Bapu (book)

Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi is an autobiographical description of F. Mary Barr's relationship and interactions with Mahatma Gandhi, whom she refers to as Bapu (father). Several of Gandhi's letters to the author, originally an English missionary in India, are included in full. The book was originally published in India in 1949. A revised edition was published in India in 1956. The book has been reviewed in several magazines,[1][2][3][4] and discussed in other books.[5][6]

Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi
AuthorF. Mary Barr
CountryIndia
LanguageEnglish
SubjectMahatma Gandhi
GenreBiography
PublisherInternational Book House
Publication date
1949
Pages214 (1st ed.), 237 (2nd ed.)
OCLC8372568
Websitehttps://books.google.com/books?id=ySo-AAAAMAAJ

Background

In her Prologue, Barr describes the book as an "offering to thousands of persons all over the world who look up to... Gandhi, but have not had the author's opportunity of seeing him at work over a period of years".[7]:iii She explains that her intent is "to show Gandhi, the human being, to those many Europeans who are frankly puzzled by his personality, and... to give a great deal of detail such as would satisfy those who love him"[7]:iii and wish to learn even more about him. For the latter group, Gandhi's letters are "given with his exact wording, punctuation and headings".[7]:iii When Gandhi was asked if he would mind her writing a book, he said "Yes, you may write your book. It will remove come cobwebs".[7]:iii

A note from the publisher stated that the manuscript of the book had been received before Gandhi was assassinated, and that "it was felt that much of the feeling of devotion and understanding would have been lost if the present tense was changed, and so we prefer to present the book as if about a Living Personage".[7]:0(before i)

Synopsis

Bapu opens with Barr explaining how she came to meet Mahatma Gandhi after having been in India for ten years in charge of a missionary boarding school in Hyderabad State. When she was in England on a furlough in 1931 she began to take an interest in Gandhi's writings and speeches. When returning to India, Barr had the good fortune of being a fellow passenger of Gandhi's on a ship from Italy to India, allowing her to become acquainted with Gandhi and observe the daily patterns of behavior of him and his small party of companions returning from the second Round Table Conference in London.

Later chapters describe Barr's correspondence and various meetings with Gandhi, how she was pressured by the British government and missionary authorities to end her association with Gandhi. her eventual resignation from her position at the mission, her visits to Gandhi at his ashram and in prison, how she spent time living at Gandhi's ashram, and how she eventually left the ashram in the service of Gandhi's movement. In an epilogue she states "The human personality depicted in the foregoing pages is no longer in the World as we knew him, but 'his soul goes marching on.' He brought religion into the service of the humdrum of daily life.... by sheer love and self-discipline he made mundane things beautiful: from pans to politics, he made them shine."[7]:214

The book also contains a glossary of the meanings of about two dozen Indian words. Both editions contain an introduction by K. G. Mashruwala. The second edition contains an additional chapter, a tribute to Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a comrade of Gandhi's, whose houseguest she was in 1941.

Reviews and influence

Reviews of Bapu have appeared in The Times of India,[8] the Modern Review,[1][2] the Indian Review[3] and The Aryan Path[4]

The Times of India viewed the first edition as having "succeeded very well",[8] stating that the book was

written unassumingly [and] is good in that it achieves its purpose. A personality is best revealed by a subtle compound of the subjective and objective methods; this is done to an appreciable extent.... [and the book] sheds considerable light on his personality as known to his intimate friends.[8]

Two reviews appeared in the Modern Review.[1][2] In 1950, Nirmal Kumar Bose wrote that the first edition[1]

will be read with great interest by readers who wish to know more about the character of Mahatma Gandhi.... Mary Barr's book reveals how loving he [Gandhi] could be in respect of those who came into intimate contact with him through common service to the poor.[1]

Bose speculated that "Perhaps a large part of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhiwas due to this."[1]

In 1958, D. N. Mookerjea reviewed the second edition, stating that "A great life is a source of inspiration to all. People of different countries, castes and creeds find a common meeting-ground", and that Barr "gives us a true, unexaggerated, respectful account of this great man".[2]

Reviews of Bapu also appeared in the Indian Review[3] (1949) and The Aryan Path[4] (1957).[5]:12

In his Gandhi bibliography, Pandiri describes Bapu as "filled with carefully observed and recorded details of Gandhi's daily life", stating that "Barr's narration is valuable since it is tender and yet free of sentimentalism".[5]:12

Weber described Bapu as "touch[ing] on [Gandhi's] motherly relationship with the author",[6] and devoted several pages to narrating Barr's life, drawing largely on Bapu.

