Biddeford, Maine

Biddeford is a city in York County, Maine, United States. It is the principal commercial center of York County. The population was 21,277 at the 2010 census. Twin city of Saco, Biddeford includes the resort community of Biddeford Pool, Fortunes Rocks and Granite Point. The town is the site of the University of New England and the annual La Kermesse Franco-Americaine Festival. First visited by Europeans in 1616, it is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in the United States.

Not to be confused with Bideford.
Biddeford, Maine
City
City Hall
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Twin City
Motto(s): 
"A Proud City Rising Where the Water Falls"
Biddeford
Location within the state of Maine
Coordinates: 43°28′27″N 70°26′46″W
CountryUnited States
StateMaine
CountyYork
First Landing1616
Settled1631
Incorporated (town)July 5, 1653
Incorporated (city)February 10, 1855
Government
 • MayorAlan Casavant
Area
 • Total59.08 sq mi (153.02 km2)
 • Land30.09 sq mi (77.92 km2)
 • Water29.00 sq mi (75.10 km2)
Elevation
69 ft (21 m)
Population
 • Total21,277
 • Estimate 
(2019)[3]
21,504
 • Density714.77/sq mi (275.97/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
04005, 04006, 04007
Area code(s)207
FIPS code23-04860
GNIS feature ID0562119
Websitehttp://www.Biddefordmaine.org

Biddeford is a principal population center of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan statistical area.

History
Town hall circa 1855.
Main Street
Lower Main Street

Abenaki Indians, whose main village was upriver at Pequawket (now Fryeburg), once hunted and fished in the area. The first European to settle at Biddeford was physician Richard Vines in the winter of 1616–17 at Winter Harbor, as he called Biddeford Pool. This 1616 landing by a European predates the Mayflower landing in Plymouth, Massachusetts, (located 100 miles to the south) by approximately four years, a fact that is overlooked in much of New England lore.[4] In 1630, the Plymouth Company granted the land south of the River Swanckadocke to Dr. Vines and John Oldham. In 1653, the town included both sides of the river, and was incorporated by the Massachusetts General Court as Saco.[5]

Biddeford was first incorporated as the Town of Saco in 1653.[6] Roger Spencer was granted the right in 1653 to build the first sawmill. Lumber and fish became the community's chief exports. In 1659, Major William Phillips of Boston became a proprietor, and constructed a garrison and mill at the falls. During King Philip's War in 1675, the town was attacked by Indians. Settlers withdrew to Winter Harbor for safety, and their homes and mills upriver at the falls were burned. In 1693, a stone fort was built a short distance below the falls, but it was captured by the Indians in 1703, when 11 colonists were killed and 24 taken captive to Canada. In 1688, Fort Mary was built near the entrance to Biddeford Pool.[7] The town was reorganized in 1718 as Biddeford, after Bideford, a town in Devon, England, from which some settlers had emigrated. After the Fall of Quebec in 1759, hostilities with the natives ceased.[5]

In 1762, the land northeast of the river was set off as Pepperellborough, which in 1805 was renamed Saco. The first bridge to Saco was built in 1767. The river divides into two falls that drop 40 feet (12 m), providing water power for mills. Factories were established to make boots and shoes. The developing mill town also had granite quarries and brickyards, in addition to lumber and grain mills. Major textile manufacturing facilities were constructed along the riverbanks, including the Laconia Company in 1845, and the Pepperell Company in 1850. Biddeford was incorporated as a city in 1855.[8]

The mills attracted waves of immigrants, including the Irish, Albanians, and French-Canadians from the province of Quebec. At one time the textile mills employed as many as 12,000 people, but as happened elsewhere, the industry entered a long period of decline. As of 2009, the last remaining textile company in the city, WestPoint Home, closed. The property occupying the mill has been sold and is being redeveloped into housing and new businesses. The last log drive down the Saco River was in 1943, with the last log sawn in 1948. Biddeford's name is engraved near the top level of The Pilgrim Monument, in Provincetown, Massachusetts, along with the names of some of the oldest cities and towns in New England.[9]

During World War II the Biddeford Pool Military Reservation was established from 1942 to 1945, on what is now the Abenakee Golf Club. It had four circular concrete platforms called "Panama mounts" for 155 mm guns, three of which remain today.[10]

Geography
Tugboat Hersey tied up at Bragdon's Wharf, Biddeford, 1912

Biddeford is located at 43°28′27″N 70°26′46″W (43.474111, -70.446157).[11] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 59.08 square miles (153.02 km2), of which 30.09 square miles (77.93 km2) is land and 28.99 square miles (75.08 km2) is water.[12] Situated beside Saco Bay on the Gulf of Maine, Biddeford is drained by the Little River and the Saco River. The city proper has very diverse geography, from inland rolling hillside, to urban settlement, to coastal sprawl.

