Caledonia County, Vermont

Caledonia County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,227.[1] Its shire town (county seat) is the town of St. Johnsbury.[2] The county was created in 1792 and organized in 1796.[3] It was given the Latin name for Scotland, in honor of the many settlers who claimed ancestry there.[4]

Caledonia County
U.S. county
Caledonia Superior Court in St. Johnsbury
Location within the U.S. state of Vermont
Vermont's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 44°27′30″N 72°05′44″W
Country United States
State Vermont
Founded1796
Named forLatin name for Scotland
Shire TownSt. Johnsbury
Largest townSt. Johnsbury
Government
 • State's Attorney
• Assistant Judges

• Probate Judge
• Sheriff
• High Bailiff		Lisa A. Warren (R/D)
John S. Hall (D)
Roy C. Vance (R/D)
William W. Cobb (D)
Dean Shatney (D/R)
Stephen Bunnell (R)
Area
 • Total658 sq mi (1,700 km2)
 • Land649 sq mi (1,680 km2)
 • Water8.7 sq mi (23 km2)  1.3%%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total31,227
 • Estimate 
(2019)
29,993
 • Density47/sq mi (18/km2)
Demonym(s)Caledonian
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districtAt-large

History

The county shares the same pre-Columbian history with the Northeast Kingdom.

Rogers' Rangers were forced to retreat through the county following their attack on Saint-Francis, Quebec in 1759. To confound their avenging pursuers, they had split up. One group came south over the summit into the Passumpsic River Valley.[5]

Vermont was divided into two counties in March 1778. In 1781 the legislature divided the northernmost county, Cumberland, into three counties: Windham and Windsor, located about where they are now. The northern remainder was called Orange county. This latter tract nearly corresponded with the old New York county of Gloucester, organized by that province March 16, 1770, with Newbury as the shire town.[6]

On November 5, 1792, the legislature divided Chittenden and Orange counties into six separate counties, as follows: Chittenden, Orange, Franklin, Caledonia, Essex, and Orleans.[6] There is a supposition that the county was called Caledonia, to commemorate the large number of Scottish settlers.[7]

Caledonians joined the Union Army in response to a call for volunteers. In September 1861, they joined the Vermont 6th Vermont Infantry, and helped fill out Companies B, D and E. The regiment ultimately became part of the First Vermont Brigade.[8]

In 2008, the county was declared a federal disaster area as the result of storms and flooding which occurred on July 18.[9]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 658 square miles (1,700 km2), of which 649 square miles (1,680 km2) is land and 8.7 square miles (23 km2) (1.3%) is water.[10]

Caledonia is the most populated county of the three in the Northeast Kingdom. However, it is the smallest in area of the three.

The county has a number of brooks and rivers. The Connecticut River runs along the southeast and forms one of the eastern boundaries of the county. The northern towns are drained by the head branches of the Passumpsic River, which is the largest in the county. It flows south and empties into the Connecticut River in Barnet. There are the Wells, Stevens and Joe's Rivers in the south. In the west the head waters of the Winooski and Lamoille Rivers. There are about twenty lakes and ponds in the county. The largest are Harvey's Lake, in Barnet; Wells River and Lund's Ponds, in Groton; Cole's Pond, in Walden; Clark's and Center Ponds, in Newark; and Stile's Pond, in Waterford. There are falls at different places on the Connecticut, Passumpsic, Wells and Joe's Rivers. Stevens River, near its mouth, falls 80 feet (24 m) in a distance of 20 rods (330 ft; 100 m). Some of the water power has been harnessed for electricity.[11]

There are sulphur springs in Wheelock, Haynesville, in Hardwick; and in St. Johnsbury, near the Moose River.[11]

Geology

Calciferous mica schist underlies much of the county. There is argillaceous slate running through Waterford and Kirby, which narrows in Burke.[11]

Waterford had a lot of talc. This belongs to the gold bearing formations. Specimens of gold were found in town, and iron and copper pyrites in veins. But none in commercial quality. In Waterford there was an outcrop of slate that was quarried for roofing. Kirby Mountain, in Kirby, was largely granite of commercial quality.[11]

