Cailleach

In Gaelic mythology (Irish, Scottish and Manx) the Cailleach (Irish pronunciation: [kiˈlʲax; ˈkalʲəx], Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈkʰaʎəx]) is a divine hag, a creator deity, a weather deity, and an ancestor deity. In modern Scottish folklore studies, she is also known as Beira, Queen of Winter. The word literally means "old woman, hag", and is found with this meaning in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic,[2] and has been applied to numerous mythological figures in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[3]

Ceann na Caillí ('The Hag's Head'), the southernmost tip of the Cliffs of Moher in County Clare. One of many locations named for the Cailleach.[1]

Name

Cailleach ("old woman" or "hag" in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic)[2][4] comes from the Old Gaelic Caillech ("veiled one"), an adjectival form of caille ("veil"), an early loan from Latin pallium,[5] "woollen cloak".[6][7][8][9]

The Cailleach is often referred to as the Cailleach Bhéara(ch) (in Scottish Gaelic Cailleach Bheurra or A' Chailleach Bheurrach or variations thereof). Gearóid Ó Crualaoich attributes twin meanings to the name; the legendary context of cow goddess, or association with horned beasts, and a folklore attribution as a word meaning "sharp, shrill, inimical" – bior(ach) or beur(ach) – and refers to the Cailleach's association with winter and wilderness.[10]

The 8th/9th-century Irish poem The Lament of the Old Woman says that the Cailleach's name is Digdi or Digde. In The Hunt of Slieve Cuilinn she is called Milucra, sister of Áine. In the tale of the Glas Gaibhnenn she is called Biróg. Elsewhere, she is called Buí or Bua(ch).[11] In Manx Gaelic she is known as the Caillagh.[3][12]

The plural of cailleach is cailleacha (Irish pronunciation: [kiˈlʲaxə; ˈkalʲəxə]) in Irish, cailleachan (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈkʰaʎəxən]) in Scottish Gaelic and caillaghyn in Manx. The word is found as a component in terms like the Gaelic cailleach-dhubh ("nun") and cailleach-oidhche ("owl"),[2] as well as the Irish cailleach feasa ("wise woman, fortune-teller") and cailleach phiseogach ("sorceress, charm-worker"). Related words include the Gaelic caileag and the Irish cailín ("young woman, girl, colleen"), the diminutive of caile "woman"[2] and the Lowland Scots carline/carlin ("old woman, witch").[13] A more obscure word that is sometimes interpreted as "hag" is the Irish síle, which has led some to speculate on a connection between the Cailleach and the stonecarvings of Sheela na Gigs.[14]

Legends
Ben Cruachan, highest point in Argyll and Bute, home of the Cailleach nan Cruachan

In Scotland, where she is also known as Beira, Queen of Winter (a name given by 20th-century folklorist Donald Alexander Mackenzie), she is credited with making numerous mountains and large hills, which are said to have been formed when she was striding across the land and accidentally dropped rocks from her creel or wicker basket. In other cases she is said to have built the mountains intentionally, to serve as her stepping stones. She carries a hammer for shaping the hills and valleys, and is said to be the mother of all the goddesses and gods.[15]

The Cailleach displays several traits befitting the personification of winter: she herds deer, she fights spring, and her staff freezes the ground.[16]

In partnership with the goddess Brìghde, the Cailleach is seen as a seasonal deity or spirit, ruling the winter months between Samhainn (1 November or first day of winter) and Bealltainn (1 May or first day of summer), while Brìghde rules the summer months between Bealltainn and Samhainn.[17] Some interpretations have the Cailleach and Brìghde as two faces of the same goddess,[17] while others describe the Cailleach as turning to stone on Bealltainn and reverting to humanoid form on Samhainn in time to rule over the winter months. Depending on local climate, the transfer of power between the winter goddess and the summer goddess is celebrated any time between Là Fhèill Brìghde (1 February) at the earliest, Latha na Cailliche (25 March), or Bealltainn (1 May) at the latest, and the local festivals marking the arrival of the first signs of spring may be named after either the Cailleach or Brìghde.[17]

