Channel-Port aux Basques

Channel-Port aux Basques is a town at the extreme southwestern tip of Newfoundland fronting on the western end of the Cabot Strait. A Marine Atlantic ferry terminal is located in the town which is the primary entry point onto the island of Newfoundland and the western terminus of the Newfoundland and Labrador Route 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) in the province. The town was incorporated in 1945 and its population in the 2016 census was 4,067.[2]

Channel-Port aux Basques
Town
The Channel-Port aux Basques waterfront in October 2005.
Channel-Port aux Basques
Location of Channel-Port aux Basques in Newfoundland
Channel-Port aux Basques
Channel-Port aux Basques (Canada)
Coordinates: 47°34′10″N 59°08′10″W
CountryCanada
ProvinceNewfoundland and Labrador
Incorporated1945
Government
 • TypeChannel-Port aux Basques Town Council
 • MayorJohn Spencer[1]
Area
 (2016)[2][3]
 • Total38.77 km2 (14.97 sq mi)
 • Population Centre4.89 km2 (1.89 sq mi)
Elevation
23 m (75 ft)
Population
 (2016)[2][3]
 • Total4,067
 • Density104.9/km2 (272/sq mi)
 • Population Centre
3,665
 • Population Centre density749.4/km2 (1,941/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−03:30 (NST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−02:30 (NDT)
Postal code span
A0M
Area code(s)709
Highways Route 470
Route 1 (TCH)
Websitewww.portauxbasques.ca
Channel Head Lighthouse
Channel Head Lighthouse
LocationChannel Head
Channel-Port aux Basques
Newfoundland
Coordinates47°33′57.3″N 59°07′24.8″W
Year first constructed1875 (first)
Year first lit1895 (current)
Constructionwooden tower (first)
cast iron tower (current)
Tower shapequadrangular tower with balcony and lantern (first)
cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern (current)
Tower height9 m (30 ft) (first)
17 m (56 ft) (current)
Focal height27.5 m (90 ft) (first)
29 m (95 ft) (current)
Range17 nmi (31 km; 20 mi)
CharacteristicFl W 10s.
Fog signal1 blast every 60s.
Admiralty numberH0222
CHS numberCCG 160
NGA number2468
ARLHS numberCAN-654
Managing agentCanadian Coast Guard[4][5]

Port aux Basques is the oldest of the collection of towns that make up the present-day town, which consists of Port aux Basques, Channel, Grand Bay, and Mouse Island. Amalgamation took place in the 1970s.

History

Channel was settled by fisher-folk from the Channel Islands in the early 1700s. Port aux Basques refers to the harbour that was a favoured sheltering and watering place for Basque whalers who hailed from the Basque region of the Pyrenees of France and Spain during the early 16th century. After leaving the harbour the whalers either proceeded to the main whaling grounds off southern Labrador, or headed home to the Basque country. They almost certainly took on fresh water from Dead Man's Brook, which flows into Port aux Basques harbour, during their stopovers.

Port aux Basques is first seen on a 1687 Johannes van Keulen map of the area. Permanent settlement came from French fishermen who overwintered on this, the French Shore, using rights given under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht which saw France cede its claims in Newfoundland to Great Britain in exchange for right of use of coastal lands for the fishery. With the fishery being the economic mainstay for both French and British settlers in the area, Channel-Port aux Basques [6] appeared destined to remain a collection of small fishing villages.

The town is called "Siinalk" in the Miꞌkmaq language.

Telegraph cable

In 1856, an underwater telegraph cable [7] was successfully laid between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island, making landfall nearby. This was the first step in the race to complete a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. A telegraph station was opened in Port aux Basques in 1857.