Bapu includes a prayer, composed by Gandhi and first given to Barr, that has been displayed at Sabarmati Ashram.[9] Suresh Chandvankar described seeing the prayer displayed in Gandhi's former cottage at the ashram when he visited in 2012.[10] The prayer has been translated into Gujarati and Hindi and set to music.[9][11]

Barr's account of her visit with Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, which appears in the second edition of Bapu, was cited in Eknath Easwaran's Nonviolent Soldier of Islam, in which he calls the chapter "the most intimate glimpse of Badshah Khan yet produced by a westerner".[12]:263

Editions

The original edition was published in 1949 by International Book House in Bombay, and the revised edition appeared in 1956 from the same publisher. The book republished several letters from Mahatma Gandhi in their entirety, and Gandhi is sometimes listed as a second author:

  • Barr, F. Mary; Gandhi, Mahatma (1949). Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi (1st ed.). Bombay, India: International Book House. OCLC 868286. (214 pages)
  • Barr, F. Mary; Gandhi, Mahatma (1956). Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi (2nd ed.). Bombay, India: International Book House. OCLC 8372568. (237 pages)
gollark: We should ban all cars which do not run on nuclear power.
gollark: I think only city centres probably will in practice.
gollark: A cool but also still impractical alternative to batteries for solar would just be to have a giant ring of solar panels around the planet, linked with superconductors.
gollark: (or nuclear if people weren't irrationally scared of it)
gollark: You would be able to drop the batteries, and drive with unlimited range as long as there was a satellite available to point at you.

References
  1. Bose, Nirmal Kumar (1950). "Untitled [review of Bapu by F. Marj Barr]". Modern Review. 88 (December): 497.
  2. Mookerjea, D. N. (1950). "Untitled [review of Bapu by F. Marj Barr]". Modern Review. 104 (August): 158.
  3. Indian Review, December 1949. OCLC 1606107
  4. The Aryan Path, October 1957, by E.P.T. OCLC 1514392
  5. Pandiri, Ananda M.; Dalton, Dennis G. (2007). A comprehensive, annotated bibliography on Mahatma Gandhi (1 ed.). Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0313253374.
  6. Weber, Thomas (2011). Going Native: Gandhi's Relationship with Western Women. New Delhi, India: Roli Books. ISBN 978-81-7436-820-1. OCLC 729686333.
  7. Bapu, first edition (1949).
  8. Anonymous (27 November 1949). "Gandhiji: Bapu, Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi". The Times of India. p. 11.
  9. Bapu, 1st edition, pp. 88-89. Barr explains that "Miss Linforth... had asked me to get Gandhi to give her a message, so he enclosed in his letter to me this little prayer, which she framed and put up in her center, "Lord of humility, dwelling in the little pariah hut, help us to search for Thee throughout that fair land watered by Ganges, Brahmaputra and Jumna. Give us receptiveness, give us open-heartedness, give us Thy humility...." (p. 88)
  10. Chandvankar, Suresh (28 October 2012). "Lyricist Gandhiji – Revisited". www.timesquotidian.com. Times Quotidian. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  11. Chandvankar (2012) explained that "the questions regarding the prayer were haunting me... Mr. Amrut Mody, Secretary of the Ashram... listened to my query.... Dated late 1934, this was a note added to the letter sent to F. Mary Barr... I also learnt that the Gujarati version was penned by Bhanvari Lal whereas Hindi translation was prepared by Uma Shankar Joshi.... visitors henceforth will hopefully listen to ‘The Prayer’ while they are reading at the Bapu Kuti [Gandhi Cottage] corridor."
  12. Easwaran, Eknath (1999). Nonviolent soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan, a man to match his mountains (2nd ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 1-888314-00-1.
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