Là Fhèill Brìghde is also the day the Cailleach gathers her firewood for the rest of the winter. Legend has it that if she intends to make the winter last a good while longer, she will make sure the weather on 1 February is bright and sunny, so she can gather plenty of firewood to keep herself warm in the coming months.[3] As a result, people are generally relieved if Là Fhèill Brìghde is a day of foul weather, as it means the Cailleach is asleep, will soon run out of firewood, and therefore winter is almost over.[3] On the Isle of Man, where She is known as Caillagh ny Groamagh, the Cailleach is said to have been seen on St. Bride's day in the form of a gigantic bird, carrying sticks in her beak.[3]

In Scotland, the Cailleachan (lit. 'old women') are also known as The Storm Hags, and seen as personifications of the elemental powers of nature, especially in a destructive aspect. They are said to be particularly active in raising the windstorms of spring, during the period known as A' Chailleach.[17][18]

The Corryvreckan whirlpool (Scottish Gaelic: Coire Bhreacain - 'whirlpool/cauldron of the plaid') washtub of the Cailleach

On the west coast of Scotland, the Cailleach ushers in winter by washing her great plaid (Gaelic: féileadh mòr) in the Gulf of Corryvreckan (Gaelic: Coire Bhreacain - 'whirlpool/cauldron of the plaid'). This process is said to take three days, during which the roar of the coming tempest is heard as far away as twenty miles (32 km) inland. When she is finished, her plaid is pure white and snow covers the land.[17]

In Scotland and Ireland, the first farmer to finish the grain harvest made a corn dolly, representing the Cailleach (also called "the Carlin or Carline"[19]), from the last sheaf of the crop. The figure would then be tossed into the field of a neighbor who had not yet finished bringing in their grain. The last farmer to finish had the responsibility to take in and care for the corn dolly for the next year, with the implication they'd have to feed and house the hag all winter. Competition was fierce to avoid having to take in the Old Woman.[20]

Some scholars believe the Old Irish poem, "The Lament of the Old Woman of Beara" is about the Cailleach; Kuno Meyer states, "she had fifty foster-children in Beare. She had seven periods of youth one after another, so that every man who had lived with her came to die of old age, and her grandsons and great-grandsons were tribes and races."[21][22]

Locations associated with the Cailleach
The burial chamber at the summit of Sliabh na Caillí

Ireland

In Ireland she is also associated with craggy, prominent mountains and outcroppings, such as Hag's Head (Irish: Ceann Caillí, meaning "hag's head") the southernmost tip of the Cliffs of Moher in County Clare.[1]

The megalithic tombs at Loughcrew in County Meath are situated atop Slieve na Calliagh (Irish: Sliabh na Caillí, meaning "the hag's mountain") and include a kerbstone known as "the hag's chair".[23] Cairn T on Slieve na Calliagh is a classic passage tomb, in which the rays of the equinox sunrise shine down the passageway and illuminate an inner chamber filled with megalithic stonecarvings.[24]

The summit of Slieve Gullion in County Armagh features a passage tomb known locally as the 'Calliagh Beara's House'. There is also a lake, where the Calliagh is said to have played a trick on the mythical warrior, Fionn mac Cumhaill, when he took on the physical appearance of an old man after diving into the lake to retrieve a ring that the Calliagh fooled him into thinking was lost. [25]

Aillenacally (Aill na Caillí, "Hag Cliff") is a cliff in County Galway.[26]

The passage tombs on the Cúil Iorra peninsula in County Sligo, are associated with the Cailleach (one is called the Cailleach a Bhérra's House[27]). William Butler Yeats refers to the Sligo Cailleach as the 'Clooth na Bare'.[28]

Scotland
Loch Awe (Scottish Gaelic, Loch Obha), created by Cailleach nan Cruachan

The Cailleach is prominent in the landscape of Argyll and Bute, Scotland. In later tales she is known as the Cailleach nan Cruachan ("the witch of Ben Cruachan"). Ben Cruachan is the tallest mountain in the region. Tea-towels and postcards of her are sold in the visitor shop for the Hollow Mountain, which also features a mural depicting her accidental creation of Loch Awe.[29]