Ryegate had 300 acres (120 ha) granite on the south and west sides of Blue Mountain. The granite was created by volcanic action. This was a medium colored granite of commercial grain and texture. It was quarried in the 19th century. It lay in sheets 3 inches (76 mm) to 10 feet (3.0 m) or 15 feet (4.6 m).[11]

Perhaps the most widely known monument locally using this granite was the soldiers monument at Peacham, Vermont. Monuments from this granite exist all over the country. This was one of the best quality quarries in the country in the 19th century.[11]

The presence of Kame terraces in the country are of interest in connection with the drift that gave the Northeast Kingdom its soil, and its surface stones and boulders. These terraces have beds of sand and clay from which bricks were once manufactured.[11]

Based on research by Edward Hitchcock two or three basins can be identified based on a larger number of interconnected terraces in the Passumpsic River Valley.[11]

The first extends from the mouth of the Passumpsic River in Barnet, to the northwest corner of the town of Waterford, on the railroad. It is about 4 miles (6.4 km) long. The river runs through a narrow valley in Barnet, a gorge with no terraces. Narrow terraces in the Town of Passumpsic expand and form a basin. The fourth terrace on the west side of the river is part of the next basin, which is in St. Johnsbury and Lyndon. St. Johnsbury Village is on this high terrace which is called "St. Johnsbury Plain". The base of the terraces at St. Johnsbury is composed of clay. The same terrace occurs on both sides of the river valley beyond Lyndon. There are lower terraces at intervals.[11]

Lyndonville has a high terrace. This may have once extended across the valley to form the end of a basin. Its lower strata are clayey, and are folded and curved. West of this terrace the level is lower. There is the course of a former river bed which ran towards the east. At the upper village of Lyndon the first terrace is about 1 mile (1.6 km) wide. There is a lot of sand and fine gravel adjoining.[11]

Every stream from either side of the valley has its large terraces to correspond with those of the Passumpsic River. It is a characteristic of these terraces that they are large while their quantity is small. The count never exceeds five which is unusual.[11]

The third basin includes the east branch of the Passumpsic River which runs through the Town of Burke. In East Burke there are several terraces. Near the village there are four on the west side, and two on the east side. Above East Burke the valley rises so that its bottom appears like a terrace. Its steep slope crosses the valley at right angles. There are indistinct terraces on its sides. Since the valley seems to be too wide to correspond with the size of the river, the valley may have been formed by water from unknown sources in prehistoric times.[11]

Caledonia has more muck deposits than any other county in the state. This was once thought to be profitable for farmers.[11]

Adjacent counties

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18009,377—
181018,74099.9%
182016,669−11.1%
183020,96725.8%
184021,8914.4%
185023,5957.8%
186021,708−8.0%
187022,2352.4%
188023,6076.2%
189023,436−0.7%
190024,3814.0%
191026,0316.8%
192025,762−1.0%
193027,2535.8%
194024,320−10.8%
195024,049−1.1%
196022,786−5.3%
197022,7890.0%
198025,80813.2%
199027,8467.9%
200029,7026.7%
201031,2275.1%
Est. 201929,993[12]−4.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[13]
1790–1960[14] 1900–1990[15]
1990–2000[16] 2010–2018[1]

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 31,227 people, 12,553 households, and 8,153 families residing in the county.[17] The population density was 48.1 inhabitants per square mile (18.6/km2). There were 15,942 housing units at an average density of 24.6 per square mile (9.5/km2).[18] Of the 12,553 households, 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.1% were non-families, and 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age was 42.1 years.[17]

The median income for a household in the county was $42,706 and the median income for a family was $51,503. Males had a median income of $40,223 versus $30,707 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,504. About 9.6% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.[19]

Government

As in all Vermont counties, there is a small executive function which is mostly consolidated at the state level. Remaining county government is judicial. There are no "county taxes."

