Corruption in Kenya

Corruption in the post-colonial government of Kenya has a history which spans the era of the Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap Moi's KANU governments, Mwai Kibaki's PNU government and the current Uhuru Kenyatta's Jubilee Party government. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 Kenya is ranked 139th out of 176 countries for corruption, tied with Azerbaijan, Nepal, Nigeria, and Pakistan (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list).[1]

Most bribes paid by urban residents in Kenya are fairly small but large ones are also taken – bribes worth over 50,000 Kenyan shillings (€600, US$700) account for 41% of the total value. There is also corruption on a larger scale with each of the last two regimes being criticised for their involvement.[1]

Despite market reforms, several business surveys reveal that business corruption is still widespread and that companies frequently encounter demands for bribes and informal payments to 'get things done' in Kenya. The public procurement sector in Kenya suffers widespread corruption. The use of agents to facilitate business operations and transactions in Kenya is widespread and poses a risk for companies, particularly at the market entry and business start-up stage.[2]

Despite positive developments, the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) was disbanded in 2011 and replaced by the newly instated Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission. Observers describe the new agency as superficial.[3]

It is observed that in Kenya bribery and nepotism as most prevalent forms of corruption according to surveys carried out.[4]

On 22 July 2019, Henry Rotich became the first sitting Kenya Minister to arrested for corruption.[5]

Before 1990

• The first corruption incident in Kenya is widely regarded as the Ngei maize scandal of 1965.[6] Paul Ngei, an independence hero and at the time the Minister for Marketing and Cooperatives, was involved in a maize scandal that caused a national maize shortage.[7] The Commission of Maize Inquiry, the first of its kind in independent Kenya, found that Ngei's wife, Emma was getting preferential treatment for her business, Emma Stores (Uhuru Millers of Kangundo) through which she bought maize directly from farmers, which was illegal at the time.
• Between 1986 and 1991 the construction of the Turkwel Hydroelectric Power Station was riddled with claims of corruption. The dam was eventually built at three times the estimated cost, twice the allocated amount and producing energy significantly below capacity.[8]

1990–1999

• The longest-running scandal is the Goldenberg scandal,[9] where the Kenyan government subsidised exports of gold, paying exporters in Kenyan Shillings (Sh) 35% over their foreign currency earnings. In this case, the gold was smuggled from Congo. The Goldenberg scandal cost Kenya the equivalent of more than 10% of the country's annual GDP.
• A Sh360 million helicopter servicing contract in South Africa.[10] Military officers had argued that the contract was too extravagant and servicing the helicopters could be done locally. Kenya Air Force (KAF) went ahead to spend Sh108 million as a down payment for servicing the Puma helicopters, whose tail number is logged as 418 at Denel Aviation, a South African firm.

