Siberian roe deer

The Siberian roe deer or eastern roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) is a species of roe deer found in northeastern Asia. In addition to Siberia and Mongolia, it is found in Kazakhstan, the Tian Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan, eastern Tibet, the Korean Peninsula, and northeastern China (Manchuria).

Siberian roe deer
Siberian roe deer at the Daursky Nature Reserve

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Subfamily: Capreolinae
Genus: Capreolus
Species:
C. pygargus
Binomial name
Capreolus pygargus
(Pallas, 1771) [2]
Subspecies
  • Capreolus pygargus pygargus
  • Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus
Range of genus Capreolus

Its specific name pygargus, literally "white-rumped", is shared by the pygarg, an antelope known in the antiquity. The name was chosen by the German biologist Peter Simon Pallas in the late 18th century.[3] The roe deer has long antlers.

Taxonomy

The Siberian roe deer was once considered by some as the same species as the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), but it is now considered to be separate.[4]

The two subspecies of Siberian roe deer are C. p. pygargus and C. p. tianshanicus (named for the Tian Shan mountains).

Description

The Siberian roe deer is a moderately sized metacarpalian deer, with a long neck and large ears. It is typically up to 146 cm (4.8 ft) in body length and 59 kg (130 lb) in weight, making it larger than C.capreolus where populations from Ural and Northern Kazakhstan are the largest on average, followed by those from Transbaikal, Amur, and Primolskil regions.[5][6][7] It has larger antlers with more branches than those of European roe deer. Roe deer generally live about 8–12 years, with a maximum of about 18 years. In winter the northern populations exhibit light gray coloring, but their southern counterparts are grayish brown and ochraceous.[8] The belly is creamy and the caudal patch is white. In the summer, their coloring is reddish. Young have a spotted coat.[9] Males are larger and have three-tined antlers, widely spaced and slanting upward, which are shed in the autumn or early winter and begin to regrow shortly thereafter.[10]

Distribution and habitat

Siberian roe deer are found within the temperate zone of eastern Europe and central and east Asia. Fossil records show their territory once stretched to the northern Caucasus Mountains.[11] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, their range was diminished by overhunting in eastern Europe, northern Kazakhstan, western Siberia, and northern regions of eastern Siberia. Due to a division in their range, two morphologically different subspecies resulted (Ural and Siberia).[9] The Siberian and European roe deer meet at the Caucasus Mountains with the Siberian roe deer occupying the northern flank, and the European roe deer occupying the southern flank, Asia Minor, and parts of northwestern Iran.

The Siberian roe deer has a light, slender build adapted for tall, dense grass.[8] They live in forest and steppe habitats and develop high densities in tall-grass meadows and floodplains.[12] They are adapted to severe weather extremes.[13]

It may have become naturalized in England for a short period in the early 20th century as an escapee from Woburn, but were exterminated by 1945.[14][15]

Ecology

Diet

The diet of the Siberian roe deer consists of over 600 species of plants – mostly herbaceous dicotyledons (58%), monocotyledons (16%), and woody species (22%).[16] In winter, without proper sustenance, they have a lowered metabolic rate.[17] In summer, their dietary need for sodium necessitates visits to natural salt licks.[18] Water is usually obtained through moisture-rich foods as opposed to directly from source.[19]

Behavior
Female

Roe deer can jump distances up to 15 m (49 ft), and mating occurs in August and September, and female roe deer are the only ungulates to undergo embryonic diapause.[20][21] Embryonic implantation takes place in January and gestation lasts 280–300 days.[22][23][24] Females usually have two young at a time, which are weaned after 4–5 months.[24][25] Females reach sexual maturity in their first year of age but usually do not breed until their second. Males usually mate in their third year of life.[20][22][24] The life-span the Siberian roe deer does not usually exceed 10 years.[26]

Males mark their territory with olfactory marks, using secretion glands on the head skin, which they rub against trees, shrubs, and high grasses, or with visual marks, by fraying trees with their antlers. Vocal signals are also a form of communication in Siberian roe deer. They have six signals: squeaking or whistling, rasping, barking, whining, screaming, and nonvocal sounds.[27]

Some Siberian roe deer perform mass migrations.[28]

Predation

The deer is preyed upon by the Amur leopard, lynx, snow leopard [29], Himalayan wolf [30], and tiger.[31]

