever".[11] In 2016, Claire Brennan wrote in The Guardian that "The power and craft of the writing make A Raisin in the Sun as moving today as it was then."[12]

In 1960 A Raisin In The Sun was nominated for four Tony Awards:

  • Best Play – written by Lorraine Hansberry; produced by Philip Rose, David J. Cogan
  • Best Actor in Play – Sidney Poitier
  • Best Actress in a Play – Claudia McNeil
  • Best Direction of a Play – Lloyd Richards

Other versions

West End production, 1959

Some five months after its Broadway opening, Hansberry's play appeared in London's West End, playing at the Adelphi Theatre from August 4, 1959. As on Broadway, the director was Lloyd Richards, and the cast was as follows:

The play was presented (as before) by Philip Rose and David J. Cogan, in association with the British impresario Jack Hylton.

1961 film
Main article: A Raisin in the Sun (1961 film)

In 1961, a film version of A Raisin in the Sun was released featuring its original Broadway cast of Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee, Claudia McNeil, Diana Sands, Ivan Dixon, Louis Gossett, Jr. and John Fiedler. Hansberry wrote the screenplay, and the film was directed by Daniel Petrie. It was released by Columbia Pictures and Ruby Dee won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress. Both Poitier and McNeil were nominated for Golden Globe Awards, and Petrie received a special "Gary Cooper Award" at the Cannes Film Festival.

1973 musical
Main article: Raisin (musical)

A musical version of the play, Raisin, ran on Broadway from October 18, 1973, to December 7, 1975. The book of the musical, which stayed close to the play, was written by Hansberry's former husband, Robert Nemiroff. Music and lyrics were by Judd Woldin and Robert Brittan. The cast included Joe Morton (Walter Lee), Virginia Capers (Momma), Ernestine Jackson (Ruth), Debbie Allen (Beneatha) and Ralph Carter (Travis, the Youngers' young son). The show won the Tony Award for Best musical.

1989 TV film

In 1989, the play was adapted into a TV film for PBS's American Playhouse series, starring Danny Glover (Walter Lee) and Esther Rolle (Mama), with Kim Yancey (Beneatha), Starletta DuPois (Ruth), and John Fiedler (Karl Lindner). This production received three Emmy Award nominations, but all were for technical categories. Bill Duke directed the production, while Chiz Schultz produced. This production was based on an off-Broadway revival produced by the Roundabout Theatre.

1996 BBC Radio play

On 3 March 1996, the BBC broadcast a production of the play by director/producer Claire Grove, with the following cast:[13]

  • Claire Benedict – Mama
  • Ray Shell – Walter Lee
  • Pat Bowie – Ruth
  • Lachelle Carl – Beneatha
  • Garren Givens – Travis
  • Akim Mogaji – Joseph Asagai
  • Ray Fearon – George Murchison
  • John Sharion – Karl Lindner
  • Dean Hill – Bobo

Broadway revival, 2004

A revival ran on Broadway at the Royale Theatre from April 26, 2004, to July 11, 2004[14] at the Royale Theatre with the following cast:

The director was Kenny Leon, and David Binder and Vivek Tiwary were producers.

The play won two 2004 Tony Awards: Best Actress in a Play (Phylicia Rashad) and Best Featured Actress in a Play (Audra McDonald), and was nominated for Best Revival of a Play and Best Featured Actress in a Play (Sanaa Lathan).

2008 TV film
Main article: A Raisin in the Sun (2008 film)

In 2008, Sean Combs, Phylicia Rashad and Audra McDonald starred in a television film directed by Kenny Leon. The film debuted at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and was broadcast by ABC on February 25, 2008. McDonald received an Emmy nomination for her portrayal of Ruth.[15] According to Nielsen Media Research, the program was watched by 12.7 million viewers and ranked No. 9 in the ratings for the week ending March 2, 2008.[16]

Royal Exchange, Manchester production, 2010

In 2010, Michael Buffong directed a widely acclaimed production at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester,[17] described by Dominic Cavendish in The Daily Telegraph as "A brilliant play, brilliantly served".[18] Michael Buffong, Ray Fearon and Jenny Jules all won MEN Awards. The cast were: –

  • Jenny Jules – Ruth Younger
  • Ray Fearon – Walter Lee Younger
  • Tracy Ifeachor – Beneatha Younger
  • Starletta DuPois (who played Ruth in the 1989 film) – Lena Younger
  • Damola Adelaja – Joseph Asagai
  • Simon Combs – George Murchison
  • Tom Hodgkins – Karl Lindner
  • Ray Emmet Brown – Bobo/Moving Man

Broadway revival, 2014

A second revival ran on Broadway from April 3, 2014, to June 15, 2014, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.[19][20] The play won three 2014 Tony Awards: Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play (Sophie Okonedo) and Best Direction of a Play (Kenny Leon).[21]

  • Denzel Washington – Walter Lee Younger
  • Sophie Okonedo – Ruth Younger
  • LaTanya Richardson Jackson – Lena Younger
  • Anika Noni Rose – Beneatha Younger
  • Stephen McKinley Henderson – Bobo
  • David Cromer – Karl Lindner
  • Keith Eric Chappelle – moving man
  • Sean Patrick Thomas – Joseph Asagai
  • Jason Dirden – George Murchison
  • Billy Eugene Jones – moving man
  • Bryce Clyde Jenkins – Travis Younger

