Bancroft Shed

Bancroft Shed was a weaving shed in Barnoldswick, Lancashire, England, situated on the road to Skipton. Construction was started in 1914 and the shed was commissioned in 1920 for James Nutter & Sons Limited. The mill closed on 22 December 1978 and was demolished. The engine house, chimneys and boilers have been preserved and maintained as a working steam museum. The mill was the last steam-driven weaving shed to be constructed and the last to close.

Bancroft Shed
Bancroft engine house and chimney
Location within the Borough of Pendle
Cotton
Weaving shed
Architectural styleSingle storey
OwnerJames Nutter & Sons Ltd
Current ownersBancroft Mill Engine Trust[1]
Coordinates53.9111°N 2.1919°W / 53.9111; -2.1919
Construction
Built1914
Completed1920 (1920)
Demolished1979 (1979)
Floor count2 storey warehouse, 1 storey shed
Floor area200 feet (61 m) x 250 feet (76 m)
Design team
Architecture FirmW M Atkinson of Colne
Power
Date1920
Engine makerWilliam Roberts of Nelson
Engine typeCross compound
Valve GearCorliss valves operated by Dobson trip gear
rpm69
Transmission typeRope drive to second motion, then line shaft
Boiler configuration
Boilers
  • Lancashire boiler, coal fired (in operation), now used as water reservoir
  • Cornish boiler, coal fired (in operation), now wood fired
Pressure160
Equipment
Date1920
ManufacturerVarious
No. of looms1200

The engine house is open to visitors and the William Roberts cross compound 600hp engine regularly runs from steam generated from donated wood.

Location

Bancroft Shed was the last weaving shed to be built in Barnoldswick, which had twelve others. It is midway between Burnley and Skipton and 30 miles (48 km) north of Manchester, 600 ft (180 m) in altitude in the Pennine hills. In 1920 this industrial town had a population of 10,000 people and there were 24,000 looms.[2] Historically in Yorkshire, in 1974 Barnoldswick and a number of surrounding villages were transferred to the Borough of Pendle in the Non-metropolitan county of Lancashire as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. The town is located on the edge of the Yorkshire wool district and the Lancashire cotton weaving district.[3]

History

James Nutter had space at Calf Hall Shed, a room and power mill, while his mill was built.[4] His mill was designed by W M Atkins of Colne in 1914, but construction was suspended because of the Great War.[5] The weaving shed was completed in 1920 and the opening ceremony was performed in March 1920. About 50 Lancashire looms were installed and weavers from Calf Hall were brought in on a standard wage to loom-in. In 1920, most four-loom weavers were on piece work and were expected to weave six pieces each of 100 yards (91 m) a week for 6s each. Bedding in a new shed was too problematic, however, to rely on piece work wages, so a standard wage was paid. When all the looms were installed and everything was running six weeks later, the company reverted to the Uniform List of Weaving Prices.[6][lower-alpha 1] The shed opened with part of the first double row of looms closest to the warehouse, eventually 80 pairs of looms on this row ran from one cross shaft. Eventually there were 19 cross shafts.[7]

Opening in 1920, Bancroft Shed missed the profitable years. During the Great War, Britain lost much of its export market, and only the most specialised weaving sheds survived.[8]

More looms system

Increased efficiency was sought, four-loom weavers were encouraged to work six or more looms. This was the more looms system, which reduced the number of weavers required. The looms were slowed from 220 picks per minute to 180 by changing the diameter of the pulleys.[9] Elsewhere this caused industrial action, but here management maintained the four loom system in most of the mill. Additional power was required in the 1940s and a supplementary Cornish boiler was installed. In 1935, 450 people were working at the mill running 1,152 looms for 50 hours a week making 200,000 yards (180,000 m) of grey cloth.[4]

During the 1939–45 war, many empty weaving sheds in Lancashire were requisitioned; Rover and Rolls Royce moved into Barnoldswick. An extra layer of management was imposed on the industry when the Cotton Control Board was set up by the Board of Trade. Labour and all resources were rationed. James Nutter took action to close his businesses at Grove Mill and Westfield Shed and moved his looms into storage at Bancroft. This reduced his operable looms to 500 at exactly the time he was required by the Cotton Control Board to reduce output to 40%.[10] While other firms collapsed, Nutters wove throughout the war. From a high point of 808,797 looms nationally in 1915,[11] the numbers had fallen to 530,000 in 1939 and plummeted to 220,000 in 1941 rising marginally to 355,500 in 1949.[10][lower-alpha 2]