In 2007, median property taxes in the county were $2,278, placing it 265 out of 1,817 counties in the nation with populations over 20,000.[20]

The elected officials of the county as of the 2018 elections are as follows:

Position[21]NamePartyFirst elected
State SenatorJoe BenningRepublican2010
M. Jane KitchelDem/Rep2004
State Rep District 1Marcia R. MartelRepublican2014
State Rep District 2Chip TroianoDemocratic2014
State Rep District 3Scott BeckRepublican2014
Scott CampbellDem/Prog2018
State Rep District 4Martha FeltusRepublican2012
Patrick SeymourRep/Dem2018
State Rep District Cal-WashCatherine Beattie TollDemocratic2008
State's AttorneyLisa A. WarrenRep/Dem2010
Assistant JudgeJohn S. HallDemocratic2014
Roy C. VanceDem/Rep2006
Probate JudgeWilliam W. CobbDemocratic2018
SheriffDean ShatneyDem/Rep2014
High BailiffStephen BunnellRep/Dem2018
Justices of the Peace:
Justices of the Peace[22]
Current composition of justices.
TownNamePartyFirst elected
Barnet
7		Steven AdlerDemocratic2014
Susan CoppenrathDemocratic2012
William GravesIndependent2002
Susan JensenRepublican2008
Dennis MclamRepublican2010
Stanley RobinsonIndependent2004
Shellie SamuelsDemocratic2014
Burke
7		Susan CarrRepublican2014
Cathleen FeeleyIndependent2004
Joel GilbertDemocratic2012
William David HammondIndependent2018
Joan HarloweDemocratic2008
Christian Bradley HubbsProgressive2018
John KascenskaRepublican2018
Danville
10		Eric BachDemocratic2016
Ted HouleIndependent2012
Virginia IncerpiRepublican2008
Jane LarrabeeRepublican2004
Julie LarrabeeRepublican2006
Justin LavelyDemocratic2014
Kenneth LinsleyRepublican2016
Bruce MelendyRepublican2012
Lindsey MitchellDemocratic2014
Phyllis Kehley SweeneyDemocratic2010
Groton
7		Timothy Daily SrDemocratic2008
Tirone DyerDemocratic2016
Deborah JuristDemocratic2010
Dorothy KnottRepublican2014
Linda NunnDemocratic2012
Carrie PetersDemocratic2014
Brent SmithRepublican2012
Hardwick
10		Donna CasavantDemocratic2012
James CasavantDemocratic2008
Bradley FerlandIndependent2010
Jean HackettDemocratic2012
Bill HillRepublican2004
Robin LeslieDemocratic2018
Tracy MartinRepublican2016
Allan MichaudDemocratic2012
Lenore RenaudDemocratic2006
George WhitneyRepublican2010
Kirby
5		David EmeryDemocratic2012
Anne MclaughryDemocratic2008
Karen MooreRepublican2014
Timothy PetersDemocratic2016
Vacantn/a
Lyndon
15		Joe BenningRepublican2008
Catherine M. BoykinDemocratic2010
Edith Bell BrownDemocratic1996
Kevin CalkinsRepublican2004
Michael CoddingRepublican2012
Dan DaleyDemocratic2016
Libre E. DrouinDemocratic2016
Reed GarfieldRepublican2018
Kathy M. GrayDemocratic2012
Oralie LefaivreRepublican2014
Ken MasonRepublican2014
Sean R. McfeeleyDemocratic2016
Brenda J. MitchellRepublican2010
Beth QuimbyRepublican2002
Sara J. SimpsonDemocratic2012
Newark
5		John FindlayIndependent2008
Elizabeth GroutRepublican2010
Sarah NewellIndependent2016
Mary Ann RiggieRepublican2012
Laura RodgerIndependent2010
Peacham
5		Jean DedamDemocratic2014
Cynthia GreeneDemocratic2010
Eric KaufmanDemocratic2014
Samuel KemptonDemocratic2006
Diana SenturiaDemocratic2012
Ryegate
7		Todd ColbyRepublican2014
Katherine DavieDemocratic2016
Michael MurrayRepublican2018
Darcy NelsonRepublican2008
Jennifer R. NelsonDemocratic2010
Nancy PerkinsDemocratic2006
Robert RowdenRepublican2018
Sheffield
5		Barbara BristolIndependent2012
Gay EllisRepublican2010
Leslie HamDemocratic2016
Dorothy ScofieldDemocratic2008
Sally WoodsimonsRepublican2018
St. Johnsbury
15		Pierre BerubeRepublican2006
Mark BickfordIndependent2000
David BrownRepublican2012
Stephanie ChurchillDemocratic2014
Anne CosgroveDemocratic2010
Albert DunnRepublican2012
Conrad DoyonDemocratic2014
Durward EllisRepublican1998
John GoodrichRepublican2008
Gretchen HammerRepublican2006
Diane HolmesRepublican2016
Kevin OddyDemocratic2012
Abby PollenderDemocratic2018
Lisa RiversDemocratic2008
Milton RiversDemocratic2004
Stannard
5		Christine FosterIndependent2006
Joseph GresserIndependent2012
John ReynoldsIndependent1988
Evelyn RichDemocratic2016
Chip TroianoDemocratic2010
Sutton
5		Marlin DevengerIndependent2012
Danielle FortinRepublican2012
Celeste GirrellDemocratic2008
Alan SeymourRepublican2014
Patrick SeymourIndependent2016
Walden
5		Diane CochranRepublican2014
Michael CoffeyDemocratic2016
Annette FosterIndependent2010
Roger FoxRepublican2014
P. Ann GaillardRepublican2012
Waterford
7		Brent BeckRepublican2010
Kevin GillanderRepublican2018
Charles LawrenceRepublican2008
David E. MorrisonRepublican2018
William PiperIndependent2006
Marcia R. MartelRepublican2010
Bernard WilleyRepublican2014
Wheelock
5		Stephen AmosDemocratic2002
Eileen BolandDemocratic2012
Kimberly CradysmithRepublican2010
Peter MillerRepublican2018
Carol RossiDemocratic2014