2000–2009

• In 2003, the military was split over plans to buy new Czech fighter jets.[10] The plan to buy the jet fighters would have cost taxpayers Sh12.3 billion.
• A Sh4.1 billion Navy ship deal.[10] A Navy project was given to Euromarine, a company associated with Anura Pereira, the tender awarded in a process that has been criticised as irregular. The tender was worth Sh4.1 billion. Military analysts say a similar vessel could have been built for Sh1.8 billion.[11]
• Chamanlal Kamani had been involved in a supply contract, as Kamsons Motors.[12] Kampsons tendered for the supply of Mahindra Jeeps to the Police Department in the mid 1990s for close to Sh1 million (US$13,000) each, at a time when showrooms would have charged customers a sixth of the price. Moreover, the vehicles were being bought for a government department and were therefore imported duty-free. Few of the more than 1,000 units that were imported over several years are in service today.
• The Kamanis were also involved in a deal to build a CID forensic laboratory. On 7 June 2004 an amount of $4.7 million was wired back. The payment was a refund against the money paid for the Criminal Investigations Department forensic laboratory.[13] Another euro 5.2 million was paid back in respect of the E-cop project, which involved computerisation of the police force and the installation of spy cameras in Nairobi by Infotalent Systems Private Limited.[13]
• The Prisons department lost $3 million after contracting Hallmark International, a company associated with Deepak Kamani of Kamsons Motors, for the supply of 30 boilers.[12] Only half of the boilers were delivered – from India and not the United States as had been agreed.
• The construction of Nexus, a secret military communication centre in Karen, Nairobi.[10] The Government spent Sh2.6 billion (US$36.9 million) to construct the complex. Three years later, military personnel have not moved into the centre. A phantom company, Nedermar BV Technologies, which is said to have its headquarters in the Netherlands, implemented the secret project situated along Karen South Road. Nedermar is linked to businessman Anura Pereira. However, Pereira has denied this. The tendering process for the Nexus project was circumvented as DoD's Departmental Tender Committee. Funding for the project was made through the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The complex is currently headed by Colonel Philip Kameru. Nexus was first meant to be an ammunition dumpsite before it was turned into a military communication and operations centre. Construction continued without any site visits by either the DoD staff or Ministry of Public Works officials. The Nexus project was implemented during the tenure of General Joseph Kibwana.
• In 2005 plans to buy a sophisticated £20 million passport equipment system from France,[14][15] as government wanted to replace its passport printing system, created conditions for corruption scandal. The transaction was originally quoted at 6 million euros from François Charles Oberthur of Paris (a supplier of Visa and MasterCards) but was awarded to a British firm, the Anglo-Leasing and Finance Company Limited, at 30 million euros, who would have sub-contracted the same French firm to do the work. Despite the lack of competitive tendering Anglo Leasing was paid a "commitment fee" of more than £600,000. Anglo Leasing's agent is a Liverpool-based firm, Saagar Associates, owned by a woman whose family has enjoyed close links with senior officials in the Moi regime. Company records show Saagar Associates is owned by Mrs Sudha Ruparell, a 47-year-old Kenyan woman. Ruparell is the daughter of Chamanlal Kamani, the multimillionaire patriarch of a business family that enjoyed close links with senior officials in the Moi regime. Anglo Leasing made a repayment of euro 956,700 through a telegraphic transfer from Schroeder & Co Bank AG, Switzerland on 17 May 2004.[13]
• The local chapter of Transparency International and the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR), a government body released a report in February 2006, stating that between January 2003 and September 2004, the National Rainbow Coalition government spent about $12-million on cars that were mostly for the personal use of senior government officials.[16] The vehicles included 57 Mercedes-Benz, as well as Land Cruisers, Mitsubishi Pajeros, Range Rovers, Nissan Terranos and Nissan Patrols. The $12-million substantially exceeded what the government spent over the 2003/04 financial year on controlling malaria – "the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya", says the report.
• In late February 2006, the newspaper The Standard ran a story claiming that president Mwai Kibaki and senior opposition figure Kalonzo Musyoka had been holding secret meetings. On 2 March at 1:00 am local time (2200 UTC on the 1st), masked gunmen carrying AK-47s raided multiple editorial offices of The Standard, and of its television station KTN. They kicked and beat staff members, forcibly took computers and transmission equipment, burned all the copies of the 2 March edition of the newspaper, and damaged the presses. At KTN, they shut down the power, putting the station off the air. Initially, the Kenyan information minister claimed no knowledge of the raid, but it has since revealed that Kenyan police were responsible. The Ministry of the Internal Security later stated that the incident was to safeguard state security. "If you rattle a snake you must be prepared to be bitten by it," John Michuki said. Three journalists at The Standard, arrested after the critical story was printed, are still being held without charge.[17][18] The story now also features the bizarre case of two Armenian businessmen, mocked in the press for their taste for heavy gold chains, watches and rings, referred to as Mercenaries, who the opposition says led the raid and had shady dealings with Kibaki's government.[19][20][21]
• In November 2006, the government was accused of failing to act on a banking fraud scam worth $1.5bn involving money laundering and tax evasion, reported by whistle-blowers as early as 2004. Investigators believe sums worth 10% of Kenya's national income are involved. A recent auditor's report says the scale of the operations "threatens the stability of the Kenyan economy".[22]
• In November 2006, British Foreign Office minister Kim Howells warned, that corruption in Kenya is increasing the UK's exposure to drug trafficking and terrorism. "People can be bought, right from the person who works at the docks in Mombasa up to the government. (...) This weakness has been recognised by drug-traffickers and probably by terrorists too." Said Howells for the BBC.[23]
• On 31 August 2007, The Guardian newspaper featured on its front page a story about more than GBP 1 billion transferred out of Kenya by the family and associates of former Kenyan leader Daniel arap Moi. The Guardian sourced the information from the WikiLeaks article The looting of Kenya under President Moi and its analysis of a leaked investigative document ("the Kroll report") prepared for the Kibaki government in 2004 to try to recover money stolen during Moi's rule.[24]
• On 2007-09-06 parliament passed the Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill, restricting investigations by the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission to offences committed prior to May 2003, excluding the Goldenberg and Anglo-Leasing scandals and other major cases. The move was condemned by anti-corruption campaigners; Mwalimu Mati, former chief executive of the Transparency International Kenya Chapter, declared that "grand corruption has swallowed the government and parliament that Kenyans elected to fight it in 2002".[25] In response to public outrage generated by the move, President Kibaki announced that he would veto the bill.
• In September 2007, WikiLeaks released documents exposing a 500 million Kenyan shilling payroll fraud at Egerton University] and subsequent cover up, now the subject of ongoing legal dispute in the High Court.[26]
• On 28 September 2007, WikiLeaks released 28 investigative documents] exposing a US$1.5 billion money laundering fraud by Charterhouse Bank Ltd, which was widely re-reported.[27]
• In June 2008, the Grand Regency Scandal broke, wherein the Central Bank of Kenya is alleged to have secretly sold a luxury hotel in Nairobi to an unidentified group of Libyan investors for more than 4 billion Kenyan Shillings (approx US $60 million) below the appraised market value. Finance Minister Amos Kimunya negotiated the sale, and was censured in a near-unanimous motion by the Kenyan Parliament, though he vehemently denies the charges. This follows on the heels of the Safaricom IPO, overseen by Kimunya, which has been alternatively praised and questioned for possible corruption in the execution of the sale. Safaricom is the largest mobile phone service provider in Kenya, having operated with a near-government monopoly for many years. The government of Kenya sold its 50% stake in Safaricom in the IPO.
• In January 2009, a scandal became public over the sale of imported maize.
• The 2009 Triton Oil Scandal regarding the unauthorised releasing of oil by Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC) without informing financiers became public in January 2009.

