Armed Forces of Belarus

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus (Belarusian: Узброеныя сілы Рэспублікі Беларусь [УС РБ], Uzbrojenyja siły Respubliki Biełaruś, Russian: Boopyжённыe cилы Pecпyблики Бeлapycь, Vooruzhennye sily Respubliki Belarus) consist of the Ground Forces and the Air and Air Defence Forces, all under the command of the Republic of Belarus Ministry of Defence. Being a landlocked country, Belarus has no navy.

Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus
Узброеныя сілы Рэспублікі Беларусь  (Belarusian)
Вооружённые силы Республики Беларусь  (Russian)
Emblem of the Belarusian defense ministry
Flag
Founded1992
Service branchesGround Forces[1]
Air Force
Special Forces of Belarus
Transport Troops
Territorial Troops
HeadquartersDefense Ministry, Minsk, Belarus
Leadership
Commander-in-chief President Alexander Lukashenko
Minister of Defense Major General Viktor Khrenin
Chief of the General Staff Major General Alexander Volfovich
Manpower
Active personnel62,000 [2][3]
Reserve personnel344,750
Deployed personnel4,560 (Around the borders)[4]
Expenditures
Budget$780 million (2019)[5]
Percent of GDP1.2% (2018)
Industry
Domestic suppliersBelarusian Plant of Precision Electromechanic
Kalashnikov
Foreign suppliers Armenia
 Bulgaria
 China
 Iran
 Israel
 Kazakhstan
 North Korea
 Poland
 Russia
 Serbia
 Syria
 Tajikistan
 Venezuela
Related articles
RanksMilitary ranks of Belarus

In 2017 the IISS estimated that personnel in the armed forces numbered 48,000. Most soldiers are conscripts serving for a period of 18 months, although there is an alternative service option.[6]

Belarus conducted military reforms in the 2000s which have reshaped its armed forces as a relatively effective force for a small state in somewhat difficult economic conditions.[7]

History

The previous Belarusian People's Republic of March 1918 to 1919 did not have time to create armed forces in its brief existence, although attempts to create a military have been documented.[8]

Until 1991 the Soviet Belorussian Military District comprised the 5th Guards Tank Army (HQ Bobruisk), the 7th Tank Army (HQ Borisov), the 28th Army (HQ Grodno), the 120th Guards Motor Rifle Division, the 72nd Guards District Training Center and logistical units and formations. In addition to these troops Belarus was host to centrally controlled formations, namely the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, the 38th Guards Airborne Brigade, the 11th Air Defence Corps of the 2nd Air Defence Army, the 26th Air Army and also units and formations of the Strategic Rocket Forces, Long Range Aviation, the Navy and special forces.

In late 1991 the 5th Guards Tank Army comprised the 30th Guards Motor Rifle Division, newly arrived from Czechoslovakia, and the 193rd Tank Division, plus two armament and equipment storage bases (the former 8th Guards and 29th Tank Divisions), and army troops. The 7th Tank Army comprised the 3rd Guards Tank Division, 34th, and 37th Guards Tank Divisions, plus army troops. The 28th Army comprised four divisions, one of which was a low-status mobilisation division. Also arriving from the Southern Group of Forces in Hungary was the 19th Guards Tank Division.

On September 20, 1991 the Supreme Soviet of Belarus passed resolution "On the formation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus" and on January 11, 1992 resolution "On the Armed Forces deployed in the territory of the Republic of Belarus." On March 18, 1992 the parliament passed resolution "On the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus" that bound the government "to start the formation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus as of March 20, 1992" and "to submit to the Supreme Soviet for approval the suggested structure of the Armed Forces, their size and order of their material and technical supplies".

On May 6, 1992 the Belorussian Military District was abolished. The Belarusian Ministry of Defence and the Main Staff were formed from its resources.[9] The former first deputy commander and military district Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General P P Kozlovskiy, was appointed Minister of Defence on 22 April 1992, taking over from acting Minister of Defence Colonel-General Petr Chaus.

