April 1900

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April 23, 1900: King Chulalongkorn frees the serfs of Thailand
April 30, 1900: "Casey" Jones wrecks train, becomes immortalized in song
April 3, 1900: Admiral Dewey runs for President, says he's convinced that the job "is not a very difficult one"
April 11, 1900: U.S. Navy acquires its first submarine, USS Holland

The following events occurred in April 1900:



April 1, 1900 (Sunday)
  • Bayern Munich played its first game, defeating the MTV 1879 club, 7–1.[1]
  • RWE AG, Germany's largest electrical power company, began supplying electricity, starting with the city of Düsseldorf.[2]

April 2, 1900 (Monday)
  • The associate's degree was created by the University of Chicago, and granted to fifteen students who had completed their freshman and sophomore years.[3]
  • Meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, the Automobile Club of America announced its plans to push for the construction of a transcontinental road, to run from New York to San Francisco.[4]
  • Born: Roberto Arlt, Argentine writer and journalist, in Buenos Aires; (d. 1942)

April 3, 1900 (Tuesday)
  • Admiral George Dewey, hero of the Spanish–American War, announced his candidacy for President of the United States, bringing the cancellation of a celebrated tour of the United States. In an exclusive interview with the New York World, Dewey made the mistake of saying, "I am convinced that the office of the president is not a very difficult one to fill, his duties mainly to execute the laws of congress.".[5] Dewey withdrew his candidacy the next month, after revealing that he had never voted in an election.[6]
  • The U.S. Senate passed the Foraker Act, providing for the government of Puerto Rico, 49–31, and sent the measure to the House of Representatives,[7] which approved it 161–153.[8]
  • Born: Camille Chamoun, President of Lebanon 1952–58, in Deir el Qamar (d. 1987).

April 4, 1900 (Wednesday)
  • In Brussels, an assassin fired two shots at Britain's Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) as the Prince's railroad car was preparing to leave Brussels-North railway station for Copenhagen. Identified as a 16-year-old Jean-Baptiste Sipido, the would-be killer, protesting against the Second Boer War, jumped upon the footboard of the carriage and fired through the window, but missed.[9] Sipido was tried and acquitted, and lived until 1959.
  • Convention Hall in Kansas City, which was three months away from hosting the 1900 Democratic Convention, was destroyed in a fire that consumed the building in 30 minutes.[10]
  • Queen Victoria visited her subjects in Dublin, Ireland (at the time, a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) after landing the night before at Kingstown on the yacht Victoria and Albert.[11]
  • At Reddersburg in South Africa, Boer troops led by General Christiaan de Wet forced the surrender of the Royal Irish Rifles after a 24-hour battle, taking 546 prisoners.[12]

April 5, 1900 (Thursday)
  • The patent application for the first mercury-vapor lamp, now commonplace in street lights around the world because of its longevity and luminescence, was filed by American inventor Peter Cooper Hewitt [13]. U.S. Patent No. 682,692 was granted on September 17, 1901.
  • Olga Nethersole was acquitted by a jury of charges of public nuisance, arising from the performance of the play Sapho. Two days later, Sapho was being presented again on Broadway for 55 more performances.[14]
  • The Irish Guards were created by command of Queen Victoria to commemorate the bravery of Irish forces in South Africa.[15]
  • Born: Spencer Tracy, American actor, in Milwaukee (d. 1967)

April 6, 1900 (Friday)
  • World heavyweight boxing champion Jim Jeffries retained his title in a bout that lasted only 55 seconds. In Detroit, challenger Jack Finnegan was TKO'd less than a minute into the first round, a record that still stands.[16] Finnegan, who was outweighed by Jeffries 250 pounds to 180, got up after each of three knockdowns before the towel was thrown in.[17] In 1988, Mike Tyson would KO Michael Spinks in 91 seconds, the last heavyweight title fight to be decided in the first round.[18]
  • The city of Havana, Cuba, banned the playing of African drums, a prohibition that remained in effect until 1940, when conga drums again became part of Cuban music.[19]
  • Kentucky's highest court declared J.C.W. Beckham to be the Governor, ruling against William S. Taylor. Taylor had been sworn in as Governor earlier in the year after being certified the winner of the 1899 election, but a lower court ruled William Goebel to be the winner. Goebel was assassinated, and Lt. Governor Beckham was sworn in during February.[20]

April 7, 1900 (Saturday)
  • More than 100 people were killed near Austin, Texas, when the McDonald Dam burst at 11:15 in the morning and sent a torrent of waters from the Colorado River rushing through the state capital. The dam had been constructed only seven years earlier, and burst following four days of rain. The town of Circleville was reported to have been washed away. Flooding of the Concho River had destroyed the town of Watervalley the day before.[21]
  • At Thomas Edison's laboratory, an agent of the Goldschmidt Chemische-Thermo Industrie of Essen, Germany, demonstrated a process to melt iron in five seconds. "Louis Dreyfus of Frankfort-on-Main ... showed Mr. Edison his new process for attaining an enormous degree of heat in an incredibly short period of time by the combustion of a certain chemical compound which the inventor keeps a secret," the New York Times reported, "then placed a six-inch long iron wrench in a crucible and created a fire that reached 3,000 degrees centigrade." [22]
  • General Arthur MacArthur was named to replace General Elwell S. Otis as military governor of the Philippines.[20]
  • The gunboat USS Wheeling arrived at Taku Forts to reinforce the American military presence in China.[23]

April 8, 1900 (Sunday)
  • In the first major event associated with the introduction of Buddhism to the United States, Buddha's birthday was celebrated in an elaborate ceremony in San Francisco. The Buddhist mission had begun its outreach to European-Americans in weekly lectures beginning on January 4.[24]