Legend has it that the Cailleach was tired from a long day herding deer. Atop Ben Cruachan she fell asleep on her watch and a well she was tending overflowed, running down from the highlands and flooding the valleys below, forming first a river and then the loch.[29][30] The overflowing well is a common motif in local Gaelic creation tales - as seen in the goddess Boann's similar creation of the River Boyne in Ireland.[31] Other connections to the region include her above-mentioned strong ties with the fierce whirlpool in the Gulf of Corryvreckan.[17]

Beinn na Caillich on the Isle of Skye is one of her haunts, as are other mountains prominent in the landscape, and from which fierce storms of sleet and rain descend, wreaking havoc and destruction upon the lands below.[17]

Tigh nan Cailleach, near Glen Lyon in Perthshire, Scotland

There is a Gleann Cailliche in Glen Lyon in Perthshire with a stream named Allt Cailliche which runs into Loch Lyon. This area is famous for a pagan ritual which according to legend is associated to the Cailleach. There is a small shieling in the Glen, known as either Tigh nan Cailleach (Scottish Gaelic for house of the old women[32]) or Tigh nam Bodach, (Scottish Gaelic for house of the old men[32]), which houses a number of heavy water-worn stones, resembling miniature human beings.[33] Roughly rectangular, the building originally measured 2m by 1.3m by 0.4m high with a stone roof.[34] A replacement roof of a wooden pallet having collapsed and the whole building having become somewhat ruinous it was rebuilt by a local dyker in 2011.[35]

According to local legend the stones represent the Cailleach, her husband the Bodach, and their children[36][37] and the site may represent the only surviving shrine of its kind in Great Britain.[33]The local legend suggests that the Cailleach and her family were given shelter in the glen by the locals and while they stayed there the glen was always fertile and prosperous. When they left they gave the stones to the locals with the promise that as long as the stones were put out to look over the glen at Bealltainn and put back into the shelter and made secure for the winter at Samhainn then the glen would continue to be fertile.[36]

This ritual is still carried out to this day.[37]