Demographics

As of the 2016 Canadian Census the population of Channel-Port aux Basques was 4,067 a decrease of 2.5% from the 2011 Canadian Census and an area of 38.77 km2 (14.97 sq mi).[2] The population centre had 3,665 people in an area of 4.89 km2 (1.89 sq mi).[3]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19311,997—    
19412,381+19.2%
19512,634+10.6%
19563,301+25.3%
19614,182+26.7%
19816,102+45.9%
19865,901−3.3%
19915,644−4.4%
19965,243−7.1%
20014,637−11.6%
20064,319−6.9%
20114,170−3.4%
20164,067−2.5%
[2][8][9][10][11][12][13] Population figures reflect the town's amalgamation in the 1970s.
Canada 2016 CensusPopulation% of Total Population
Visible minority group[2]South Asian150.4%
Chinese00%
Black150.4%
Filipino00%
Latin American00%
Arab200.5%
Southeast Asian00%
West Asian00%
Korean00%
Japanese00%
Other visible minority00%
Mixed visible minority00%
Total visible minority population551.4%
Aboriginal group[2]First Nations1253.1%
Métis100.2%
Inuit100.2%
Total Aboriginal population1603.9%
White3,79593.3%
Total population4,010100%

Transportation

Both the Trans-Canada Highway and the Trans Canada Trail have their Newfoundland and Labrador start and end points in Port aux Basques.

Railway

In the 1880s, the Government of Canada erected a lighthouse at nearby Cape Ray which, despite being in the then-separate British colony of Newfoundland, was considered a navigation hazard for vessels bound for Canadian ports in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

In 1893, it was decided to extend the western terminus of the Newfoundland Railway (then under construction west from the Avalon Peninsula by Robert G. Reid) from St. George's to Port aux Basques harbour. By 1897 the tracks reached Port aux Basques, although the harbour facilities had not been built at that time to handle the steamer Bruce, which had been built in Scotland and had arrived in Newfoundland several months earlier. While the required docks were constructed, the Bruce operated between Little Placentia Sound and North Sydney, Nova Scotia from October, 1897 until June, 1898.

The Marine Atlantic superferry MV Caribou at North Sydney, with the smaller and older MV Ambrose Shea docked alongside her.

Air service

Port Aux Basques is served by air via Stephenville International Airport, located 145 km (90 mi) north of the town. Regular domestic air service to St. John's International Airport and Deer Lake Regional Airport is provided by PAL Airlines year round. Sunwing Airlines provides service to Toronto Pearson International Airport from May to October. Porter Airlines flies to Halifax Stanfield International Airport, Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport and Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on a seasonal basis and Air Saint-Pierre offers summer service to Saint-Pierre Airport which serves Saint Pierre and Miquelon the French overseas collective off Newfoundland's south coast.

Ferries

On June 30, 1898, the first passenger train arrived in Port aux Basques, and Bruce departed for North Sydney shortly afterward. Over the years, the Newfoundland Railway expanded both the number of trains and vessels which called at Port Aux Basques. In 1925 the steamer SS Caribou began service. She was attacked and sunk by the German submarine U-69 (1940) on 14 October 1942 with a loss of 137 lives, some from the Port aux Basques area. There were 20 widows from Caribou sinking in the Port aux Basques area.

The Town of Port aux Basques was incorporated in 1945 with Samuel (Sam) Walters as the first mayor.

On March 31, 1949, Newfoundland entered into Confederation and the railway was transferred to Canadian National Railway. Under Term 32 of the Terms of Union between Canada and Newfoundland (1949), the ferry service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia and Port aux Basques, Newfoundland was guaranteed, first under the British North America Act and after 1982 under the Constitution of Canada.[14]

Upon CNR's assumption of the railway and ferry service, the 1950s saw extensive construction at Port aux Basques with expansion of new dock facilities and the arrival of newer and larger ships such as the MV William Carson. Extensive blasting of rock created space for large rail yards with extensive dual gauge trackage. The excess rock was then used as fill to create the required docks. By the mid-1960s, new railcar-capable ferries such as the MV Frederick Carter permitted the exchange of standard gauge railcars, requiring further expansion at the Port aux Basques terminal facilities.

The mid-1960s also saw the completion of the Trans-Canada Highway across Newfoundland, an event which eventually led to the closure of the railway by 1988, but which made Port aux Basques into an even more important gateway to the island of Newfoundland, given the increased number of tourists visiting the province, and the rising amount of truck traffic. New Ro-Pax-capable vessels were commissioned and/or chartered during the 1960s-1980s to meet the growing demand, such as Marine Nautica, Marine Atlantica, Marine Evangeline, Ambrose Shea, and John Hamilton Gray.