On November 3, 1992, Belarus passed the law "On the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus" defining the status, structure and guiding principles of the Armed Forces.[10] After the introduction of presidency the law was amended twice: on September 4, 1996 and on November 9, 1999 but on the whole the law retains its initial contents.

On January 1, 1993 all service personnel on Belarusian soil were required to either take an oath of loyalty to Belarus, or leave. This oath however did not alleviate concerns regarding loyalty to Russia in time of crisis, especially since nearly 50% of all military personnel were ethnically Russian at the end of 1992.

In June 1995, President Lushenko issued a decree on the Mobile Forces. By June 1996, they comprised a headquarters in Vitebsk, two brigades drawn from the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, the 38th Independent Mobile Brigade (Brest, Belarus), an air transport regiment, and communications, logistics, and engineer units.[11]

Membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as the 1996 treaty on the Union of Russia and Belarus and the Treaty of the Formation of a Union State in 1999, confirmed a close partnership with Russia. Much of the air defence system is integrated into the Russian air defence network, and in 2006 the two nations signed an agreement on the creation of a unified air defence system.[12]

Structure

Belarus government websites say that the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus is supported by Central Command Support Elements and the General Staff of the Armed Forces.[13] Combat Support Elements of the Armed Forces included Reconnaissance, Electronic Warfare, Signals, Engineer, NBC Defence, Navigation and Topography, and Maintenance organisations. Logistic Elements of the Armed Forces provided Material Support, Logistic Support, Medical Support, Veterinarian Support, and Military Construction.

In 1995 the Military Academy of Belarus was set up on the basis of two military educational institutions – the Minsk Air Defence and Rocket School of the Soviet Air Defence Forces and the Minsk Higher Military Command School. Its 10 departments train officers of 38 specialties for practically all arms of service. Also in 1995 it was given the status of a government institution of secondary special military education for young men.

Branches

Belarus Ground Forces
Combat brigades of Belarus
Source http://www.ryadovoy.ru/forum/index.php/topic,406.0.html

A Library of Congress study of national ground forces said that in 1994 Belarus had ground forces of 52,500.[14] They were organized into three corps headquarters, two motor divisions, one airborne division, the 51st Guards Artillery Division at Osipovichi,[15] three mechanized divisions, one airborne brigade, three surface-to-surface missile brigades,[16] two antitank brigades, one special duties brigade, and seven anti-aircraft missile brigades. Equipment included 3,108 main battle tanks (seventy-nine T-54, 639 T-55, 291 T-62, 299 T-64, eight T-80, and 1,800 T-72), 419 medium-range launchers, sixty surface to-surface missiles, and 350 surface-to-air missiles.

In 1993 the 7th Tank Army was reorganised as the 7th Army Corps. In 1994 the 7th Army Corps was redesignated as the 65th Army Corps, still located at Borisov.

By January 1, 1995, the composition of the Belarusian ground forces had changed.[14] The Library of Congress study estimated at the time that Ministry of Defence forces included the 103rd Guards Airborne Division and the 38th Separate Assault-Landing Brigade; the 28th Army Corps (Grodno Region and Brest Region), composed of headquarters at Grodno, the 6th Separate Mechanised Infantry Brigade, the 11th Guards Mechanised Infantry Brigade, the 50th Separate Mechanised Infantry Brigade, the Armament and Equipment base, and corps units (missile troops, antiaircraft, chemical and engineer troops, signals, and rear services); the 65th Army Corps (Minsk and Vitebsk Regions), composed of headquarters at Borisov, three armament and equipment bases, and corps units; and the 5th Guards Army Corps (Minsk and Mahilyow regions) made up of headquarters at Babruysk, the 30th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, two Armament and Equipment bases, and corps units.

Actually, the 103rd Guards Airborne Division had been reorganized as Headquarters, Mobile Forces, in 1993. On 1 August 1996 the 51st Guards Artillery Division was reorganised as the 51st Guards Central Group of Artillery, still located at Osipovichi.[17]

On 21 December 2001, a major reorganisation of the Ground Forces produced two operational-territorial commands, formed from two former corps headquarters.[18] All Belarus ground forces were now grouped within these two commands, the Western Operational Command at Grodno, former from the previous 28th Army Corps, the former Soviet 28th Army, and the North Western Operational Command, the former 65th Army Corps, at Barysaw (Borisov).

Since about 2001, territorial defence forces, which as of 2002 number around 150,000, have been forming, organised into battalions, companies, and platoons spread across Belarus.[18]

In 2007, the Land Forces consisted of 29,600 soldiers (6th Guards Mechanised Brigade (Grodno), 11th Guards Mechanized Brigade at Slonim, the 120th Guards Mechanised Brigade (Minsk), 38th and 103rd Mobile Brigades (organized similarly to Soviet airborne regiments, not all of them are equipped with BMD-1),[19] 5th Spetsnaz Brigade (Maryina Horka),[20] five artillery brigades and four regiments, two MRL regiments, 15th, 29th, 115th, 120th and 302nd SAM Brigades, two SSM brigades, two brigades and one regiment of engineers, 8th independent NBC Brigade, two signals brigades, 40th independent NBC battalion. Army equipment includes 1800 main battle tanks (MBT) and 2600 AFV/APC. The weapons and equipment storage bases include the 50th (Brest), 19th,[21] 34th & 37th (former tank divisions), 3rd, and 28th (Baranovichi). Weapons storage bases that have been disbanded include the 29th, 30th, 193rd, and the storage base that used to be the 8th Guards Tank Division at Marina Gorka.

In 2012 it was reported that there were six mechanised brigades in the Ground Forces: three full-strength, the 6th (Grodno), 11th (Slonim), and 120th Guards Mechanised Brigade at Minsk. The others were at reduced strength, where there was one battalion, the 19th (Zaslonova), 37th, and 50th (Baranovichi).[22] By 2017, the number of mechanised brigades had been further reduced to four, with two at full strength and two at reduced strength.[6]

Air Force and Air Defence Forces

In 2007 the Air Force and Air Defence Force of Belarus (AF & ADF) consisted of 18,170 personnel (two fighter/interceptor bases, four FGA/reconnaissance squadrons, one transport air base, training aircraft, and attack and support helicopters, SAM units). Air Force equipment included in 2004 260 fighter-ground attack/training aircraft and 80 attack helicopters. According to Belarus government websites, the Air Forces now have two commands, the Western Operational-Tactical Command and the North-Western Operational-Tactical Command.

The 61st and 927th Air Bases have now merged into the 61st (fighter) Air Base at Baranovichi, flying MiG-29s, and the 206th Air Base (Ross) has merged into the 116th Guards Assault Air Base at Lida, flying Su-25s.

Independent forces

Special Forces
Soldier of the Special Forces of Belarus

The Special Forces of Belarus is the airmobile and strategic deterrence force. It has been a participant in conflicts such as the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon[23] and the Libyan Civil War (2011).[24]

Transport Troops

The Belarusian Transport Troops is responsible for the movement of personnel and material by truck, rail, and air. It is also designed to carry the tasks of the transport support of the military formations from other service branches. General leadership is exercised by the Minister of Defense, while direct control is carried out by the Head of the Transport Support Department, a position that reports directly to the President.

Territorial Forces

The Territorial Forces (Belarusian: Тэрытарыяльных Войскаў, Russian: Территориальных Войск) are a homeland defence organization in the armed forces. It is managed by the Department of the Territorial Forces, being a support department of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus and is operated by the General Staff. It is currently located on Kommunisticheskaya Street in Minsk. The current head of the department of territorial forces is Colonel Andrei Paseko. The Territorial Defence system was established in the early 2000s. Over 120,000 troops constitute the size of the Territorial Forces, which is twice as much as it serves in the regular duty military.[25] During an address by President Alexander Lukashenko on 18 February 2016, he announced the allocation of arms and to the territorial forces and the minimum and maximum amount of district troops ranging from one company and a battalion. Personnel of these units are recruited from residents of their respective administrative-territorial regions.[26][27][28][29][30]

Specialized forces

Special troops are designed to support the combat activities of the Ground Forces and solve their inherent tasks. They include formations and military units of intelligence, communications, engineering, radiation, chemical and biological defense, electronic warfare, navigation and topographic.[31]

  • Electronic Warfare Troops
  • Signal Corps
  • Engineer troops
  • NBC Protection Troops
  • Topographic Navigation Service

Security forces

Internal Troops
The Special Purpose Unit of the Internal Troops.

The Internal Troops of Belarus were formed from the former Soviet Internal Troops after the collapse of the Soviet Union. They consist of three independent brigades and seven independent battalions (consecutively numbered).

Border Guard Service

The Border Guard Service is the paramilitary force of the State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus. It covers the borders with Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.[32][33]

Manpower
Belarusian jets during a flypast in Minsk, July 2019.

The Government Directive of 20 March 1992 ‘On the Establishment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus’ founded the Belarusian army. The Soviet troops of the BMD were smoothly converted into Belarusian military units. Yet one of the first tasks of the Belarusian government was a reduction in its numbers. 240,000 soldiers and officers were serving in the Belarusian Military District. By early 2013 the numbers of military personnel had been scaled down nearly fourfold since 1991. In February 2014, Belorusskaya Voyennaya Gazeta, the official publication of the Ministry of Defense revealed that the Belarusian Armed Forces contains about 59,500 personnel, including 46,000 soldiers and 13,000 civilians.[34]

Military commandants

The military commandants of the Armed Forces of Belarus are regional administrations tasked with overseeing Belarusian regiments in the commandant's territory. Units are assigned to a specific commandant based on their location. There are 6 military commandants in the Belarusian Armed Forces.[35]

Commandant Name Commander Region
Baranavichy Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Pivovar Brest Region
Babruysk Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Gritsuk Mogilev Region
Barysaw Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Kislyi Minsk Region
Brest Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Yuri Ivanyuk Brest Region
Grodno Military Commandant Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Lupyrev Grodno Region
Minsk Military Commandant Colonel Nikolai Kurash Minsk Region

Units under the command of commandants include Military police, honour guards and military bands.[36]

Equipment
BTR-D

The military forces of Belarus are almost exclusively armed with Soviet-era equipment inherited from the Soviet Union. Although large in numbers, some Western experts consider some of it outdated.

“The Belarusian armed forces receive around 100 brand-new and upgraded systems a year,” said in late July 2018, Belarusian Deputy Minister of Defence for Armament and Chief of Armament Major General Sergei Simonenko.[37] The MBTs are of Russian type T-72, T-62, and T-55, the APCs and IFVs are of Russian type MT-LB, BMP-2, BMP-1, and the BMD-1, and Russian type trucks are the GAZ-66 and the KAMAZ-6560. While the IISS Military Balance 2016 listed 69 T-80s in service,[38] by 2018 the listing had been removed, and the only MBTs listed were 527 T-72 as well as 5 T-72B3.

The Air Force is equipped with MiG-29 fighters, Su-25 attack aircraft, as well as Mi-8, Mi-24, and some old, Polish built Mi-2 helicopters. In December 2005, Belarus bought 10 L-39C jet trainer aircraft from the Ukraine, and in 2017 a contract have been signed to buy 12 Su-30SM fighters.[39] In 2006, four batteries (divizions in Russian terminology; about 6 systems each) of S-300 anti-aircraft systems were acquired from Russia to reinforce the Joint CIS Air Defense System. The Military Balance 2018 listed a brigade with the S-300P and a brigade with the S-300V (SA-12A Gladiator/SA-12B Giant).[40]

Small arms
Model Image Caliber Origin Type Notes
Pistols
Makarov PM 9×18mm Makarov  Soviet Union Semi-automatic pistol
Stechkin automatic pistol 9×18mm Makarov  Soviet Union Selective fire Machine pistol
Submachine gun
HK MP5 9×19mm Parabellum West Germany Submachine gun MP5A3 and MP5K variants used by OMON, "Almaz" counter-terrorist unit, MP5A3 in used by KGB Alpha Group.
Assault rifles
AK-47 7.62×39mm  Soviet Union Assault rifle
AKM 7.62×39mm  Soviet Union Assault rifle
AK-74 5.45×39mm  Soviet Union Assault rifle Standard service rifle.
AK-74M 5.45×39mm  Soviet Union /  Russia Assault rifle
9A-91[41] 9×39mm  Russia Carbine
Sniper rifles & designated marksman rifles
VSS Vintorez[42] 9×39mm  Soviet Union Special Sniper rifle, assault rifle Used by various special forces.
Dragunov SVD 7.62×54mmR  Soviet Union Semi-automatic sniper rifle, designated marksman rifle
OSV-96[43] 12.7×108mm  Russia Anti-materiel sniper rifle Used by the special forces.
Machine guns
PK machine gun 7.62×54mmR  Soviet Union General-purpose machine gun
RPK 7.62×39mm  Soviet Union Squad automatic weapon
RPK-74 5.45×39mm  Soviet Union Squad automatic weapon
NSV 12.7×108mm  Soviet Union Heavy machine gun
Grenade launchers
GP-25/30/34 40mm VOG-25  Soviet Union /  Russia Underslung grenade launcher
AGS-17 30×29mm  Soviet Union Automatic grenade launcher
AGS-30 30×29mm  Russia Automatic grenade launcher
Rocket propelled grenade launchers
RPO-A Shmel[44] 93mm  Soviet Union /  Russia Rocket-propelled grenade The PDM-A Priz is replacing the RPO-A Shmel flamethrower
RPG-7 40mm (launcher only, warhead diameter varies)  Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade
RPG-18 64.mm  Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade Single-shot disposable launcher.
RPG-22 72.5mm  Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade Single-shot disposable launcher.
RPG-26 72.5mm  Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade
RPG-29 105mm  Soviet Union Rocket-propelled grenade Re-loadable launcher. Can use PG-29V tandem-charge munitions in an anti-tank role, or TBG-29 thermobaric munitions in anti-infantry use.
Anti-tank guided missiles
9K111 Fagot 120mm  Soviet Union Anti-tank guided missile
9M113 Konkurs 135 mm  Soviet Union Anti-tank guided missile
Shershen 130mm & 152mm  Belarus Anti-tank guided missile
Man-portable air-defense systems
9K34 Strela-3 75mm  Soviet Union Man-portable air-defense system
9K38 Igla 72mm  Soviet Union Man-portable air-defense system

Tanks
Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
T-72  Soviet Union Main Battle Tank 532 (inc T-72B3)[45] Mainly T-72B version. Four mechanized brigades.[38] At least 24 upgraded to the B3M level.[46][47][48][49][50]

Infantry fighting vehicles
Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
BMD-1  Soviet Union Airborne infantry fighting vehicle 124 in 1995, 154 in 2000, 2003 and 2005.[51][52]
BMP-1  Soviet Union Infantry fighting vehicle 132[53] BRM-1 version
BMP-2  Soviet Union Infantry fighting vehicle 932[53] Two mechanized brigades.[53]

Armored personnel carriers
Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
BTR-70  Soviet Union
 Belarus		 Armoured personnel carrier 39[38] In Special Forces. Upgraded BTR-70MB1.
BTR-80  Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 153[38] In Special Forces.
MT-LB  Soviet Union Armoured personnel carrier 50[38]

Armored cars
Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
BRDM-2  Soviet Union
 Belarus		 Amphibious Armoured Scout Car

