Chinkara

The chinkara (Gazella bennettii), also known as the Indian gazelle, is a gazelle species native to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.[1]

This article is about the animal. For India based automobile manufacturer, see Chinkara Motors.

Chinkara
A male chinkara at Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Antilopinae
Genus: Gazella
Species:
G. bennettii[2]
Binomial name
Gazella bennettii[2]
(Sykes, 1831)
Distribution map of chinkara

Taxonomy

The following six subspecies are considered valid:[2][3]

Characteristics
G. b. fuscifrons of Balochistan

It stands at 65 cm (26 in) tall and weighs about 23 kg (51 lb). It has a reddish-buff summer coat with smooth, glossy fur. In winter, the white belly and throat fur is in greater contrast. The sides of the face have dark chestnut stripes from the corner of the eye to the muzzle, bordered by white stripes. Its horns reach over 39 cm (15 in).[6]

Distribution and habitat

Chinkara live in arid plains and hills, deserts, dry scrub and light forests. They inhabit more than 80 protected areas in India. In Pakistan, they range up to elevations of 1,500 m (4,900 ft). In Iran, they inhabit the Kavir National Park.[7]

In 2001, the Indian chinkara population was estimated at 100,000 with 80,000 living in the Thar Desert. The population in Pakistan is scattered, and has been severely reduced by hunting. Also in Iran, the population is fragmented. In Afghanistan, chinkaras are probably very rare.[7]

Ecology

Chinkaras are shy and avoid human habitation. They can go without water for long periods and can get sufficient fluids from plants and dew droplets that get deposited on the plant surface in the night. Although most are seen alone, they can sometimes be spotted in groups of up to four animals. They share their habitat with several other herbivores, such as nilgai, blackbuck, chausingha, wild goat, and wild boar.

Chinkaras mate once a year. Males compete for access to females.

Chinkaras are preyed upon by leopards, Bengal tigers, Asiatic lions and dholes. The chinkara was a common prey of the Asiatic cheetah in India alongside blackbucks. Outside protected areas they may be attacked by pariah dogs, and both wolves and golden jackals are also known to hunt them.[8]

Conservation

The chinkara occurs in over 80 protected areas in India.[9] In January 2016, the Karnataka government issued a notification to establish a sanctuary especially for chinkara in the Yadahalli village in the Bagalkot district of the state. This region shelters a major population of chinkara.[10] The Karnataka Government also notified the Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in Tumakuru district in May 2019.[11] The chinkara is protected in nine areas of Iran and five of Pakistan.[1]

Threats

The chinkara is threatened by extensive hunting for meat and trophies in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. Other threats include habitat loss due to agricultural and industrial expansion. The status in these countries is unclear. Around 1,300 individuals occur in Iran. However, the situation in India is not so grim; in 2001, populations were estimated at over one million in the country, of which nearly 80,000 occur in the Thar desert, with a stable population trend. Since 2003, it has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.[1]

In 1993, a controversy erupted when the Gujarat government issued a decree to denotify the Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, that contains a small population of chinkara, to allow mining of lignite, limestone, bentonite and bauxite inside the sanctuary. This was, however, rejected by the Gujarat High Court, and the sanctuary was restored to its earlier limits.[9][12]

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References
  1. Mallon, D. P. (2008). "Gazella bennettii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 536. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. "Chinkara, Chinkara Gazelle, Indian Gazelle, Ravine-Deer". Mammals' Planet. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  4. David P. Mallon, Steven Charles Kingswood (2001). Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. IUCN The World Conservation Union. p. 117. Retrieved 17 December 2016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. Colin Groves, Peter Grubb (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 174. Retrieved 17 December 2016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. Prater, S. H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals. Oxford University Press, 2005 reprint.
  7. Mallon, D. P. and S. C. Kingswood (eds.) (2001). Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
  8. McCart, Dylan. "Gazella bennettii-Indian Gazelle". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  9. Mallon, D.P.; Kingswood, S.C.; East, R.D. (2001). Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. p. 185. ISBN 9782831705941.
  10. Prabhu, N. (2016). "State gets first chinkara sanctuary". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  11. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-chinkara-sanctuary-at-tumakuru-notified/articleshow/69379884.cms
  12. Kumar, S. (1995). "Mining digs deep into India's wildlife refuges". New Scientist. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
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