Yellow-backed duiker

The yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus silvicultor) is a forest dwelling antelope in the order Artiodactyla from the family Bovidae. Yellow-backed duikers are the most widely distributed of all duikers. They are found mainly in Central and Western Africa, ranging from Senegal to Western Uganda with possibly a few in Gambia. Their range also extends southward into Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire, and most of Zambia.[2]

Yellow-backed duiker
C. s. silvicultor at Disney's Animal Kingdom

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Genus: Cephalophus
Species:
C. silvicultor
Binomial name
Cephalophus silvicultor
(Afzelius, 1815)
Synonyms[2]
  • Antilope sylvicultrix (Afzelius, 1815)
  • C. punctulatus Gray, 1850
  • C. sclateri Jentink, 1901
  • C. sylvicultor Thomas, 1892

Taxonomy and etymology

The scientific name of the yellow-backed duiker is Cephalophus sylvicultor. It is the type species of Cephalophus, and placed in the subfamily Cephalophinae and family Bovidae. The species was first described by English botanist Adam Afzelius in the journal Nova Acta Regiæ Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis in 1815.[3] The generic name has possibly originated from the combination of the New Latin word cephal, meaning head, and the Greek word lophos, meaning crest.[4] The specific name silvicultor is composed by two Latin words: silva, meaning wood, and cultus, which relates to cultivation. This refers to its habitat.[2]

In 1981, Colin Groves and Peter Grubb identified three subgenera of Cephalophus : Cephalophula, Cephalpia and Cephalophus. They classified C. silvicultor under the third subgenus along with C. spadix (Abbott's duiker), C. dorsalis (bay duiker) and C. jentinki (Jentink's duiker). This subgenus is characterized by minimal sexual dimorphism and spotted coats (of juveniles). C. silvicultor forms a superspecies with C. spadix.[5]

Four subspecies are recognised:[6]

  • C. s. curticeps Grubb and Groves, 2002
  • C. s. longiceps Gray, 1865
  • C. s. ruficrista Bocage, 1869
  • C. s. silvicultor (Afzelius, 1815)

Description
Skull of a yellow-backed duiker

Yellow-backed duikers have a convex body shape, standing taller at the rump than the shoulders. They have very short horns, 8.5 to 21 cm (3.3 to 8.3 in) in length,[7] which are cylindrical and ribbed at the base.[2] An orange crest of hair can be found between their horns.[8] Yellow-backed duikers get their name from the characteristic patch of yellow hairs on their rump, which stand when the duiker is alarmed or feels threatened. Yellow-backed duiker females often grow to be slightly larger than males.[2] Coloration is very similar between sexes and very little sexual dimorphism exists.[8] The head-and-body length is 115 to 145 cm (45 to 57 in), with a short tail measuring 11 to 18 cm (4.3 to 7.1 in).[7] The yellow-backed duiker weighs in at about 60–80 kg, making it the largest of its genus. It has a large mouth, throat and jaw musculature.[9]

Ecology

Habitat and behavior

Yellow-backed duikers are mainly forest dwelling and live in semi-deciduous forests, rain forests, riparian forests, and montane forests. However, they can be found in open bush, isolated forest islands, and clearings on the savanna as well.[2] Their convex body shape is well-suited for forest living. It allows for quick movement through thick forest and bush and is reflective of ungulates accustomed to diving quickly into the underbrush for cover.[2] In fact, duiker is the Afrikaans word for "diver."[10]

Duikers are very flighty and easily stressed, and when frightened or pursued will run almost blindly from a threat. At the Los Angeles Zoo, duikers were found to run headlong into the glass of their enclosures if startled. In captivity, duikers have been known to form stress-induced jaw abscesses.[10]

Yellow-backed duikers are active at all times of the day and night.[9] They live mainly solitarily or in couples, rarely in even small herds.[2] Their elusive habits mean that very little is known about their ecology and demography compared to other ungulates.[11]

The yellow-backed duiker can breed throughout the year, with many breeding two times each year.[7] The female gives birth to one oro (two offspring after a gestation period of 4 to 7 months). The calf remains hidden during the first week of life and is weaned at 3 to 5 months after birth. Sexual maturity happens at 12 to 18 months in the male, and at 9 to 12 months in the female.[7]