2010–present

• In October 2012, allegations surfaced that top Foreign Affairs ministry officials ignored land offered by Japan that could have saved the country loss of Sh1.1 billion.[28] The scandal led to the resignation of the then Foreign Affairs Minister Moses Wetangula.
• In October 2010, the Department of Defence uncovered a bribery scandal involving senior Kenya Defence Force Officers in the corrupt Sh1.6 billion purchase of armoured personnel carriers from South African company OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd. Minister of Defence Yusuf Haji retired several high-ranking officers in January 2011 [29] accused of taking bribes by OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd, and the matter was referred for further investigation to Parliament.[30] The September 2012 Report on Military Modernization Programmes by the Departmental Committee on Defence and Foreign Relations found that the irregular procurement of the PUMA M26 armoured carriers had violated multiple sections of the Public Procurement Act 2005, that OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd's business partners in Kenya had been identified by the US Government as being involved in international crime and drugs smuggling, and recommended that OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd be barred from doing any business with the Government of Kenya in the future.[31] In 2014, the same company was accused by the government of Mozambique of irregular tax and export control activities in the transport of similar armoured carriers through Mozambique for onward trafficking into Africa.[32]
• In February 2019, The Ministry of Lands headed by lands CS Farida Karoney, could not account for the loss of 20 billion Tax Payers money.[33] The details regarding this saga was delivered by the Country's Auditor General Edward Ouko[33]. This report indicated a lot of discrepancies and inaccuracies in the ministry's June 30th, 2018 financial Statement[33].
• In July 2019, the Director of Public Prosecution, Nordin Haji uncovered a mega-graft Scandal on the procurement of 2 dams.[34] The graft case led to the Publics of Kenya losing 19 billion. The scandal involved high profile people in the government such as the then CS Of treasury Henry Rotich and 28 others[34]. The allocated budget of Sh19,714,366,991 that was lost through graft was meant to construct 2 dams, Arwor and Kimwarer Dams in Elgeyo Marakwet Counties.[35]
• On December 6, 2019, Nairobi Governor Mike Mbuvi Sonko was arrested on multiple corruption charges[36]

Security contracts

Listed in Githongo's dossier[37] are a number of companies that won security-related contracts :-

Payee	Purpose	Amount (millions)	Signatories	Date signed
Anglo Leasing	Forensic LAB – CID	US$54.56	PS-Treasury PS-Internal Security OP	16 August 2001
Silverson Establishment	Security Vehicles	USD 90	PS-Treasury PS-Internal Security OP	16 August 2001
Apex Finance	Police Security	USD 30	PS-Treasury PS-Internal Security OP	9 February 2002
LBA Systems	Security-MET	USD 35	PS-Treasury	7 June 2002
Apex Finance	Police Security	USD 31.8	PS-Treasury PS-Internal Security OP	14 June 2002
Universal Satspace	Satellite Services	USD 28.11	PS-Treasury PS-Transport	11 July 2002
First Mechantile	Police Security	USD 11.8	PS-Treasury PS-Transport	11 July 2002
Apex Finance Corp	Police Security	USD 12.8	PS-Treasury PS-Internal Security OP	12 July 2002
LBA Systems	Prison security	USD 29.7	PS-Treasury	19 November 2002
Nedemar	Security	USD 36.9	PS-Treasury PS-Transport	19 November 2002
Midland Bank	Police security	USD 49.65	PS-Treasury	29 May 2003
Naviga Capital	Oceanographic vessel	EUR 26.6	PS-Treasury	15 July 2003
Empressa	Oceanographic vessel	EUR 15	PS-Treasury	15 July 2003
Euromarine	Oceanographic vessel	EUR 10.4	PS-Treasury	15 July 2003
Infotalent	Police security	EUR 59.7	PS-Treasury PS-Internal Security OP	19 November 2003
Apex Finance Corp	Police security	EUR 40	PS-Treasury PS-Internal Security OP	17 December 2003
Ciaria Systems Inc	Design, maintain satellite NSIS	USD 44.56	PS Treasury Director NSIS	20 January 2004