Under Board of Trade control, working conditions for the weavers improved and the average wage increased from 31s 5d to 78s 0d. On 19 August 1941 a minimum wage agreement was signed. The existence of aero-engine manufacturers in the town provided alternative employment in cleaner conditions. When the war ended weavers expected better working conditions, but the more looms system became almost universal. Bancroft weavers worked eight-loom sets, then ten sets. Tacklers' sets were reduced from 140 to 70 to cope with extra work.[12][13]

Conditions eased in the 1950s, mill lighting was changed from 110 V DC to 250 V AC. Mechanical Proctor coking stokers[lower-alpha 3] were fitted to the Lancashire boiler. The looms were re-spaced into ten sets with a separating alley, though a row of eight sets was retained as a "Pensioner Side". Opinion varied as whether a ten set produced as much cloth as an eight set run by an experienced weaver.

In 1976 production consisted of contract weaving and part warps. Experienced weavers and tacklers recognised that demand was drying up and left. In September 1978 closure was announced. The mill struggled until 22 December when it finally closed.[15] Demolition began the following year.[5]

Mill

Architecture
The layout of Bancroft Shed in 1955

The mill consisted of a two-storey warehouse, a boiler room and engine shed with a large single-storey weaving shed. On closure in 1979, the warehouse and weaving shed were demolished. A 120-foot (37 m) chimney was situated to the west and a 200-foot (60 m) by 82-foot (25 m) lodge to the south. Following demolition of the shed, the lodge was filled in and the line of the road altered. The large Lancashire boiler is kept full of water from the roof gutters, and is used in the condenser (under the engine) and as feed water for the Cornish boiler.

As originally built, the weaving shed was about 250 feet (76 m) by 200 feet (61 m), set into the hillside with typical north facing roof lights to provide natural light, it housed 1200 looms. On the west side was the boiler room and engine house, and the warehouse was to the south. The ground floor was the warehouse and the upper floor was for preparation, sizing, drawing in and winding.[16]

Power

Steam was raised by a Lancashire boiler and in 1947, when the warehouse needed extra steam for sizing, a Cornish boiler was added but disconnected in 1948 because of problems sharing the same flue. A Green's economiser[lower-alpha 4] preheated the feedwater. The boiler was stoked manually, until a Proctor automatic stoker was fitted in the 1930s. Steam was raised to 160 psi. On closure in 1979, the Lancashire boiler required work, and the Cornish boiler that had been unused for 30 years was renovated, fired up and certificated. It is steamed at 50 psi, powered by donated scrap wood, to drive the engine on Heritage Steam Days.[18] As this was a single boiler shed, it has a 130 feet (40 m) chimney to provide the pressure difference needed to draw the air into the boiler.[19] The Bancroft chimney was repaired and 'banded' by Fred Dibnah in 1997.

The Bancroft mill engine is a horizontal cross compound Corliss valve condensing steam engine built 1914 and installed by William Roberts of Nelson in 1920. As was traditional, the cylinders were named, the high-pressure cylinder "James", and the low-pressure "Mary Jane". Together they were rated to at 600 ihp, enough for 1200 0.5 hp looms, the rating was conservative and the engine could deliver more power if needed. Its speed is 68 rpm controlled by a Porter type governor and a Lumb regulator[lower-alpha 5] acting on the high-pressure cylinder valves and Dobson-type trip gear is fitted. The high-pressure cylinder (HP) has a 17 inches (43 cm) bore and the low-pressure (LP) 32 inches (81 cm); both have a stroke of 4 feet (120 cm). It uses Corliss valves. The engine drives a 16-foot (4.9 m) diameter flywheel running at 68 rpm, with an 8-foot (2.4 m) diameter second motion wheel running at 136 rpm. The flywheel is grooved for 13 cotton ropes which are preserved with a dressing of tallow and graphite. The second motion wheel drives the lineshaft which ran for 250 feet (76 m) to the back of the weaving shed.[21]

  • The Cornish boiler [lower-alpha 6]
  • The telltale chains and wheels of an economiser
  • Bancroft Mill Engine running without load on 50 psi
  • The low pressure "Mary Jane" engine
  • The 120-foot (37 m) tall chimney, brick with oversailing caps

Weaving equipment

When yarn enters a weaving mill on different-sized cops and cheeses, it is rewound on to pirns to fit the shuttles used by the looms. Bancroft Shed bought its weft "shuttle ready" on pirns in 1920; there was no winding on site. Pirning was started and, in 1970, the mill used Britoba pirn winders. The pirns were carried in two types of shuttles. The original kissing shuttles caused health scares[22] and were replaced by self-threading shuttles.[23]

Warp is taken from 300 bobbins on a V-shaped frame and wound onto a beam. Four or five beams are merged to make the 2000 end beam required, and placed in the Cylinder Tape Sizing Machine like ones made by Howard & Bullough Ltd. of Accrington.[24] The threads pass through size to stiffen them and reduce friction. The size is a mixture of flour, soft soap and tallow: specific to the mill. The threads are dried over steam-heated cylinders and wound onto the weavers beam.[25]

The weavers beam is placed on a drawing-in frame, where each end is passed through the healds, and then through a reed. This job was done by a reacher-in and a loomer. The reacher-in, usually a young boy, passed each end in order to the loomer, who threaded it through the healds and reeds.[26] The mill had two drawing-in frames. Alternatively, if the loom had already run that cloth, a short length of warp thread could be left on the healds and reed. A twister would knot the threads and draw it through. A Barber-Colman knotter could tie in warp threads to the new beam, much faster than a twister. This process took 20 minutes, considerably faster than starting afresh.[27]

The loomed weavers beam was taken into the weaving shed, where a weaver would tenter four Lancashire Looms working at 220 picks per minute. The beam was gaited to the loom and kept working by a tackler who tentered 130. With the More Looms system brought in after the second war, weavers tentered ten looms, but the tackler had a set of 70.[12][13]

  • Bobbins for beaming frame (at Queen Street Mill, Burnley)
  • Cylinder sizer (at Queen Street Mill, Burnley)
  • Drawing-in frame (at Queen Street Mill, Burnley)

Bradley engine

In 1901 a Smith Bros. and Eastwood,[lower-alpha 7] was installed at Cross Lane Mill, Bradley, near Skipton, for cloth manufacturers Peter Green and Sons. The well-established company had a parent mill in the next village of Cononley. The new engine, replacing an earlier beam engine at the mill, went on to extend the life of the mill for another 77 years.[29]

Early in 2003 the mill premises were sold for development but an enthusiast was given ownership by the owner and permission to dismantle and remove the engine, and to find a new home for it. Without any under-cover storage forthcoming for the dismantled engine, the Bancroft Trust committee offered a large storeroom at Bancroft Mill, and the parts were transported there. The engine owner and the Trust produced a plan to re-assemble the engine at Bancroft, with the hope of eventually running it on steam.[29]

Unlike the Bancroft engine, the Bradley engine has a tandem configuration, with both cylinders in-line and with only one crank . An example of a northern-built engine with several novel features, and it is believed to be the sole surviving engine built by Smith Bros. & Eastwood, who were established in Bradford and ceased business in 1902. It has an overall length of 41 feet (12 m) and is housed in a large brick, stone and steel building, previously used as a store. To accommodate the engine, in 2006 the building was extended by approximately 16 feet (4.9 m) at the end nearest the chimney, the work being enabled by a grant of £15,000 from the Lancashire Environmental Fund. Stone cladding was erected around the extension by Trust members.[29]

By April 2011 the foundations for the Bradley engine were completed and both main bed castings were installed and levelled. Anchors to tie the engine to its foundations were manufactured by Trust members and design work undertaken on replacement piston rod bearing/seals and bearing shells. The engine crankshaft is carried in bronze bearings, one on the bed casting and the other as an "outrigger". Both bearings, unusual in their design, were missing on arrival at Bancroft. The bearing on the bed is of 3-segment design which allowed adjustment in both the horizontal as vertical plane. The outrigger bearing uses only a bottom half=bronze insert whilst relying on flywheel weight, of about 8.8 tons, to hold the shaft in place. Cracking of the main bearing seat on the main casting and on each side of the casting have required stitching.[29]

Reassembly of the engine continued over the following years using only chains, pulley blocks, levers and jacks. A new steam pipe to the engine, from the Cornish Boiler, was installed, tested with steam, and lagged. The flywheel was eventually moved from its temporary home in the car park and was carefully aligned, one half at a time. An electric barring system was installed in May 2016 to enable slow turned of the engine under power to allow final checks and timing settings to be made. On 8 September 2017 the engine was finally returned to steam for the first time in 39 years. It can be seen running on the museum's steaming days.[29]

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See also

References

Footnotes
  1. The cotton industry operated a list system for defining workers pay, Burnley was late in joining in 1873 and workers in the surrounding country were paid below list. The lists were merged around the turn of the century allowing national collective bargaining. In spite of the weavers' efforts, pay was based on piece work until after the First World War.
  2. The earlier numbers were collated by the Amalgamated Weavers' Association and include only Lancashire looms excluding 'modern looms'. A different set of figures were supplied by Worrall, in The Directory of the Lancashire Textile Industry, from data supplied by individual manufacturers, which were more optimistic. At different times Stanley Graham uses slightly different numbers.
  3. By James Proctor of Hammerton Street Iron Works, Burnley[14]
  4. By Edward Green and Son of Wakefield and Manchester[17]
  5. By James Lumb & Sons of Perseverance Engine Works, Elland[20]
  6. Cornish boiler, Bancroft Mill A hand fired Cornish boiler with replacement brass 'collar' ring by John Thompson of Wolverhampton was bought second-hand from Dicksons of Burnley in 1947. Unusual for British practice as the furnace tube is eccentric to improve circulation. Note the two water level gauge glasses, pressure gauge, firehole door and feed check valve on the front. Two spring-loaded safety valves can be seen on the top. The mill ran on a large Lancashire boiler in the adjoining room. This smaller boiler was installed to run the steam heating system and some auxiliary machines but was not much used as it interfered with the draughting of the Lancashire boiler. Chris Allen cc-by-sa 2.0
  7. Smith Brothers and Eastwood, of Valley Works, Valley Road, Bradford[28] 300 hp. tandem compound engine, built in Bradford

Citations
  1. "Bancroft Mill". www.bancroftmill.org.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  2. Graham 2008, p. 4.
  3. Farnie 1979, p. 295.
  4. Graham 2008, p. 7.
  5. Graham 2008, p. 35.
  6. Graham 2008, p. 17.
  7. Graham 2008, p. 18.
  8. Graham 2008, p. 15.
  9. Graham 2008, p. 169.
  10. Graham 2008, p. 176.
  11. Graham 2008, p. 185.
  12. Graham 2008, p. 184.
  13. Bowden; Higgins (1999). "'Productivity on the Cheap'? The 'More Looms' Experiment and the Lancashire Weaving Industry during the Inter-War Years". Business History. 14 (3 (paywall)): 21–41. doi:10.1080/00076799900000306.
  14. "James Proctor". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  15. Graham 2008, p. 238.
  16. Graham 2008, p. 28.
  17. "E. Green and Son". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  18. UK Heritage Hub Issue 20 19 April 2013 Bancroft Mill Engine Museum - Part 6 HARRY MOORE. C. ENG.
  19. Graham 2008, pp. 99-105.
  20. "James Lumb and Sons". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  21. Graham 2008, pp. 109-112,126-136.
  22. Greenlees, Janet (August 2005). "Stop Kissing and Steaming!': Tuberculosis and the Occupational Health Movement in the Massachusetts and Lancashire Cotton Weaving Industries, 1870–1918". Urban History. 32 (2): 223–246. doi:10.1017/S0963926805002981. PMC 3087970. PMID 21552481.
  23. Graham 2008, pp. 89-92.
  24. Queen Street Mill Textile Museum. Preston: Lancashire County Council. 2012.
  25. Graham 2008, pp. 67-75.
  26. Graham 2008, pp. 79-82,168.
  27. Graham 2008, pp. 82-84.
  28. https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Smith_Brothers_and_Eastwood
  29. "Bradley Engine". www.bancroftmill.org.uk. Retrieved 23 October 2018.

Bibliography
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