Artillery
Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
Multiple rocket launcher
BM-21 Grad  Soviet Union
 Belarus		 Multiple rocket launcher 126[38] Partially upgraded to BM-21A "Belgrad".
BM-27 Uragan  Soviet Union
 Belarus		 Self-propelled artillery 72[38] Partially upgraded to Uragan-M.[50]
BM-30 Smerch  Soviet Union Multiple rocket launcher 36[38]
Polonez (MRL)  Belarus Multiple rocket launcher 4[38]
Tactical ballistic missile
OTR-21 Tochka  Soviet Union Tactical ballistic missile 38[54]
Scud  Soviet Union Tactical ballistic missile 60[38]
Self-propelled artillery
2S1 Gvozdika  Soviet Union Self-propelled artillery 198[38]
2S3 Akatsiya  Soviet Union Self-propelled artillery 108[38]
2S5 Giatsint-S  Soviet Union Self-propelled artillery 116[38]
2S9 Nona  Soviet Union Self propelled mortar 48[38]
2S19 Msta  Soviet Union Self-propelled artillery 12[38]
Towed Howitzer
122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)  Soviet Union 122mm Towed Howitzer 48[38]
152 mm howitzer 2A65  Soviet Union 152 mm Towed Howitzer 48[38]
152 mm gun 2A36  Soviet Union 152 mm Towed Howitzer 132[38]

Anti-air defenses
Model Image Origin Type Number Notes
2K22 Tunguska (SA-19 Grison)  Soviet Union Tracked SPAAW -
9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko)  Soviet Union 6×6 amphibious SAM system 24 batteries
9K35 Strela-10  Soviet Union Vehicle-mounted SAM system 350
Tor missile system  Russia Tracked SAM system 20 Tor-M2s 4 Tor-M2s ordered[55][56][57]
S-300PS (SA-10 Grumble)
S-300V (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator)
 Soviet Union
 Russia		 Long-range SAM system 12
12		 S-300PS systems delivered from Russia in 2007 to replace older S-300 model in Belarusian inventory.[58] Four divisions of S-300 missiles to be delivered in 2014.[59]
9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly)  Soviet Union
 Belarus		 Medium range SAM system 12
S-400 missile system  Russia Long-Range Mobile surface-to-air missile system 2 Batteries Announced their intentions to purchase the S-400 in September 2011.[60] Deliveries started in 2015 (official statement).[61][62] 2 systems in 2016.[63]

Other
  • Dongfeng EQ2058s
  • Lis-PM
  • DongFeng Mengshi EQ2050F named Bogatyr in the Belarusian army[64]
  • MZKT-490100
  • Dajiang CS/VN3 Drakon[65]
  • Bogomol UCGV[66]
  • Burevestnik-MB armed drone
  • Busel-MB reconnaissance drone[67]
  • Berserk combat UGV[68][69]
  • Centaur UCGV[66]
  • 2B23 Nona-M1 semi-automatic breech-loading 120 mm towed mortars
  • Sopka-2M radar station[70]
  • Groza-R2 handheld VHF jamming counter-unmanned aerial vehicle systems[71]
  • Protivnik-G, Vostok-D and Rosa-RBM radar stations
  • Garant-AKPP automated control post
  • MKR Argus-P1 mobile radio monitoring system
  • Peleng radio technical reconnaissance system[72]
  • UAZ Patriot[73]

Cultural aspects
See also: Culture of Belarus

Institutions/units

Holidays
See also: Public holidays in Belarus
  • In Belarus, the holiday annual Defender of the Fatherland Day (known as Дзень абаронцы Айчыны in the Belarusian language) celebrations on 23 February also coincide with the Day of the Armed Forces (Дзень Узброеных Сіл). It commemorates that day 1918 when the first unified military in the country was established as part of the Red Army. Officially declared a public holiday by President Lukashenko on 25 March 2004, it has traditionally been honoured with a wreath laying ceremony by the President of Belarus on Victory Square. Joint festive events with soldiers of the Russian Armed Forces soldiers are also hold on 23 February in connection with their professional holiday. During the centennial of the armed forces in 2018, events were held throughout the year, including a military parade in Gomel and celebrations in Vitebsk.[74][75][76]

The following is a list of notable Belarusian military pieces:[77][78]

  • Motherland My Dear (Радзіма мая дарагая)
  • Victory March (Марш Перамогi)
  • Den Pobedy (Дзень Перамогі)
  • Anthem of the Military Academy (Гимн Военной академии)
  • Grenadier March (Марш Грэнадыі)
  • Our Fatherland's Flag (Айчыны нашай сцяг)[79]
  • Song from 45 (Письмо из 45-го)

Military education
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