The city is crossed by Interstate 95, U. S. Route 1, and state routes 5, 9, 111, and 208. It is bordered by the city of Saco to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the towns of Dayton and Lyman to the west, and the towns of Kennebunkport and Arundel to the south. The Little River forms a portion of the border between Biddeford and the Goose Rocks neighborhood of Kennebunkport, in Biddeford's most southerly region (Granite Point). East Point, located on the peninsula of Biddeford Pool, is the easternmost point in York County.

Timber Island, the most southerly point in the City of Biddeford, lies in Goosefare Bay at the mouth of the Little River, and is accessible at low tide from Goose Rocks Beach in Kennebunkport. The island and most of adjacent Timber Point became part of the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge in December 2011.

The city has almost 15 miles (24 km) of frontage along the Saco River, and an Atlantic coastline on which the seaside neighborhoods of Hills Beach, Biddeford Pool, Fortunes Rocks and Granite Point are located. Biddeford includes Wood Island Light, a lighthouse located about a mile offshore from Biddeford Pool.

While Maine (as a whole) is politically and colloquially known as part of Northern New England, Biddeford's geography technically places it more in line with Central New England.

Distances from Biddeford to regional cities:

Adjacent municipalities

Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Biddeford has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.[13]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
17901,018—
18001,29627.3%
18101,56320.6%
18201,73811.2%
18301,99514.8%
18402,57429.0%
18506,095136.8%
18609,34953.4%
187010,28210.0%
188012,65123.0%
189014,44314.2%
190016,14511.8%
191017,0795.8%
192018,0085.4%
193017,633−2.1%
194019,79012.2%
195020,8365.3%
196019,255−7.6%
197019,9833.8%
198019,638−1.7%
199020,7105.5%
200020,9421.1%
201021,2771.6%
Est. 201921,504[3]1.1%
sources[14]

2010 census

At the 2010 census,[2] there were 21,277 people, 8,598 households and 4,972 families residing in the city. The population density was 707.1 inhabitants per square mile (273.0/km2). There were 10,064 housing units at an average density of 334.5 per square mile (129.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.8% White, 1.0% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 8,598 households of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.2% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 38.3 years. 18.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 15.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

2000 census

At the 2000 census,[15] there were 20,942 people, 8,636 households and 5,259 families residing in the city. The population density was 697.8 per square mile (269.4/km2). There were 9,631 housing units at an average density of 320.9 per square mile (123.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.65 percent White, 0.64 percent African American, 0.40 percent Native American, 0.99 percent Asian, 0.03 percent Pacific Islander, 0.18 percent from other races, and 1.12 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65 percent of the population.

There were 7,636 households of which 28.4 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4 percent were married couples living together, 12.2 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1 percent were non-families. 29.7 percent of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.88.

22.1 percent of the population were under the age of 18, 11.1 percent from 18 to 24, 29.5 percent from 25 to 44, 21.8 percent from 45 to 64, and 15.5 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males.

The median household income was $37,164 and the median family income was $44,109. Males had a median income of $32,008 versus $24,715 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,214. About 8.6 percent of families and 13.8 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.8 percent of those under age 18 and 10.3 percent of those age 65 or over.

Voter registration

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of March 2020[16]
Party Total Voters Percentage
Democratic 7,337 49.80%
Unenrolled 4,287 29.10%
Republican 2,551 17.31%
Green Independent 559 3.79%
Total 14,734 100%

Economy

Biddeford is one of Maine's fastest-growing commercial centers, due to its close proximity to the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire and to northern Massachusetts. In recent years, strip malls have developed along the State Route 111 corridor. In late 2006, a 500,000-square-foot (46,000 m2) shopping center known as The Shops at Biddeford Crossing opened, with 20 stores and five restaurants.

Recent interest in revitalizing the downtown area has brought new life to the old mills. The North Dam Mill is one example of this movement offering retail stores, art studios, cultural events, and upscale housing.

Biddeford is home to large institutions including Southern Maine Health Care and the University of New England, a fast-growing school located along the coast which includes Maine's only medical school, the University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine.[17] Telecommunications company GWI.net is headquartered in the city. The city also possesses a wide array of community facilities including public beaches, an ice arena, a full-service YMCA, and one school which has been recently recognized as a National School of Excellence.

Arts and culture

Tourism

Anchoring Biddeford's historic downtown are McArthur Public Library and Biddeford's City Theater. Biddeford has a number of properties and two Historic Districts entered into the National Register of Historic Places.[18] The newest addition is the Main Street Historic District, entered into the National Register on December 24, 2009. Other downtown National Register properties include the Biddeford-Saco Mills Historic District, Biddeford City Hall, Dudley Block and the U.S. Post Office. National Register properties outside of downtown and in the Biddeford Pool area include the John Tarr House, First Parish Meetinghouse, Fletcher's Neck Lifesaving Station and the James Montgomery Flagg House.[19]

Recently, a thriving arts community has emerged in Biddeford, with Engine, a nonprofit arts organization working to foster the creative community. Several microbreweries have set up in Biddeford, the well established Run of the Mill, has been joined by Banded Horn and Dirigo brewing companies.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Biddeford was the eastern terminus of the now-defunct New England Interstate Route 11, which ended in Manchester, Vermont. State Route 111, which travels through Biddeford's main commercial corridor, is now numbered in Old Route 11's place. Biddeford Municipal Airport is located two miles south of the central business district. The Saco Transportation Center Amtrak stop serves downtown Biddeford.

