John W. Foster

John Watson Foster (March 2, 1836 – November 15, 1917) was an American diplomat and military officer, as well as a lawyer and journalist. His highest public office was U.S. Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison, although he also proved influential as a lawyer in technically private practice in the international relations sphere.

John Foster
32nd United States Secretary of State
In office June 29, 1892 – February 23, 1893
President	Benjamin Harrison
Preceded by	James G. Blaine
Succeeded by	Walter Q. Gresham
United States Minister to Spain
In office June 16, 1883 – August 28, 1885
President	Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland
Preceded by	Hannibal Hamlin
Succeeded by	Jabez Curry
United States Minister to Russia
In office June 11, 1880 – August 1, 1881
President	Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield
Preceded by	Edwin W. Stoughton
Succeeded by	William H. Hunt
United States Minister to Mexico
In office June 16, 1873 – March 2, 1880
President	Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes
Preceded by	Thomas H. Nelson
Succeeded by	Philip H. Morgan
Personal details
Born	John Watson Foster (1836-03-02)March 2, 1836 Petersburg, Indiana, U.S.
Died	November 15, 1917(1917-11-15) (aged 81) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Mary Parke McFerson (1859–1917)
Children	2
Education	Indiana University, Bloomington (BA) Harvard University
Military service
Allegiance	United States  • Union
Branch/service	United States Army  • Union Army
Years of service	1861–1865
Rank	Colonel
Battles/wars	American Civil War

Early life

Foster was born on March 2, 1836, in Petersburg, Indiana, and raised in Evansville, Indiana. He was the son of Matthew Watson, an Indiana farmer, and the former Eleanor Foster (née Johnson). He graduated from the fledgling Indiana University in 1855, but decided not to become a preacher as his parents hoped. Instead, Foster attended Harvard Law School, then moved to Cincinnati, Ohio to begin his legal career.

In 1861, Foster volunteered in the Union Army in the American Civil War.[1] Initially commissioned as a major, he rose to the rank of colonel, serving with the 25th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, the 65th Indiana Volunteer Mounted Infantry and the 136th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. Foster's troops became the first to enter Knoxville, Tennessee after the successful campaign by General Ambrose Burnside.

Foster was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States - a military society of officers who had served in the Union armed forces during the Civil War.

After the war, Foster returned to Indiana and (in addition to his legal practice) edited the Evansville Daily Journal. He used the paper to promote the Republican Party from 1865 to 1869.

Washington career

Foster moved to Washington, D.C. under Republican President Ulysses S. Grant, as well as had a summer home in Watertown, New York. As a reward for his political service after the Republican Party split in 1872 as a result of scandals and rampant corruption in Grant's first administration (which even reached Vice President Schuyler Colfax and which had caused reformers to nominate Horace Greeley in futile opposition to Grant's second term), successive Republican Presidents Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes and James A. Garfield appointed Foster the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico (1873–1880), then to Russia (1880–1881). President Chester A. Arthur made Foster the United States Ambassador to Spain (1883–1885).

In Benjamin Harrison's administration, Foster served as a State Department "trouble shooter" before becoming Secretary of State for the final six months of Harrison's term (from June 29, 1892, to February 23, 1893). As such, Foster replaced James Gillespie Blaine, who had succumbed to Bright's disease, of which he later died. As Secretary of State, Foster "helped direct the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy."[2]^:11

After leaving public office, Foster remained in Washington and invented a new type of legal practice, lobbying for large "corporations seeking favors in Washington and chances to expand abroad."[2]^:12 Foster also used his government and political contacts to secure legal fees as counsel to several foreign legations. He also continued to serve Presidents part-time on diplomatic missions. As such, Foster negotiated trade agreements with eight countries, brokered a treaty with Britain and Russia concerning seal hunting in the Bering Sea, and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895 (technically as legal consultant and commissioner for the Qing Dynasty in which China recognized Korean independence as well as ceded Taiwan to the victorious Japanese after the First Sino-Japanese War.[2]^:12[3]

In 1903, Foster published American diplomacy in the Orient, followed in 1904 by Arbitration and the Hague Court. In 1906, he wrote The practice of diplomacy as illustrated in the foreign relations of the United States.[4] These are among the many books written by John Watson Foster.

Family

Three of Foster's children never reached adulthood. Foster sent his son to Princeton. Foster doted on his daughters' grandchildren, regaling them with tales of life on the frontier as well as in foreign lands (of which he retained many curios). His daughter Edith Foster married Presbyterian minister Allen Macy Dulles, and their children included John Foster Dulles (who also became a U.S. Secretary of State) and Allen Welsh Dulles, (Director of Central Intelligence). Foster's daughter Eleanor married State Department legal advisor Robert Lansing (who later also served as U.S. Secretary of State); their niece Eleanor Lansing Dulles became an economist and diplomat.[1] Foster is also the great-grandfather of the noted Catholic convert and theologian Cardinal Avery Dulles.

Death and legacy

Foster died in Washington, D.C. on November 15, 1917. His body was returned to Evansville, Indiana, where it remains in Oak Hill Cemetery, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Vanderburgh County.

See also

• Devine, Michael (1981). John W. Foster: Politics and Diplomacy in the Imperial Era, 1837–1917. London: The Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-0437-7.

References

1. "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Watson Foster". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
2. Kinzer, Steven (2013). The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. Times Books.
3. "John W. Foster". Internet Accuracy Project. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
4. Foster, John Watson (1906). The practice of diplomacy as illustrated in the foreign relations of the United States. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.

External links

• Works by John W. Foster at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Thomas H. Nelson	U.S. Minister to Mexico 1873–1880	Succeeded by Philip H. Morgan
Preceded by Edwin W. Stoughton	U.S. Minister to Russia 1880–1881	Succeeded by William H. Hunt
Preceded by Hannibal Hamlin	U.S. Minister to Spain 1883–1885	Succeeded by Jabez L. M. Curry
Political offices
Preceded by James G. Blaine	U.S. Secretary of State Served under: Benjamin Harrison 1892–1893	Succeeded by Walter Q. Gresham