Anti-corruption authorities

Further information: Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission

The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) was established after Kenya’s President Mwai Kibaki signed the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act on 29 August 2011. The EACC replaced the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC).[38]

Previously, the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) was established in April 2003 to replace the Kenya Anti-Corruption Authority, after Parliament enacted new legislation.[38]

See also

• 2009 Triton Oil Scandal
• 2009 Kenyan Maize Scandal
• Larry Timmons
• Kenya Police
• Aaron Ringera
• Politics of Kenya
• Crime in Kenya
• International Anti-Corruption Academy
• Group of States Against Corruption
• International Anti-Corruption Day
• ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems
• United Nations Convention against Corruption
• OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
• Transparency International

References

1. Transparency International Kenya, Frequently Asked Questions Archived 19 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 1 March 2006.
2. "Keny Corruption Profile". Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
3. "Kenya Corruptiony Profile". Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
4. OMBATI, CYRUS. "Bribery, nepotism most prevalent form of corruption in Counties- survey". The Standard. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
5. "Kenya's finance minister, top officials arrested for corruption". Al Jazeera. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
6. Standard, The. "Maize scandals a sign of immaturity". The Standard. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
7. "Ngei suspended over maize scam". Daily Nation. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
8. http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/turning-blind-eye#index-02-03-01-00
9. Forensic accountants trace Goldenburg transaction (Corpwatch)
10. New scandal hangs over Sh2.6b secret Army complex (East African Standard)
11. "Kenya's Corruption Scandals". Samwagik™. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
12. Kenya Graft Watchdog Set to Charge More Suspects
13. When bogus firms wired back Sh1bn Archived 8 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Daily Nation)
14. report on the Anglo Leasing scandal (Guardian)
15. It's time to tell the Kenyan people the truth about the anglo-leasing corruption scandal Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Transparency International)
16. Vehicle Saga Shows Parliament Has Few Budgetary Teeth Archived 7 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Inter Press Service News Agency)
17. BBC: Kenya admits armed raids on paper
18. Reuters: Leading media house shut down by armed men
19. IOL Kibaki in trouble as parliament re-opens
20. "Revealed: All about Arturs". The Standard. 28 September 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
21. "Artur brothers were drug traffickers who enjoyed state security: Report". Daily Nation. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
22. Bank scam threatens Kenya economy BBC
23. Kenya corruption 'threatening UK' BBC
24. Xan Rice (31 August 2007). "The looting of Kenya". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
25. "Uproar over move on economic crimes". The Standard. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
26. "Open Letter to the Kenyan Youth". African Perspectives. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
27. The looting of Kenya under President Moi, WikiLeaks, 30 August 2007. Retrieved on 13 April 2019.
28. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Shame%20of%20graft%20that%20is%20the%20Tokyo%20embassy%20report%20/-/1056/1033292/-/10xk82kz/-/index.html
29. 25 October 2010: DoD Uncovers Tender Corruption
30. 19 January 2011: Min/Def retires KDF officers Involved in APC Corruption
31. 19 April 2011: Launch of Parliamentary Committee to investigate APC Bribery
32. Company that Mounted Armored Vehicles to the United Nations Operates Illegally in Mozambique (Portuguese)
33. "Ministry's Sh20bn can't be tracked". The Star. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
34. Ogemba, Paul. "Public lost Sh19 billion in the dams scandal". The Standard. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
35. "Kenya's corruption crackdown: New era, or political theatre?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
36. Dahir, Abdi Latif (6 December 2019). "Nairobi's Gold-Loving Governor Is Arrested on Corruption Charges". New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
37. Githongo's dossier
38. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

External links

• Kenya Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
• Kenya's Kibaki pledges action over graft "in days" – Reuters South Africa
• AfricaFiles News summaries from Kenya
• John Githongo report BBC: Full report on Kenya corruption, from the Ethics secretary (3.3Meg PDF, 22 pages)
• wikinews:Kenyan TV and newspaper raided by masked police – Wikinews
• CCTV still images from raid
• Journalists from 'The Standard' charged – IFEX
• Kenyan politics as a process of laundering thieves and murderers" by Mutuma Mathiu, 9 Dec 2007
• TrustLaw's Anti-Corruption Profile: Kenya
• Kenya Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal