Charles Gore

Charles Gore CR (22 January 1853 – 17 January 1932) was the Bishop of Oxford. He was one of the most influential Anglican theologians of the 19th century, helping reconcile the church to some aspects of biblical criticism and scientific discovery, while remaining Catholic in his interpretation of the faith and sacraments. Also known for his social action, Gore became an Anglican bishop and founded the monastic Community of the Resurrection as well as co-founded the Christian Social Union. He was the chaplain to Queen Victoria and King Edward VII.[1]

For other people named Charles Gore, see Charles Gore (disambiguation).

The Right Reverend

Charles Gore

CR
Bishop of Oxford
ChurchChurch of England
ProvinceCanterbury
DioceseOxford
Appointed17 October 1911 (confirmed)
Term ended1 July 1919
PredecessorFrancis Paget
SuccessorHubert Burge
Other posts
Orders
Ordination
  • December 1876 (diaconal)
  • December 1878 (presbyteral)
Consecration23 February 1902
Personal details
Born(1853-01-22)22 January 1853
Wimbledon, London, England
Died17 January 1932(1932-01-17) (aged 78)
Kensington, London, England
NationalityEnglish
DenominationAnglicanism
Parents
  • Charles Alexander Gore
  • Augusta Lavinia Priscilla Gore (née Ponsonby)
Alma materBalliol College, Oxford
Sainthood
Feast day17 January 16 January
Venerated inChurch of England, Episcopal Church (United States)

Early life and career

Charles Gore was born on 22 January 1853 into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family[2] as the third son of Hon. Charles Alexander Gore (1811-1897),[3] grandson of Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran,[4] and Lady Augusta Lavinia Priscilla, a daughter of John William Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough.[5] His brother Spencer was the first winner of the Wimbledon Championships.

Gore was raised in a low-church Anglican family[6] and was confirmed by the church at the age of eight years.[7] He was attracted to the high-church sacramental tradition and ritualism of Anglo-Catholicism at a young age,[8] later writing "I have since my childhood been what I may call a Catholic by mental constitution".[2] Around the age of nine years, he read Grace Kennedy's anti-Catholic novel Father Clement.[9] The book served as his introduction to the high-church tradition and, instead of having his Protestantism reinforced as the author had intended, he found himself entranced by the Catholic tradition.[10] He would later write of it:

I had been brought up in ordinary old-fashioned English Church ways. I had only attended very Low Church services. I had never heard of the Oxford Movement. I knew nothing about Catholicism, except as a strange superstition called Popery. But the book described confession and absolution, fasting, the Real Presence, the devotion of the Three Hours, the use of incense, etc., and I felt instinctively, and at once, that this sort of sacramental religion was the religion for me.

— Crosse 1932, ch. 1

In his evidence given before the Ecclesiastical Discipline Commission in 1905 he said:

I was what people call a ritualist from the time I was a boy, and I have been more interested I suppose in this subject through all the time of my growing up into manhood than in almost any other ... I love, as I hardly love anything in the world physically, except the beauties of nature, that type and kind of ceremonial worship, which is called ritualistic by many people and Catholic by its maintainers. It appears to me personally to be the one kind of ceremonial worship which really expresses my feelings, and in which I feel really at home.[11]

In his adolescence, he began attending churches "that offered a richer sacramental ceremonial."[12]

Gore's parents sent him to Harrow School, London, in 1866, where he excelled academically.[13] He then went to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1871, where he supported the trade-union movement.[14] He graduated from Oxford in 1875 with a first-class degree in literae humaniores.[5]

In 1875, Gore was elected a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford,[15] and he lectured there from 1876 to 1880.[16] Gore was ordained to the Anglican diaconate in December 1876 and to the priesthood in December 1878.[5] From 1880 to 1883, he served as vice-principal of Cuddesdon Theological College.[17] He received Honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees from various universities, including University of Athens, University of Birmingham, University of Oxford, Durham University, and University of Edinburgh.[1]

Theologian at Pusey House

When, in 1884, Pusey House was founded at Oxford, in part as a memorial to Edward Bouverie Pusey, and as a home for Pusey's library, Gore was appointed as principal, a position he held until 1893.[18] As Principal of Pusey House, he exercised wide influence over undergraduates and the younger clergy and it was largely under this influence that the Oxford Movement underwent a change which to surviving Tractarians seemed to involve a break with its basic principles. Puseyism had been in the highest degree conservative, basing itself on authority and tradition and repudiating compromise with the modern critical and liberalising spirit. Gore, starting from the same basis of faith and authority, found from experience in dealing with the doubts and difficulties of the younger generation that this uncompromising attitude was untenable and set himself the task of reconciling the principle of authority in religion with that of scientific authority, by attempting to define the boundaries of their respective spheres of influence. To him the divine authority of the Catholic Church was an axiom.

In 1889, he published two works, the larger of which, The Church and the Ministry, is a learned vindication of the principle of apostolic succession in the episcopate against the Presbyterians and other Reformed church bodies, while the second, Roman Catholic Claims, is a defence, in more popular form, of Anglicanism and Anglican ordinations and sacraments against the criticisms of Roman Catholic authorities.[15]

So far Gore's published views had been in consonance with those of the older Tractarians, but in 1890 a stir was created by the publication, under his editorship, of Lux Mundi, a series of essays by different writers attempting to bring the Christian creed into a harmonious relation to the modern growth of knowledge, scientific, historic, critical, and to modern problems of politics and ethics. Gore himself contributed an essay on "The Holy Spirit and Inspiration" and, from the tenth edition, one of Gore's sermons, "On the Christian Doctrine of Sin", was included as an appendix. The book, which ran through twelve editions in little over a year, met with a mixed reception. Traditional clerics, both Evangelicals and Tractarians, were alarmed by views on the incarnate nature of Christ which seemed to them to impugn his divinity and, by concessions to the higher criticism in the matter of the inspiration of scripture, appeared to them to convert the "impregnable rock" (as Gladstone had called it) into a foundation of sand. Sceptics, however, were not impressed by a system of defence which seemed to draw an artificial line beyond which criticism was not to advance. The book nonetheless produced a profound effect far beyond the borders of the Anglican churches and it is largely due to its influence, and to that of the school it represents, that the Anglican high church movement developed on Modernist rather than Tractarian lines from then on.

Bampton Lectures, Radley parish, and Westminster Abbey

In 1891 Gore was chosen to deliver the Bampton Lectures, and he took for his subject the "Incarnation of Christ". In these published lectures, Gore developed the theology of Lux Mundi, attempting to explain how Christ, though incarnate God, could err (for example, in his citations from the Old Testament). The orthodox explanation had been based on the religious principle of accommodation. This, however, had not solved the difficulty that if Christ on earth was not subject to human limitations, especially of knowledge, he was not as other men, not subject to their trials and temptations. Gore addressed this through revisiting the Kenotic Theory of the Incarnation. Theologians had attempted to explain what Paul the Apostle meant when he wrote of Christ (Philippians 2:7) that he emptied himself (kenosis) and took upon him the form of a servant. According to Gore this means that Christ on his incarnation, although sinless, became subject to all human limitations and stripped himself of all attributes of Godhead, including omniscience, the divine nature being hidden under the human.[19]

The Bampton Lectures led to a tense situation, which Gore relieved in 1893 by resigning his principalship of Pusey House and accepting the position of vicar of Radley parish near Oxford.

In 1894 Gore became a canon of Westminster Abbey.[18] Here he gained commanding influence as a preacher[20] and in 1898 was appointed one of the court chaplains. In July 1901 he was appointed a Chaplain-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII,[21] though he resigned as such on elevation as bishop in January 1902.[22]

Community of the Resurrection
See also: Community of the Resurrection

In 1892, while Principal of Pusey House, Gore founded a clerical fraternity, known as the Society of the Resurrection. The society became a religious community and he became its first superior, only resigning when appointed as Bishop of Worcester in 1902. Its members were Anglican priests bound by the obligation of celibacy, living under a common Benedictine rule and with a common purse. Their work was pastoral, evangelistic, literary and educational. The community followed Gore to Radley in 1893, most of them remaining there when he moved to London in 1894. In 1898 the House of the Resurrection in Mirfield, near Huddersfield, became the centre of the community. The Community later also admitted lay brothers, and its monastic character became more central, moving closer to the Benedictine tradition.

Although the community followed a liturgical day familiar to Roman Catholic monks, Gore and the other founders wanted it to engage in social action. Five of the six founding members belonged to the Christian Social Union, hence the decision to settle in the industrial north, between Wakefield and Huddersfield.[23]

In 1903 a college for training candidates for the Anglican priesthood, the College of the Resurrection, was established in Mirfield and, in the same year, a branch house for missionary work was set up in Johannesburg in South Africa.

Bishop in Worcester, Birmingham, and Oxford

In November 1901 Gore was nominated to succeed J. J. S. Perowne as Bishop of Worcester.[24] The appointment caused some controversy, due to his teachings and relationship to the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury (he was a cousin of Lord Salisbury's daughter-in-law).[16] The Church Association and the Liverpool Laymen's League were among societies lodging formal protests before his confirmation.[25] After subsequent legal hearings, Gore was consecrated as Bishop at Lambeth Palace on 23 February 1902,[26] and enthroned at Worcester Cathedral two days later on 25 February.[27]

Gore in 1902

He received the degree Doctor of Divinity from the University of Oxford in December 1901,[28] and was elected an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in May 1902.[29]

In 1905 Gore was installed as the first Bishop of Birmingham, a new see, which he had helped to create by dividing his see of Worcester.[30] The second parish church of Birmingham, St Philip, became the cathedral.[31] While adhering to his views on the divine institution of episcopacy as essential to the Christian Church, Gore from the first cultivated friendly relations with the ministers of other Christian denominations and advocated co-operation with them in all matters when agreement was possible.

In social questions Gore became a leader of the group of high Anglicans known loosely as Christian socialists. In 1889 at Pusey House Gore had helped found the Christian Social Union.[18] He worked actively against the sweating system, pleaded for European intervention in Macedonia, and in 1908 was a keen supporter of the Licensing Bill.[32]

In 1911 he succeeded Francis Paget as Bishop of Oxford and Chancellor of the Order of the Garter.

On 28 September 1917 Gore licensed 21 women as lay readers called the "Diocesan Band of Women Messengers". These were possibly the first female lay readers in the Church of England. The last one, Bessie Bangay, died in 1987 aged 98.

Retirement in London

Gore resigned in June 1919 and retired to London,[33] where he lived at 6 Margaret Street[34] as a tenant of the parochial authorities of All Saints, Margaret Street. There he remained for several years, celebrating regularly in the church and in the sisters' chapel close by, and taking his usual keen interest in the affairs of the church and parish. At the same time Gore attached himself to Grosvenor Chapel, South Audley Street, and was licensed to the Rector of St George's, Hanover Square, in whose parish that chapel stands, thus becoming for the first time in his life a licensed curate.[35]

Gore was a bundle of contradictions, an Anglo-Catholic in the Church of England whose questioning of the Old Testament produced in the 1890s a crisis for many believers. In the judgment of his biographer, Gore was a loner who thought he had a vocation to community life. He chose to be buried at Mirfield, in the church of the Community of the Resurrection, though he had never managed to be more than a visitor there.[23]

In 1929–1930, he delivered the prestigious Gifford Lectures on the topic "The Philosophy of the Good Life" at the University of St Andrews.[36]

Death and legacy

Gore died on 17 January 1932 in Kensington, London.[37] He left instructions for his body to be cremated,[38] a practice seen by some at the time as unacceptable for a Christian. Nearly three decades earlier, in a letter read at the 1903 opening ceremony of the Birmingham Crematorium, Gore had written:[39]

What I should desire when I myself die is that my body should be reduced rapidly to ashes, so that it may do no harm to the living, and then in accordance with Christian feeling be laid in the earth.

Gore's wishes provoked the Anglo-Catholic leader and politician Lord Halifax to exclaim, belatedly, "I could shake the life out of him with my own hands."[23] The ashes were taken to Mirfield in Yorkshire for burial.[38] His cope and mitre remain at the Grosvenor Chapel.[40]

Published works
Statue of Charles Gore, by Thomas Stirling Lee, outside St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham

Belief in God, Belief in Christ and The Holy Spirit and the Church were reissued in a single volume as The Reconstruction of Belief in 1926.

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References

Citations
  1. Aldrich & Gordon 2016.
  2. Crosse 1932, ch. 1.
  3. Chisholm 1911, p. 254.
  4. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 1999, vol. 1, p. 111
  5. Wilkinson 2008.
  6. Cadwell 2013, p. 205; Parker-McGee 2016, p. 12; Wilkinson 2008.
  7. Tudesco 1976, p. 274.
  8. Cadwell 2013, pp. 205–206; Parker-McGee 2016, p. 12; Tudesco 1976, p. 274.
  9. Cadwell 2013, pp. 205–206; Crosse 1932, ch. 1; Wilkinson 2008.
  10. Cadwell 2013, pp. 205–206; Wilkinson 2008.
  11. Cadwell 2013, p. 206; Crosse 1932, ch. 1.
  12. Parker-McGee 2016, p. 12.
  13. Cadwell 2013, p. 206; Tudesco 1976, p. 274.
  14. Rice 1961; Wilkinson 2008.
  15. Rice 1961.
  16. "New Bishop of Worcester". The Times (36607). London. 8 November 1901. p. 9.
  17. Chisholm 1911, p. 254; Waddell 2014, p. xiii.
  18. Lagassé 2004.
  19. Kiefer, James E. (n.d.). "Charles Gore, Bishop and Theologian". Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  20. Evans 2014, p. 314.
  21. "No. 27336". The London Gazette. 23 July 1901. pp. 4838–4839.
  22. "No. 27393". The London Gazette. 3 January 1902. p. 1.
  23. Howse, Christopher (13 November 2009). "The Levelling of Mirfield Church". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  24. "No. 27389". The London Gazette. 20 December 1901. p. 8979.
  25. "Ecclesiastical intelligence". The Times (36654). London. 2 January 1902. p. 5.
  26. "Ecclesiastical intelligence – Consecration of the Bishop of Worcester". The Times (36699). London. 24 February 1902. p. 7.
  27. "Enthronement of the Bishop of Worcester". The Times (36701). London. 26 February 1902. p. 11.
  28. "University intelligence". The Times (36631). London. 6 December 1901. p. 7.
  29. "University intelligence". The Times (36779). London. 28 May 1902. p. 12.
  30. Crosse 1932, ch. 7.
  31. Crosse 1932, ch. 8.
  32. Prestige 1935, pp. 268, 310.
  33. Waddell 2014, pp. xiii, xxv.
  34. Temple & Thom n.d., p. 26.
  35. Crosse 1932.
  36. "The Philosophy of the Good Life". The Gifford Lectures. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  37. Crosse 1932, ch. 11; Ekström 1944, p. 9.
  38. Crosse 1932, ch. 11.
  39. "Birmingham Crematorium". The Lancet. 162 (4181): 1109. 17 October 1903. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)46268-4.
  40. "Feast of Dedication". London: Grosvenor Chapel. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