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References
  1. T. Gonzalez & K. Tsytsulina (2008). "Capreolus pygargus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. "Capreolus pygargus (Pallas, 1771)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
  3. Pallas, P.S. (1793). Voyages du professeur Pallas, dans plusieurs provinces de l'Empire de Russie et dans l'Asie septentrionale (in Latin and French). p. 25.
  4. Peter Grubb (2005). "Artiodactyla: Cervidae: Capreolinae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 644–655. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  5. Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09160-9.
  6. The Roe Deer
  7. Consultants Bureau., 1988, Biology Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR., Vol.15, p.305, Akademii͡a nauk SSSR.
  8. Flerov, K. K. (1952). "The genera Moschus and Cervus". Fauna of the USSR. Mammals. Moscow-Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science Publishers.
  9. Heptner, V. G.; A. A. Nastmovich & A. G. Gannikov (1961). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Artiodactyles and Perissodactlyes (in Russian). Moscow: Vysshaja Shkola Publishers.
  10. M. N. Smirnov (1978). Roe Deer in western Trans-Baikal Area (in Russian). Novosibirsk: Nauka Publishers.
  11. Y. L. Korotkevich & A. A. Danilkin. Phylogeny, evolution and systematics. pp. 8–21 in Sokolov (1992).
  12. J. Zejda & A. A. Danilkin. Environment. pp. 86–100 in Sokolov (1992).
  13. A. A. Danilkin. Range. pp. 64–85 in Sokolov (1992).
  14. William Ling Taylor (1939). "The distribution of wild deer in England and Wales". Journal of Animal Ecology. 8 (1): 6–9. doi:10.2307/1249. JSTOR 1249.
  15. Long, John L. (2003). "Artiodactyla". Introduced Mammals of the World: their History, Distribution and Influence. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 361–534. ISBN 9780643099166.
  16. V. Holisova; R. Obrtel; I. Kozena & A. A. Danilkin. Feeding. pp. 124–139 in Sokolov (1992).
  17. Kholodova, M. V. (1986). Seasonal variations of food requirements in some ungulates. IV Congress of the All-Union Theriological Society (in Russian). 1. Moscow. pp. 367–368.
  18. Fetisov, A. S. (1953). Roe deer in East Siberia (in Russian). Irkutsk: Regional Publishing House.
  19. A. A. Danilkin & S. Dulamtseren (1981). "The roe deer in Mongolia". Okhota I Okhotnichie Khozyaistvo (in Russian). 3: 44–45.
  20. V. B. Pole (1973). "Breeding of the roe deer in Kazakhstan". Proceedings of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences' Institute of Zoology (in Russian). 34: 135–144.
  21. R. J. Aitken (1981). "Aspects of delayed implantation in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 29: 83–95. PMID 7014871.
  22. O. E. Tsaplyuk (1977). "Age-related and seasonal peculiarities of the reproduction biology of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) of Kazakhstan". Zoologicheskii Zhurnal (in Russian and English). 56: 611–618.
  23. V. S. Gromov (1986). The morphological variability, behavior and systematics of the roe deer (Ph.D. thesis) (in Russian). Moscow.
  24. C. Stubbe & A. A. Danilkin. Breeding. pp. 140–159 in Sokolov (1992).
  25. V. E. Sokolov; V. S. Gromov & A. A. Danilkin (1985). "The ontogeny of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus capreolus pygargus) behavior". Zoologicheskii Zhurnal (in Russian and English). 64: 915–926.
  26. A. A. Danilkin. Populations structure. pp. 160–184 in Sokolov (1992).
  27. Sokolov, V. E. & A. A. Danilkin (1981). The Siberian roe deer (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka Publishers.
  28. Grant Harris; et al. (Apr 2009). "Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals" (PDF). Endangered Species Research. 7: 55–76. doi:10.3354/esr00173.
  29. Lyngdoh, S.; Shrotriya, S.; Goyal, S. P., Clements, H.; Hayward, M. W.; Habib, B. (2014). "Prey preferences of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia): regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e88349. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988349L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088349. PMC 3922817. PMID 24533080.
  30. https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/0.69048700_1565775720_dietary-spectrum-in-himalayan-wolves.pdf
  31. Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 1–732.

Works cited
  • Sokolov, V. E., ed. (1992). European and Siberian roe deer (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka Publishers.
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