With the abandonment of the railway, extensive rebuilding of Port aux Basques terminal resulted in expansive marshaling areas for waiting motor vehicle traffic. A plant disease inspection station operated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency is located on site, as well as a modern rebuilt railway station now used as a passenger terminal for the ferry service operated by Marine Atlantic, which was renamed from CN Marine in 1986. Port aux Basques harbour used to host the arrival of the two largest icebreaking ferries in Canada at the time, the MV Caribou and MV Joseph and Clara Smallwood both of which were retired and decommissioned in 2011.

In 2009, a larger and more modern vessel, the MV Atlantic Vision, was added to the fleet. With a larger carrying capacity and an equivalent ice class to the MV Caribou, the MV Atlantic Vision was introduced as the new flagship for Marine Atlantic.[15] Following the retirement of the MV Caribou and the MV Joseph and Clara Smallwood, two more new ships were acquired on a 5-year charter from Stena Line. These two new ships, the MV Blue Puttees and MV Highlanders currently round out the Marine Atlantic fleet. Marine Atlantic announced in May 2015 that it would be purchasing both ships for C$100 Million each.[16]

College of the North Atlantic

The Port aux Basques campus of the College of the North Atlantic first opened as the District Vocational School in September 1963. The school was constructed by M.R. Chappell of Nova Scotia because Lundrigan's Ltd of Corner Brook, who was constructing the other District Vocational Schools in Newfoundland, couldn't move their equipment and supplies over the uncompleted road from Corner Brook to Port aux Basques. The Trans-Canada Highway from Corner Brook to Port aux Basques was completed in 1965.

Climate

Channel-Port aux Basques experiences a marine-influenced subarctic climate that has the Köppen climate classification code of (Dfc). The location has strong seasonal lag as well as being cold for the latitude. This is since it is being influenced by the Icelandic Low and the Labrador Current, which renders a rare combination of cold and snowy winters along a seacoast at 47°N. In summer the warmup is strongly delayed by the cold waters and westerly winds from the interior of Canada are very cold in winter, further delaying the warming of the water. As a result, August is clearly warmer than July, and even September is more than 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than June is. Even more impressive, September records the highest record highs and locals often perceive September as the warmest month. Winter precipitation often falls as snow, for a high annual yield, but rainfall even in the coldest of February is still quite common, which lowers the snow cover to average about 55 cm (22 in) at its annual peak.[17]

