Paul Nitze

Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was an American politician who served as United States Deputy Secretary of Defense, U.S. Secretary of the Navy, and Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. State Department. He is best known for being the principal author of NSC 68 and the co-founder of Team B. He helped shape Cold War defense policy over the course of numerous presidential administrations.

Paul Nitze
12th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
In office
July 1, 1967 – January 20, 1969
PresidentLyndon B. Johnson
Preceded byCyrus Vance
Succeeded byDavid Packard
54th United States Secretary of the Navy
In office
November 29, 1963 – June 30, 1967
PresidentLyndon B. Johnson
Preceded byFred Korth
Succeeded byPaul R. Ignatius
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs
In office
January 29, 1961 – November 29, 1963
PresidentJohn F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded byJohn N. Irwin II
Succeeded byWilliam Bundy
Director of Policy Planning
In office
January 1, 1950[1] – May 28, 1953
PresidentHarry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byGeorge F. Kennan
Succeeded byRobert R. Bowie
Personal details
Born
Paul Henry Nitze

(1907-01-16)January 16, 1907
Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedOctober 19, 2004(2004-10-19) (aged 97)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Spouse(s)
Phyllis Pratt
​
(
m. 1932; died 1987)

Elisabeth Scott Porter
​
(
m. 1993; his death 2004)
EducationHarvard University (BA)

Early life, education and family

Nitze was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, the son of Anina Sophia (Hilken), a homemaker, and William Albert Nitze, a professor of Romance linguistics who concluded his career at the University of Chicago.[2][3] His parents were both of German descent. His ancestors came from the region of Magdeburg in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. In his memoir, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, Paul Nitze describes how as a young boy he witnessed the outbreak of World War I while he was traveling in Germany with his father, mother, and sister, arriving in Munich just in time to be struck by the city crowds' patriotic enthusiasm for the imminent conflict.

Nitze attended The Hotchkiss School, where he was a member of the class of 1924 and the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. He graduated from Harvard University in 1928 and entered the field of investment banking.

In 1928 and 1929, the Chicago brokerage firm of Bacon, Whipple and Company sent Nitze to Europe. Upon his return, he heard Clarence Dillon predict the Great Depression and the decline of the importance of finance. Having attained financial independence through the sale to Revlon of his interest in a French laboratory producing pharmaceutical products in the United States, Nitze took an intellectual sabbatical that included a year of graduate study at Harvard in sociology, philosophy, and constitutional and international law. In 1929 he joined investment bank Dillon, Read & Co. where he remained until founding his own firm, P. H. Nitze & Co, in 1938. He returned to Dillon, Read as Vice-President from 1939 through to 1941.[4]

In 1932, he married Phyllis Pratt, daughter of John Teele Pratt, a Standard Oil financier, and of Ruth Baker Pratt, Republican Congresswoman for New York. She died in 1987. They had four children: Heidi, Peter, William, and Phyllis Anina (Nina). The journalist Nicholas Thompson, who wrote a biography of Nitze and George F. Kennan, is his grandson.[5] He was married to Elisabeth Scott Porter from 1993 until his death in 2004.

Nitze's brother-in-law, Walter Paepcke, founded the Aspen Institute and Aspen Skiing Company. Nitze continued to ski in Aspen until well into his 80s.

Political career

Nitze entered government service during World War II after having been hired by his Wall Street colleague James Forrestal when Forrestal became an administrative assistant to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In 1942, he became finance director of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs,[6] working for Nelson Rockefeller. In 1943 he became chief of the Metals and Minerals Branch of the Board of Economic Warfare, until he was named director, Foreign Procurement and Development Branch of the Foreign Economic Administration later that year. From 1944 to 1946, Nitze served as director and then as Vice Chairman of the Strategic Bombing Survey for which President Harry S. Truman awarded him the Legion of Merit. One of his early government assignments was to visit Japan in the immediate aftermath of the nuclear attacks and assess the damage. This experience framed many of his later feelings about the power of nuclear weapons and the necessity of arms control.

In the early postwar era, he served in the Truman Administration as Director of Policy Planning for the State Department (1950–1953). He was also the principal author in 1950 of the highly influential but secret National Security Council policy paper, NSC 68, which provided the strategic outline for increased US expenditures to counter the perceived threat of Soviet armament.