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See also

Notes
  1. Monaghan, Patricia (2004) The Red-Haired Girl from the Bog: The Landscape of Celtic Myth and Spirit. New World Library. ISBN 1-57731-458-1 p.23: "We see her silhouette on Ceann na Cailleach [recte Ceann na Caillí], "Hag's Head", the most southerly of the Cliffs of Moher".
  2. Robertson, Boyd; Ian McDonald (2004). Gaelic Dictionary. Hodder Education, Teach Yourself Series. pp. 24–25. ISBN 0-07-142667-1.
  3. Briggs, Katharine (1976) An Encyclopedia of Fairies. New York, Pantheon Books. pp. 57-60.
  4. Ó Dónaill, Niall (1992). Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla. Éireann: Mount Salus Press. p. 172. ISBN 1-85791-037-0.
  5. Displaying the expected /p/ > /c/ change of early Latin loans in Irish.
  6. Rudolph Thurneysen, A grammar of old Irish, Volume 1, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946, p. 568.
  7. Ó Cathasaigh, T. 'The eponym of Cnogba', Éigse 23, 1989, pp. 27–38.
  8. Ó hÓgáin, D. Myth, legend & romance: an encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition, Prentice Hall Press, 1991, p. 67.
  9. Macbain, Alexander (1998) Etymological Dictionary Of Scottish-Gaelic. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0632-1 p. 63.
  10. Ó Crualaoich, Gearóid (2006). The Book of the Cailleach: Stories of the Wise-Woman Healer. Cork University Press. ISBN 1-85918-372-7.
  11. Ó Cathasaigh, Tomás. "Knowth - The Epynom of Cnogba".
  12. Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.69
  13. Ross, Davie; Gavin D. Smith (1999). Scots-English English-Scots Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Pres. p. 21. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4.
  14. Ross, Anne (1973, reprint 2004) "The divine hag of the pagan Celts" in The Witch Figure: Folklore Essays by a Group of Scholars in England Honoring the 75th Birthday of Katharine M. Briggs. ed. by Venetia Newall. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-415-33074-2.
  15. Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1917). "Beira, Queen of Winter" in Wonder Tales from Scottish Myth and Legend".
  16. Briggs, K. M. (1967). The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature. University of Chicago Press. p. 40.
  17. McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol.2: A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals, Candlemas to Harvest Home. William MacLellan. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-85335-162-7.
  18. McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol.1: Scottish Folklore and Folk-Belief. William MacLellan. p. 119. ISBN 0-85335-161-9.
  19. Frazer, The Golden Bough 1922, ch. 45.
  20. McNeill, Vol.2 (1959) pp. 119-124.
  21. Meyer, Kuno (1994) [1913]. Ancient Irish Poetry. Constable and Co. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-09-473380-5.
  22. Ó Crualaoich, Gearóid (2006). The Book of the Cailleach: Stories of the Wise-Woman Healer. Cork University Press. pp. 48–52. ISBN 1-85918-372-7.
  23. Cochrane, Andrew (2005) "A taste of the unexpected: subverting mentalités through the motifs and settings of Irish passage tombs". p.4: "To the north of Cairn T and on the exterior is located K29 or the ‘Hag’s Chair’. This kerbstone has visual imagery on its front and back face. The top of the central part of this kerbstone is believed to be artificially cut to create the chair appearance (Shee Twohig 1981, 217; contra. Conwell 1866, 371)".
  24. Documented in photos and videos taken on site for six years running.
  25. https://www.ringofgullion.org/stories/the-calliagh-berras-lake/
  26. "Aill na Caillí/Aillenacally". Logainm.ie.
  27. Meehan, Padraig. Listoghil, A Seasonal Alignment, 2014, Gungho Publications,
  28. Jeffares, Alexander Norman. A Commentary on the Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats, 1968, Stanford University Press
  29. 'The Legend of Cruachan Archived 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine', from the Ben Cruachan visitor's website. Access date 21-11-2007.
  30. 'Cailleach Bheur Archived 2006-10-09 at the Wayback Machine' from the Mysterious Britain website. Access date 21-11-2007.
  31. MacKillop, James (1998) Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280120-1 p. 45.
  32. MacLennan, Malcolm, Gaelic Dictionary, Acair and Aberdeen University Press, 1985 photolithographic reprint of 1st edition, 1925
  33. McKerracher, Archie, Perthshire in History and Legend, 1st edition 1988, John Donald Publishers, ISBN 0859762238, pp55-56
  34. National Record of the Historic Environment (Canmore), Tigh Nam Bodach, Archaeology Notes, https://canmore.org.uk/site/23898/tigh-nam-bodach
  35. Tigh nam Bodach stones of Glen Cailliche get makeover from dyking expert, Daily Record, 11 May 2012, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/tigh-nam-bodach-stones-glen-2729865
  36. Ross, Anne (2000). Folklore of the Scottish Highlands. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd. p. 114.
  37. Sacred stones out in the sun, Daily Record, 4 May 2012, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/sacred-stones-out-sun-2729746

References
  • Carmichael, Alexander (1992). Carmina Gadelica. Lindisfarne Press. ISBN 0-940262-50-9
  • Campbell, John Gregorson (1900, 1902, 2005) The Gaelic Otherworld. Edited by Ronald Black. Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-207-7
  • Danaher, Kevin (1962). The Year in Ireland. Irish Books & Media. ISBN 0-937702-13-7
  • Hull, Eleanor (30 Sep 1927). "Legends and traditions of the Cailleach Bheara or Old Woman (Hag) of Beare". Folklore. 38 (3): 225–54. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1927.9718387. JSTOR 1256390.
  • MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280120-1
  • McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol. 1 -4. William MacLellan, Glasgow
  • Monaghan, Patricia (2004). Encyclopedia of Celtic Myth and Folklore. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-4524-0.
  • Ó Crualaoich, Gearóid (2003). The Book of the Cailleach: Stories of the Wise-Woman Healer. Cork: Cork UP. ISBN 1-85918-372-7.
  • Ross, Anne (2000). Folklore of the Scottish Highlands. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-1904-8.

Primary sources
  • "The Lament of the Old Woman of Beare", ed. and tr. Donncha Ó hAodha (1989). "The Lament of the Old Woman of Beare". In Donnchadh Ó Corráin, Liam Breatnach and Kim McCone (ed.). Sages, Saints and Storytellers: Celtic studies in Honour of Professor James Carney. Maynooth Monographs 2. Maynooth: An Sagart. pp. 308–31.

Further reading

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