Climate data for Channel-Port aux Basques, Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 9.4 10.3 10.6 14.9 20.9 27.5 29.1 31.2 32.0 22.8 19.0 11.1 32.0
Record high °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8)		 8.9
(48.0)		 11.2
(52.2)		 18.2
(64.8)		 22.2
(72.0)		 25.3
(77.5)		 27.8
(82.0)		 27.2
(81.0)		 30.0
(86.0)		 25.0
(77.0)		 15.0
(59.0)		 10.7
(51.3)		 30.0
(86.0)
Average high °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 4.3
(39.7)		 9.0
(48.2)		 13.2
(55.8)		 17.2
(63.0)		 18.7
(65.7)		 15.5
(59.9)		 10.6
(51.1)		 5.6
(42.1)		 0.9
(33.6)		 7.5
(45.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.1
(22.8)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 1.4
(34.5)		 5.7
(42.3)		 9.8
(49.6)		 14.0
(57.2)		 15.3
(59.5)		 12.1
(53.8)		 7.4
(45.3)		 2.8
(37.0)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 4.3
(39.7)
Average low °C (°F) −8.4
(16.9)		 −9.9
(14.2)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 2.4
(36.3)		 6.3
(43.3)		 10.7
(51.3)		 11.9
(53.4)		 8.6
(47.5)		 4.1
(39.4)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 1.0
(33.8)
Record low °C (°F) −23.3
(−9.9)		 −26.1
(−15.0)		 −24.1
(−11.4)		 −13.3
(8.1)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 3.5
(38.3)		 2.8
(37.0)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −21.2
(−6.2)		 −26.1
(−15.0)
Record low wind chill −37.0 −40.0 −38.0 −23.0 −12.0 −3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 −11.0 −21.0 −34.0 −40.0
Average precipitation mm (inches) 151.6
(5.97)		 125.2
(4.93)		 107.5
(4.23)		 139.1
(5.48)		 118.6
(4.67)		 127.4
(5.02)		 112.5
(4.43)		 118.6
(4.67)		 125.4
(4.94)		 145.2
(5.72)		 151.2
(5.95)		 172.2
(6.78)		 1,594.5
(62.79)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 48.7
(1.92)		 41.8
(1.65)		 57.6
(2.27)		 118.9
(4.68)		 115.7
(4.56)		 127.4
(5.02)		 112.5
(4.43)		 118.5
(4.67)		 125.4
(4.94)		 143.3
(5.64)		 127.1
(5.00)		 92.9
(3.66)		 1,229.8
(48.44)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 101.9
(40.1)		 81.7
(32.2)		 49.1
(19.3)		 17.4
(6.9)		 2.4
(0.9)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 2.2
(0.9)		 21.8
(8.6)		 78.6
(30.9)		 355.0
(139.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 26.2 21.5 19.4 16.2 15.0 16.3 16.5 15.2 16.7 18.4 20.1 24.2 225.6
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 5.7 5.1 7.5 12.9 15.6 16.3 16.5 15.3 16.9 18.0 14.4 8.7 152.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 24.5 20.2 15.1 6.4 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 9.4 19.9 97.6
Average relative humidity (%) 80.1 79.3 78.1 78.7 76.9 79.8 83.8 82.0 79.7 78.0 80.9 80.6 79.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 8.5 10.4 11.3 13.8 15.0 15.4 15.0 14.4 13.4 10.4 9.5 7.5 144.6
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[17]

Sports

Port aux Basques placed second in the top 5fivecommunities for Kraft Hockeyville 2008, and won $20,000 for its local arena. Its sports arena, Bruce I, burned down in 1995, just prior to the hockey season. It was located on top of Army Hill on a road named Stadium Road down in Channel. The new arena, Bruce II Sports Centre, was opened on November 23, 1996.

Port aux Basques appears as a playable area in the 2014 videogame Assassin's Creed Rogue.

gollark: Except the senate is actually elected.
gollark: I kind of want to read one of those verbose rants now.
gollark: Because it'll find some way to wiggle out of the constraint, or come up with some solution which is still bad, and because "maximize happiness" might not be a goal we want anyway, and because that does not actually fix current problems.
gollark: Solar would probably be more widely used if energy storage was better.
gollark: According to Wikipedia you get about a kilowatt per square meter of solar energy at the equator, which seems good.

See also

References
  1. Spencer wins Port aux Basques mayoral race by eight votes
  2. Channel-Port aux Basques, Town [Census subdivision], Newfoundland and Labrador and Division No. 3, Census division [Census division], Newfoundland and Labrador
  3. Census Profile, 2016 Census Channel-Port aux Basques [Population centre], Newfoundland and Labrador and Newfoundland and Labrador [Province]
  4. "Lighthouses of Canada: Central and Western Newfoundland". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
  5. List of Lights, Pub. 110: Greenland, The East Coasts of North and South America (Excluding Continental U.S.A. Except the East Coast of Florida) and the West Indies (PDF). List of Lights. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2018.
  6. "Channel - Port aux Basques". Archived from the original on 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2006-06-11.
  7. "Before Marconi - The St. John's to New York Telegraph Cable". Archived from the original on 2006-10-13.
  8. "Canada Year Book 1955". Archived from the original on 2016-01-14.
  9. "Canada Year Book 1957-58". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  10. "Canada Year Book 1967" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  11. Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census, Canada 1996 Census
  12. Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data, Canada 2006 Census
  13. Channel-Port aux Basques, T Newfoundland and Labrador (Census subdivision), Canada 2011 Census
  14. Newfoundland Act
  15. "Marine Atlantic renews lease for MV Atlantic Vision". CBC News. 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  16. "Marine Atlantic Purchases MV Blue Puttees, MV Highlanders". CBC News. 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
  17. "Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 Station Data". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
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