From 1953 to 1961, Nitze served as president of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation while concurrently serving as associate of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research and the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of the Johns Hopkins University. In 1956 he attended the Project Nobska anti-submarine warfare conference, where discussion ranged from oceanography to nuclear weapons.[7]

Nitze co-founded the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) with Christian Herter in 1943 and the world-renowned graduate school, based in Washington, D.C., is named in his honor. His publications during this period include U.S. Foreign Policy: 1945–1955. In 1961, President Kennedy appointed Nitze Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In 1963, Nitze became the Secretary of the Navy, serving until 1967. According to the US Navy[8] "as the Navy secretary, he raised the level of attention given to quality of Service issues. His many achievements included establishing the first Personnel Policy Board and retention task force (the Alford Board), and obtaining targeted personnel bonuses. He lengthened commanding officer tours and raised command responsibility pay."

Following his term as Secretary of the Navy, he served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967–1969), as a member of the US delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1969–1973). Later, fearing Soviet rearmament, he opposed the ratification of SALT II (1979).

Paul Nitze was a cofounder of Team B, a 1970s intelligence think tank that challenged the National Intelligence Estimates provided by the CIA. The Team B reports became the intellectual foundation for the idea of "the window of vulnerability" and of the massive arms buildup that began toward the end of the Carter administration and accelerated under President Ronald Reagan. Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed new weapons of mass destruction and had aggressive strategies with regard to a potential nuclear war. Team B's analysis of Soviet weapon systems was later believed to be largely exaggerated.

According to Anne Cahn of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1977–1980), "if you go through most of Team B's specific allegations about weapons systems, and you just examine them one by one, they were all wrong." Nonetheless, some still claim that its conclusions about Soviet strategical aims were largely proven to be true, but this hardly squares with the elevation of Gorbachev in 1985.[9] Nitze was President Ronald Reagan's chief negotiator of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1981–1984). In 1984, Nitze was named Special Advisor to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control.

For more than forty years, Nitze was one of the chief architects of US policy toward the Soviet Union.

Awards and honors
President Ronald Reagan presents Paul Nitze with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Also pictured: Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter. The East Room of the White House, Washington, D.C., 7 November 1985. Photograph courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

In 1985 President Reagan awarded Nitze the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contributions to the freedom and security of the United States.

In 1989, Nitze received the US Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[10]

In 1991, he was awarded the prestigious United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to the Academy's ideals of "Duty, Honor, Country".[11][6]

In 1997, Nitze was awarded the Naval Heritage Award by the US Navy Memorial Foundation for his support of the US Navy while he was Secretary of the Navy.

Death and legacy

Nitze died in Washington, D.C., at age 97 in October 2004.[12]

Offices and positions held

Quotes
  • "I have been around at a time when important things needed to be done."
  • "One of the most dangerous forms of human error is forgetting what one is trying to achieve."[13]
gollark: Normally you would use something something interrupts.
gollark: I think you'd probably *not* want to do that on a Pi running Linux? That sounds very real time.
gollark: Actually, C++ compilers are sentient AI.
gollark: So you *do* do dynamic memory allocation‽!‽‽‽‽⸘
gollark: ```c#include <stdint.h>#include <stddef.h>static uintptr_t MEMPOS = 1;void* malloc(size_t size) { uintptr_t bees = MEMPOS; MEMPOS += size; return (void*)bees;}void free(void* ptr) { *(char**)ptr = "hello please do not use this address";}```

See also
  • Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War

References
  1. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/po/12112.htm
  2. "Nitze, Paul Henry - The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives - Encyclopedia.com".
  3. "Guide to the Elizabeth H. Paepcke Papers 1889-1994".
  4. "Paul Nitze". The Times. October 22, 2004.
  5. Interview with Thompson on "New Books in History"
  6. "Paul H. Nitze". The Telegraph. 21 October 2004.
  7. Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 109–114. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.
  8. "DDG-94 Nitze". globalsecurity.org. globalsecurity.org. 7 May 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  9. Tanenhaus, Sam (November 11, 2003). "The Hard Liner". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
  10. "National - Jefferson Awards Foundation". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2013-08-05.
  11. "Namesake".
  12. Berger, Marilyn (2004-10-20). "Paul Nitze, Cold War Strategist, Dies at 97". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  13. "Paul Nitze Quotes at BrainyQuote".

This article incorporates public domain text from the United States Navy.

Library resources about
Paul Nitze
By Paul Nitze
Government offices
Preceded by
Paul B. Fay (acting)		 Secretary of the Navy
November 29, 1963 – June 30, 1967		 Succeeded by
Charles F. Baird (acting)
Political offices
Preceded by
Cyrus Vance		 United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
1967–1969		 Succeeded by
David Packard
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