Cultural Bolshevism

Cultural Bolshevism (German: Kulturbolschewismus), sometimes referred to specifically as Jewish Bolshevism, sexual Bolshevism, art Bolshevism or music Bolshevism,[1] was a term widely used by Nazi German-sponsored critics to denounce modernist and progressive movements in the culture.

This first became an issue during the 1920s in Weimar Germany, when German artists such as Max Ernst and Max Beckmann were denounced by Adolf Hitler, the Nazi Party, and other German nationalists as "cultural Bolsheviks". Nazi claims about attacks on conceptions of family, identity, music, art and intellectual life were generally referred to as Cultural Bolshevism, the Bolsheviks being the Marxist revolutionary movement in Russia.[2][3][4]

Cultural Marxism is a contemporary variant of the term which is used to refer to the far-right antisemitic Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory.[5] This variant of the term was used by far-right terrorist Anders Brevik in the introductory chapter of his manifesto.[6][7] The term is used also by psychologist Jordan Peterson, whose perspectives on the influence of postmodernism on North American humanities departments have been compared to the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory.[8][9][10][11]

History

The development of modern art at the beginning of the 20th century—but with roots going back to the 1860s—denoted a revolutionary divergence from traditional artistic values to ones based on the personal perceptions and feelings of the artists. This rejection of traditional authority—intimately linked to the Industrial Revolution; the individualistic values of the Age of Enlightenment; and the advance of democracy as the preferred form of government—was exhilarating to some. However, it proved extremely threatening to others, as it took away the security they felt under the older way of things. To many Germans of the time, and especially to the adherents of the National Socialist ideology, the very cohesiveness of Western culture and civilization appeared to be in dire peril.[12]

The modernist break occurred around the same time as the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, and those who felt threatened by the new artistic viewpoint associated it with the group that came to power after that revolution, the Bolsheviks with their Marxist–Leninist political philosophy. In reality, the connection between the modernism and Bolshevism was extremely tenuous, and primarily a matter of both existing at the same unsettled time in European history. Still, some artists in Western Europe drew inspiration from revolutionary ideals, to the extent that Dadaist Richard Huelsenbeck confidently declared in 1920 that Dada was a "German Bolshevist affair".[13]

One of the first writers outside of Germany to associate Bolshevism as an art movement, a link to what would become Cultural Marxism in the late 1990s, was Julius Evola. Evola was a dadaist painter after the first World War, something which was considered decadent and subversive. In an article called Sui limiti del bolscevismo culturale, published in February 1938 in La Vita Italiana monthly magazine, he named the movement as "cultural Bolshevism" (bolscevismo culturale).[14]

The association of new art with Bolshevism circulated in right-wing and nationalist discourse in the following years; it was, for example, the subject of a chapter in Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf. Amid Hitler's rise to power the Nazis denounced a number of contemporary styles as "cultural Bolshevism," notably abstract art and Bauhaus architecture. After seeing a colleague beaten by Nazi supporters for comments sympathetic to modern art, typographer Paul Renner published an essay against Nazi aesthetics titled "Kulturbolschewismus?" [15] Around the same time, Carl von Ossietzky mocked the flexibility of the term in Nazi writings:

Cultural Bolshevism is when conductor Klemperer takes tempi different from his colleague Furtwängler; when a painter sweeps a color into his sunset not seen in Lower Pomerania; when one favors birth control; when one builds a house with a flat roof; when a Caesarean birth is shown on the screen; when one admires the performance of Chaplin and the mathematical wizardry of Einstein. This is called cultural Bolshevism and a personal favor rendered to Herr Stalin. It is also the democratic mentality of the brothers [Heinrich and Thomas] Mann, a piece of music by Hindemith or Weill, and is to be identified with the hysterical insistence of a madman for a law giving him permission to marry his own grandmother.[16]

Once in control of the government, the Nazis moved to suppress modern art styles and to promote art with national and racial themes.[17] Various Weimar-era art personalities, including Paul Renner, Richard Huelsenbeck, and the Bauhaus designers, were marginalized.

gollark: Not that it's actually much use versus 16GB.
gollark: 32GB of RAM is only something like £140 now, prices are great.
gollark: I'm looking at getting a cheapish used laptop because my desktop is, well, not portable.
gollark: I mean, Sky said "PC", so I assumed desktop-tower-thingy.
gollark: Laptops are a separate thing and have much worse price/performance.

See also

Notes
  1. Spotts, Frederic. 2002. Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 1-58567-345-5. pp. 18, 24.
  2. Jay, Martin. "Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe". skidmore.edu. Salmagundi Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.
  3. Berkowitz, Bill (15 August 2003). "'Cultural Marxism' Catching On". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  4. Jamin, Jérôme (2014). "Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right". In Shekhovtsov, A.; Jackson, P. (eds.). The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 84–103. doi:10.1057/9781137396211.0009. ISBN 978-1-137-39619-8.
  5. Sources:
  6. "Scholars Respond to Breivik Manifesto" (Press release). National Association of Scholars. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  7. Anne-Catherine Simon; Christoph Saiger; Helmar Dumbs (29 July 2011). "Die Welt, wie Anders B. Breivik sie sieht". Die Presse (in German).
  8. "Jordan Peterson Exposes the Postmodernist Agenda" on YouTube
  9. Berlatsky, Noah (12 June 2018). "How Anti-Leftism Has Made Jordan Peterson a Mark for Fascist Propaganda". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  10. Beauchamp, Zack (21 May 2018). "Jordan Peterson, the obscure Canadian psychologist turned right-wing celebrity, explained". Vox.
  11. Robertson, Derek (8 April 2018). "The Canadian Psychologist Beating American Pundits at Their Own Game". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  12. Janson, H. W., and Anthony F. Janson. 1991. History of Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3401-9. p. 615.
  13. Doherty, Brigid (2013). "The Work of Art and the Problem of Politics in Berlin Dada". In Canning, Kathleen; Barndt, Kerstin; McGuire, Kristin (eds.). Weimar Publics/weimar Subjects: Rethinking the Political Culture of Germany in the 1920s. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-78238-108-2.
  14. Evola, Julius (2008). Anticomunismo positivo: scritti su bolscevismo e marxismo, 1938-1968 (in Italian). Controcorrente edizioni. p. 91. ISBN 978-88-89015-62-9.
  15. Renner, Paul (2003). Kulturbolschewismus?. Germany: Stroemfeld Verlag. ISBN 978-3878778295.
  16. von Ossietzky, Carl in Weltbühne ("World Stage") (21 April 1931) quoted in Deák, István Weimar Germany's Left-wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and Its Circle. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1968. p.2
  17. Michaud, Eric; Lloyd, Janet (2004). The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4327-3.

Sources
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