Elections

In 1828, Caledonia County voted for National Republican Party candidate John Quincy Adams.

In 1832, the county was won by Anti-Masonic Party candidate William Wirt.

From William Henry Harrison in 1836 to Winfield Scott in 1852, the county would vote the Whig Party candidates.

From John C. Frémont in 1856 to Richard Nixon in 1960 (barring 1912, where the county was won by Progressive Party candidate and former president Theodore Roosevelt), the Republican Party would have a 104 year winning streak in the county.

In 1964, the county was won by Democratic Party incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson, who became not only the first Democratic presidential candidate to win the county, but to win the state of Vermont entirely.

Following the Democrats victory in 1964, the county went back to voting for Republican candidates for another 20 year winning streak starting with Richard Nixon in 1968 and ending with George H. W. Bush in 1988.

The county would be won by Bill Clinton in both the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections.

George W. Bush would win the county in 2000 and would be the last time a Republican presidential candidate would carry the county.

John Kerry won the county in 2004 and has been won by Democratic candidates ever since.

Presidential elections results
Presidential elections results[23]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 39.3% 5,534 45.8% 6,445 14.9% 2,095
2012 37.2% 5,088 60.0% 8,192 2.8% 381
2008 37.2% 5,472 60.4% 8,900 2.4% 356
2004 47.6% 6,765 50.0% 7,106 2.4% 340
2000 49.5% 6,746 43.0% 5,859 7.6% 1,036
1996 34.7% 4,089 47.4% 5,593 17.9% 2,117
1992 35.0% 4,571 37.9% 4,948 27.1% 3,543
1988 61.1% 6,915 37.6% 4,251 1.3% 146
1984 68.3% 7,249 30.4% 3,223 1.3% 138
1980 56.9% 5,986 31.2% 3,284 11.9% 1,253
1976 59.6% 5,488 38.2% 3,511 2.2% 204
1972 68.0% 6,762 31.1% 3,094 0.8% 83
1968 58.9% 4,996 37.7% 3,201 3.4% 288
1964 36.2% 3,258 63.8% 5,732
1960 69.7% 6,688 30.3% 2,909
1956 81.3% 7,560 18.7% 1,744
1952 80.6% 7,595 19.2% 1,807 0.2% 21
1948 68.8% 5,873 30.3% 2,585 1.0% 84
1944 64.5% 5,086 35.5% 2,804
1940 62.6% 5,793 37.2% 3,444 0.3% 23
1936 64.3% 6,054 35.5% 3,342 0.3% 27
1932 62.3% 6,066 37.2% 3,621 0.6% 54
1928 78.1% 6,616 21.6% 1,832 0.3% 26
1924 83.6% 6,205 12.5% 929 3.9% 288
1920 75.9% 5,537 23.2% 1,694 1.0% 69
1916 60.4% 3,024 37.7% 1,887 1.8% 92
1912 32.9% 1,583 22.1% 1,065 45.0% 2,169
1908 74.6% 2,700 21.1% 764 4.3% 154
1904 81.5% 2,944 16.1% 580 2.4% 87
1900 76.8% 2,957 21.2% 817 2.0% 77
1896 78.7% 3,474 16.5% 729 4.8% 214
1892 65.2% 2,646 30.1% 1,222 4.6% 188
1888 65.8% 3,083 26.7% 1,249 7.5% 352
1884 61.9% 2,639 30.9% 1,314 7.2% 304
1880 65.8% 3,134 30.3% 1,372 0.6% 29