The lifespan is 10 to 12 years in the wild, while 22.5 years in the captivity.[7]

Diet

These forest dwelling antelope feed selectively on plants or plant parts such as shoots, roots, leaves, and buds, but their diet is mainly made up of fruits.[2] The yellow-backed duiker is more efficient at digesting poor quality food than most other duiker species. This allows them to eat large, low quality fruits.[9] Their diet makes them very hard to keep in captivity as most domesticated fruits are not well suited to their low fiber requirements. They are considered concentrate selectors, meaning they eat "diets relatively low in fiber, have a well developed ability to forage selectively, a rumen bypass, a rapid passage and high fermentation rate for starch, and they frequently encounter toxins."[10]

Phylogeny

Duikers are very primitive antelope which diverged early in bovid history.[8] The genus Cephalophus contains 16 African bovids of which the yellow-backed duiker is the largest.[8] Cephalophus refers to the long crest of hair found between their horns.[10] The yellow-backed duiker is most closely related to the Abbot's duiker and the Jentink's duiker. These three form the large or "giant" duikers group.[8] The yellow-backed duiker belongs to a group of morphologically, ecologically, and behaviorally convergent mammals which also includes some artiodactyls, rodents, and lagomorphs which exhibit "microcursorial adaptive syndrome."[2] This means they have tropical to subtropical distribution along with small body size, swift, cursorial locomotion, browse on high energy food, have precocial young, and a "facultatively monogamous social structure."[2]

Bushmeat hunting

Duikers are the most heavily hunted species across forested West and Central Africa.[11] It is not only a vital food source for people living close to its habitats [11] but a vital source of income as well.[9] The animal's flighty, easy-to-scare nature causes the yellow-backed duiker to freeze up in torchlight which makes them very easy to hunt at night. When the animal is stunned by torchlight, hunters can almost walk right up to it.[9] This puts the yellow-backed duiker and its relatives at major risk for overhunting. Some scientists even project that by the year 2020 they may be at serious risk.[11] IUCN currently puts the yellow-backed duiker's status at near threatened but if current trends continue, "the yellow-backed duiker's distribution will become increasingly fragmented and its status will eventually become threatened."[1] It is thought that the yellow-backed duiker may already be locally extinct in the Oban Sector of the Cross River National Park in the Oban Hills Region of Nigeria.[11] The loss of this species may have many impacts due to the yellow-backed duiker's numerous ecological responsibilities. They not only make up a main source of food for many indigenous peoples, but they also act as seed dispersing agents for various plants, and prey items for many carnivores.[11]

gollark: Wait, is that a 1, `l` or `I`?
gollark: What were they?
gollark: CB chrono xeno which I probably shouldn't have picked up is coming off cooldown in 5 hours. If anyone wants it, ask me or something.
gollark: Thanks for the celestial!
gollark: ***mine***

References
  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus silvicultor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4150A50184147. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4150A50184147.en.
  2. Lumpkin, S.; Kranz, K.R. (1984). "Cephalophus sylvicultor" (PDF). Mammalian Species (225): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3503848. JSTOR 3503848. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  3. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 714. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. "Cephalophus". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  5. Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (1981). "A systematic revision of duikers (Cephalophini, Artiodactyla)". African Small Mammal Newsletter, Spec. 4: 35.
  6. "Cephalophus silvicultor". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  7. DeWitt, K. "Yellow-backed duiker". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  8. Kranz, II. Lumpkin, Karl R., II. Lumpkin (1982). "Notes on the yellow-backed duiker" (PDF). Department of Zoological Research. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
  9. Newing, Helen (2001-01-01). "Bushmeat hunting and management: implications of duiker ecology and interspecific competition". Biodiversity & Conservation. 10 (1): 99–118. doi:10.1023/A:1016671524034. ISSN 0960-3115.
  10. Barnes, R.; Greene, K.; Holland, J.; Lamm, M. (2002). "Management and husbandry of duikers at the Los Angeles Zoo". Zoo Biology. 21 (2): 107–121. doi:10.1002/zoo.10020. PMC 7165532.
  11. Jimoh, S; Ikyaagba, E; Alarape, A; Adeyemi, A; Waltert, M (2013). "Local depletion of two larger duikers in the Oban Hills Region, Nigeria". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (2): 228–234. doi:10.1111/aje.12027.
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