Works cited
Aldrich, Richard; Gordon, Peter (2016). "Gore, Bishop Charles". Dictionary of British Educationists. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-94931-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Cadwell, Matthew Peter (2013). In Search of Anglican Comprehensiveness: A Study in the Theologies of Hooker, Maurice, and Gore (PhD thesis). Toronto: University of Toronto. hdl:1807/43415.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gore, Charles" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–255.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link) This article incorporates text from this public-domain publication.
Crosse, Gordon (1932). Charles Gore: A Biographical Sketch. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Morehouse Publishing. Retrieved 22 December 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ekström, Ragnar (1944). The Theology of Charles Gore: A Study in Modern Anglican Theology. Lund, Sweden: C.W.K. Gleerup.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Evans, G. R. (2014). Edward Hicks: Pacifist Bishop at War. Oxford: Lion Books. ISBN 978-0-7459-5655-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Lagassé, Paul, ed. (2004). "Charles Gore". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Parker-McGee, Robert Thomas (2016). Charles Gore and the Theology of Priesthood (MA thesis). Durham, England: Durham University. Retrieved 24 December 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Prestige, George Leonard (1935). The Life of Charles Gore: A Great Englishman. London: William Heinemann.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Rice, Hugh A. Lawrence (1961). The Bridge Builders: Biographical Studies in the History of Anglicanism. London: Darton, Longman & Todd.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Temple, Philip; Thom, Colin (n.d.). "Margaret Street" (PDF). Survey of London. 51–52 (draft ed.). London: University College London. Retrieved 22 December 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Tudesco, James P. (1976). "The Christian Intellectual and Social Reform: Charles Gore and the Founding of the Christian Social Union". Journal of Church and State. 18 (2): 273–288. doi:10.1093/jcs/18.2.273. ISSN 2040-4867.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Waddell, Peter (2014). Charles Gore: Radical Anglican. Norwich, England: Canterbury Press. ISBN 978-1-84825-654-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Wilkinson, Alan (2008) [2004]. "Gore, Charles (1853–1932)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33471.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
Avis, Paul D. L. (1988). Gore: Construction and Conflict. Worthing, England: Churchman Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85093-084-6.
Carpenter, James (1960). Gore: A Study in Liberal Catholic Thought. London: Faith Press. OCLC 2384440.
Gore, John (1932). Charles Gore, Father and Son: A Background to the Early Years and Family Life of Bishop Gore. London: John Murray. OCLC 462737723.
Grimes, G. F. (1992). Liberal Catholicism: Charles Gore and the Question of Authority. Latimer Studies. 40. Oxford: Latimer House. ISBN 978-0-946307-38-8.
Mansbridge, Albert (1935). Edward Stuart Talbot and Charles Gore: Witnesses to and Interpreters of the Christian Faith in Church and State. London: J. M. Dent and Sons. OCLC 3137787.
Ruotsila, Markku (2014). "The League of Nations Controversy among British Protestants". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 65 (2): 327–346. doi:10.1017/S0022046912000784. ISSN 1469-7637.
Titus, Noel F. (1967). Charles Gore and the Christology of the Early Twentieth Century (MA thesis). Durham, England: Durham University. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
Wilkinson, Alan (1992). The Community of the Resurrection: A Centenary History. London: SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-02531-3.
Church of England titles
New office Senior of the
Community of the Resurrection
1892–1902		 Succeeded by
Walter Frere
as Superior of the
Community of the Resurrection
Preceded by
John Perowne		 Bishop of Worcester
1902–1905		 Succeeded by
Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs
New title Bishop of Birmingham
1905–1911		 Succeeded by
Henry Wakefield
Preceded by
Francis Paget		 Bishop of Oxford
1911–1919		 Succeeded by
Hubert Burge
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