Transportation

Airport

The Caledonia County Airport is located in Lyndon, Vermont.[24]

Major highways

Communities

Towns

Villages

Incorporated villages are census divisions and provide additional services. They remain part of the towns they are in. Cities are formed when villages become large enough to warrant greater governmental organization, and become separate from the surrounding town.

  • Burke Hollow - unincorporated village of Burke
  • East Hardwick - unincorporated village of Hardwick
  • East Lyndon - unincorporated village of Lyndon
  • East Ryegate - unincorporated village of Ryegate
  • East St. Johnsbury - unincorporated village of
  • Hardwick - unincorporated village of Hardwick
  • Lower Waterford - unincorporated village of Waterford
  • Lyndon Center - unincorporated village of Lyndon
  • Lyndon Corner - unincorporated village of Lyndon
  • Lyndonville - incorporated village of Lyndon
  • Mackville - unincorporated village of Hardwick
  • McIndoe Falls - unincorporated village of Barnet
  • Passumpsic - unincorporated village of Barnet
  • Ryegate Corner - unincorporated village of Ryegate
  • South Kirby - unincorporated village of Kirby
  • South Ryegate - unincorporated village of Ryegate
  • St. Johnsbury Center - unincorporated village of St. Johnsbury
  • Upper Waterford - unincorporated village of Waterford
  • West Burke - incorporated village of Burke

Census-designated places
  • Barnet
  • Danville
  • East Burke
  • Groton
  • Hardwick
  • St. Johnsbury

Notable people
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gollark: Which tends to be made up ad-hoc and be some terrible hard to parse thing.
gollark: If you want to translate structured data, which is what programs mostly operate on, into plaintext, you need some other format on top of that.
gollark: No, it's not, it's an... encoding, I guess.
gollark: Just because Unix does things doesn't make those things sensible.

See also

References
  1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. "Vermont: Individual County Chronologies". Vermont Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  4. "AT&T user page". Caledonia County, Vermont Local History and Genealogy. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  5. Darrell Hoyt (1985). Sketches of Orleans, Vermont. Mempremagog Press. ISBN 0-9610860-2-5., page 1
  6. Child, Hamilton. (May 1887). Gazetteer of Lamoille and Orleans Counties, VT.; 1883-1884. Hamilton Child.
  7. Orleans County, Vermont: History and Information Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. E-referencedesk.com. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
  8. Hueguenin, Joan (November 2011). Northeast Kingdom Civil War Roundtable: 4, 5. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. Sutkowski, Matt (August 18, 2008). Part of Vt. declared a disaster area. Burlington Free Press.
  10. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  11. Child, Hamilton. (May 1887). Gazetteer of Lamoille and Orleans Counties, VT.; 1883-1884. Hamilton Child.
  12. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  13. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  14. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  15. Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  16. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  17. "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  18. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  19. "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  20. McLean, Dan (December 17, 2008). Property tax bills among highest. Burlington Free Press.
  21. http://vtelectionarchive.sec.state.vt.us/
  22. https://www.sec.state.vt.us/elections/town-meeting-local-elections.aspx
  23. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  24. "Caledonia County Airport. Vermont Agency of Transportation. Retrieved 18 June 2012". Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  25. Wheeler, Scott (June 2010). "Search for /Charles Lindbergh's Kidnapped Son comes to Vermont". Vermont's Northland Journal. 9 (3): 14–15.

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