Postal service

The municipality has three post offices within its borders, with ZIP codes of 04005, 04006 and 04007.

Notable people
Saco & Pettee Machine Shops and Pepperell Mills c. 1906

The first part of Black Mirror II, a 2009 PC adventure game developed by Cranberry Production, takes place in Biddeford.

Sites of interest
  • Biddeford Historical Society
  • McArthur Public Library
  • Franco-American Genealogical Society of York County
  • City Theater for the Performing Arts
  • Biddeford Cultural and Heritage Center
  • Biddeford History and Heritage Project//Maine Memory Network
  • Biddeford Mills Museum
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gollark: I'm not exactly sure why, but in mine it is actually very hard to get a draw even if you're playing both sides manually constructing one.
gollark: Between optimal players it probably would. But I don't have one.
gollark: It never really ends in a draw though.
gollark: I don't have smart enough algorithms to "solve" this game, due to the large state space.

See also

References
  1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
  3. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  4. State Street Trust Company. Towns of New England and Old England. Boston, 1921.
  5. Coolidge, Austin J.; John B. Mansfield (1859). A History and Description of New England. Boston, Massachusetts: A.J. Coolidge. pp. 54–56. coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859.
  6. "Biddeford, York County - Maine Genealogy". www.mainegenealogy.net. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  7. Fort Mary, Biddeford Pool, Down East Magazine, Vol. 51, Issue 4, Nov. 2004, p. 76 Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Varney, George J. (1886), Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Biddeford, Boston: Russell
  9. "In and About Biddeford". Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
  10. "Biddeford Pool Military Reservation - FortWiki Historic U.S. and Canadian Forts". www.fortwiki.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  11. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  12. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
  13. "Biddeford, Maine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  14. library.umaine.edu Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved October, 2008.
  15. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  16. "Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of March 4, 2020" (PDF). Maine Bureau of Corporations.
  17. City of Biddeford website. http://www.biddefordmaine.org/
  18. NPS-National Register of Historic Places. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreghome.do Archived 2015-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
  19. NPS-National Register of Historic Places. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?briefnav=true Archived 2011-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
  20. Brother Cajetan Baumann, OFM Archived 2011-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, St. Bonaventure University, (Accessed 10 February 2011)
  21. "A Conversation With UMass President Robert Caret". Radio Boston. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  22. http://www.firefly.us, Design and Development by Firefly, LLC. "District 32 Sen. Susan Deschambault - Maine State Legislature". legislature.maine.gov. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  23. "Brian Dumoulin". Official Site of the Pittsburgh PenguinsAndover Phillips Academy. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  24. Office, Clerk's. "Maine House of Representatives: Ryan M. Fecteau". legislature.maine.gov. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  25. "Milo Is Building an Indie Rap Empire". www.vulture.com. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  26. "FRENCH, John Robert, (1819-1890)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  27. "Haiku Writer Cor Van Den Heuval". performance.millikin.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
  28. "HILL, Mark Langdon, (1772-1842)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  29. "Linda Kasabian biography". Bio.True Story. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  30. "Louis B. Lausier (1879-1962)". Biddeford History & Heritage Project. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  31. "MACDONALD, Moses, (1815-1869)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  32. "MELLEN, Prentiss, (1764-1840)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  33. "Thomas Bird Mosher, 1852-1923". Maine State Library. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  34. "General Wallace H. Nutting" (PDF). Mission: Readiness. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  35. "The Bernard Osher Foundation - Biographies". osherfoundation.org. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  36. "Freddy Parent Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  37. "New Hampshire Governor Henry Brewer Quinby". National Governors Association. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  38. "SOMES, Daniel Eton, (1815-1888)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  39. "Charles A ShawBiddeford History & Heritage Project". Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  40. "Art and Influence". Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  41. McArthur Public Library-Biographical Index. http://www.mcarthurpubliclibrary.org/index.php?id=20#s
  42. McArthur Public Library-Biographical Index. http://biddeford.mainememory.net/slideshow/546/display%3Fuse_mmn=&prev_object_id=1659&prev_object=page.html%5B%5D
  43. "Joanne Twomey Maine.gov". Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  44. "Joan Wasser survives as Joan As Police Woman". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  45. "Amos Whitney (1832-1920)". Cedar Hill Cemetery Foundation. Retrieved December 14, 2013.

Further reading
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