2016 BBC Radio Play

On 31 January 2016 the BBC broadcast a new production of the play by director/producer Pauline Harris. This version restores the character of Mrs Johnson and a number of scenes that were cut from the Broadway production and subsequent film, with the following cast:[22]

  • Danny Sapani – Walter Lee Younger
  • Dona Croll – Lena Younger
  • Nadine Marshall – Ruth Younger
  • Lenora Crichlow – Beneatha Younger
  • Segun Fawole – Travis Younger
  • Jude Akwudike – Bobo/Asagai
  • Cecilia Noble – Mrs. Johnson
  • Sean Baker – Karl Lindner
  • Richard Pepple – George Murchinson

Arena Stage revival, 2017

The play opened on April 6, 2017, at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., directed by Tazewell Thompson, with the following cast:[23]

  • Will Cobbs – Walter Lee Younger
  • Lizan Mitchell – Lena Younger
  • Dawn Ursula – Ruth Younger
  • Joy Jones – Beneatha Younger
  • Jeremiah Hasty – Travis Younger
  • Mack Leamon – Bobo/Asagai
  • Thomas Adrian Simpson – Karl Lindner
  • Keith L. Royal Smith – George Murchinson

The Raisin Cycle

The 2010 Bruce Norris play Clybourne Park depicts the white family that sold the house to the Youngers. The first act takes place just before the events of A Raisin in the Sun, involving the selling of the house to the black family; the second act takes place 50 years later.[24]

The 2013 play by Kwame Kwei-Armah entitled Beneatha's Place follows Beneatha after she leaves with Asagai to Nigeria and, instead of becoming a doctor, becomes the Dean of Social Sciences at a respected (unnamed) California university.[25]

The two above plays, together with the original, were referred to by Kwei-Armah as "The Raisin Cycle" and were produced together by Baltimore's Center Stage in the 2012–2013 season.[26]

gollark: https://osmarks.tk/emu-war/Try the new Emu War game, contributed by <@!332271551481118732>. Looking at the code should probably be avoided (some offense).
gollark: You can postpone mine. I like game theory.
gollark: I mean, Scratch less so.
gollark: Another somewhat problematic thing with Scratch (and the government here's "micro:bits", small single board computers which connect via USB and have a 5x5 LED matrix and a bunch of pins, and which they gave out to all students in my year a while back) is that they end up implying to you that you can only program things on dedicated special environments.
gollark: I think my suggested things would be more actually-useful to people.

See also

References
  1. Internet Broadway Database. "A Raisin in the Sun | Ethel Barrymore Theatre (3/11/1959 – 10/17/1959)". IBDB. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  2. "A Dream Deferred (by Langston Hughes)". Cswnet.com. 1996-06-25. Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  3. "The 40 best plays to read before you die". The Independent. 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  4. "50 Best Plays of All Time: Comedies, Tragedies and Dramas Ranked". Time Out New York. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  5. "Transcript: Langston Hughes and His Poetry – presentation by David Kresh (Journeys and Crossings, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-26. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  6. Kamp, Allen R. "The History Behind Hansberry v. Lee," 20 U.S. Davis L. Rev. 481 (1987).
  7. "Lorraine Hansberry House". Chicago Landmarks. City of Chicago. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  8. Poitier, Sidney (2000). The Measure of a Man (first ed.). San Francisco: Harper. pp. 148–158. ISBN 978-0-06-135790-9.
  9. Bernstein, Robin (1999). "Inventing a Fishbowl: White Supremacy and the Critical Reception of Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun". Modern Drama. 42 (1): 16–27. Archived from the original on 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  10. Corley, Cheryl, "'A Raisin in the Sun', Present at the Creation" Archived 2017-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, National Public Radio, March 11, 2002.
  11. Rich, Frank (October 5, 1983). "Theater: 'Raisin in Sun,' Anniversary in Chicago". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  12. Brennan, Claire (February 7, 2016). "A Raisin in the Sun review – still challenging its characters and audience". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2018-02-25. Review of a revival in Sheffield, England.
  13. "A Raisin in the Sun". Archived from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
  14. Internet Broadway Database. "A Raisin in the Sun | Royale Theatre (4/26/2004 – 7/11/2004)". IBDB. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  15. "Chenoweth, Dench, Linney, McDonald, Rashad Nominated for Emmy Awards". Playbill. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25.
  16. Ginia Bellafante, "Raisin in the Sun: A Tale of Race and Family and a $10,000 Question" Archived 2017-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 25, 2008.
  17. "A Raisin in the Sun". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-09-26. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  18. "A Raisin in the Sun review". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
  19. Playbill Vault. "A Raisin in the Sun". Playbill Vault. Archived from the original on 2014-04-05. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  20. Gioia, Michael. "Tony-Winning Revival of 'A Raisin in the Sun' Plays Final Performance Tonight" playbill.com, June 15, 2014
  21. Purcell, Carey. "'Gent's Guide', 'All The Way', 'Hedwig And the Angry Inch', 'Raisin in the Sun 'Win Top Prizes at 68th Annual Tony Awards" Archived 2014-06-12 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, June 8, 2014
  22. Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, January 31, 2016.
  23. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-04-08. Retrieved 2017-04-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. Brantley, Ben, "Good Defenses Make Good Neighbors," The New York Times, February 22, 2010.
  25. Paul Harris, Legit Review: ‘Beneatha’s Place’, Archived 2017-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
  26. David Zurawik, "Baltimore's Center Stage looks very good in PBS documentary on 'Raisin' cycle", The Baltimore Sun, October 25, 2013, Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
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