April 9, 1900 (Monday)
  • In a session of the Académie des Sciences in Paris, physicist Paul Villard presented the paper "Sur la reflexion et la refraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons deviables du radium", describing, for the first time gamma rays, radiation that penetrated through shielding.[25]

April 10, 1900 (Tuesday)
  • The Supreme Court of Ohio upheld the constitutionality of the first anti-lynching law in the United States. Passed in 1896, the "Act for the Suppression of Mob Violence" permitted damages to be recovered from a local government for negligence in preventing a person from being lynched.[26]
  • Died: Frank Hamilton Cushing, 42, ethnologist for the Smithsonian Institution and expert on the Zuni Indian culture. Cushing died after choking to death on a fishbone.[27]

April 11, 1900 (Wednesday)
  • The U.S. Navy purchased its first submarine, the USS Holland (SS-1) for $150,000.[28] Commissioned on October 12, the sub was 50 feet (15 m) long, held a crew of six, and ran on electric batteries when submerged.[29]
  • King Leopold II of Belgium, by declaration made on April 9, turned over to the nation all of his properties "which contribute to the charms and beauty of the localities in which they are situated" on condition that they be preserved as park land, creating the Royal Trust of Belgium. More were turned over in 15 November 1900.[15]

April 12, 1900 (Thursday)
  • President McKinley signed into law "An Act Providing a Civil Government for Porto Rico", also called the Foraker Act, and appointed Charles H. Allen as the first American Governor of Puerto Rico.[8]
  • Died: James Richard Cocke, 70, American physician, homeopath, and pioneer hypnotherapist, killed himself with a gunshot to the head.

April 13, 1900 (Friday)
  • For the fourth time since 1893, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution to provide that United States Senators be elected by popular vote rather than by the individual state legislatures, by a margin of 242–15. As with the previous resolutions, the measure failed in the Senate. It was not until 1913 that the law changed, by the amendment of the United States Constitution.[30]
  • At Knossos, workmen first excavated the royal palace of Minos.[31]

April 14, 1900 (Saturday)

April 15, 1900 (Sunday)
  • American troops in the Philippines sustained their heaviest one-day loss of the year as 19 soldiers in the 43rd Infantry were killed at the Siege of Catubig on the first day of battle. The War Department reported that 200 insurgents were killed on the same daytime.[36]
Ancient computer?
  • At or near Easter, the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient computer used to calculate astronomical positions, was found by Elias Stadiatos, a sponge fisherman.[37]
  • AC Milan played its first official match, losing to FC Torino, 3–0. The club had won a warmup game against Mediolanum on March 11, 3–0.[38]

April 16, 1900 (Monday)
  • The first book of stamps in the United States was placed on sale in American post offices. According to the 1900 report of the Postmaster General, "These books are issued in three sizes, containing, respectively, 12, 24, and 48 2-cent stamps in sheets of six stamps each, with paraffined paper interleaved between the sheets ..." [39]
  • Born: Polly Adler, famed brothel operator in New York, recounted in A House is Not a Home; in Russia; (d. 1962)

April 17, 1900 (Tuesday)
  • The chiefs of Tutuila, led by Chief Mauga of Pago Pago, voted to approve cession of the island to the United States, and presented a deed to be taken to the President. The courtesy of a reply was not received until January 16, 1903. Commander B.F. Tilley raised the American flag at Pago Pago.[40]
  • Died: George Curry, Wild West robber (Wild Bunch), was shot and killed by Sheriff Jessie M. Tyler while cattle rustling in Grand County, Utah.

April 18, 1900 (Wednesday)
  • In British India, the organization Nagari Pracharini Sabha succeeded in its mission to promote the official recognition of the Devanagari script in official documents. Sir Antony Macdonald, Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh issued an executive order providing that the Devanagari and Persian scripts be used for government documents, summons and notices.[41]
  • In American law, "the term `Native American Samoan' means a person who is a citizen or national of the United States and who is a lineal descendant of an inhabitant of the Samoan Islands on April 18, 1900. For purposes of this section, Swains Island shall be considered part of the Samoan Islands."

April 19, 1900 (Thursday)
  • In China, the Dowager Empress issued an imperial edict to all Chinese viceroys and governors, directing them to in turn issue warnings to the Boxers and other armed groups to refrain from "hostile and lawless acts toward native Christians", subject to severe punishment. However, the Empress issued another edict prohibiting soldiers from firing on Boxers.[42]
  • The first anti-Japanese meeting was held in the United States, taking place in Seattle.[43]
  • The 1900 National League baseball season opened, with all eight teams playing.[44] For the first time, home plate was a five-sided base, pointing toward the pitcher's mound.[45]

April 20, 1900 (Friday)
  • Niue, also known as Savage Island, was made a British protectorate at the request of its ruler, King Fataaiki. The South Pacific island was annexed to New Zealand in 1901.[46]
  • Joseph Wheeler resigned as Congressman for Alabama's 8th congressional district. As a brigadier general in the United States Army, Wheeler had been absent from the state and stationed in the Philippines since 1899.[47]
  • Leo Alexandroff, a Russian sailor on the ship Variag, defected to the United States while in New York. Though he was arrested by American authorities on charges of desertion, at the request of the Russian government, the United States refused to turn him over, citing an exception to its treaty of extradition.[48]

April 21, 1900 (Saturday)
  • Queen Makea Takau and Chief Ngamaru Ariki of Rarotonga Island formally petitioned for the Cook Islands to be made part of the British Empire without any connection to New Zealand. Nevertheless, the islands were annexed to New Zealand in 1901.[49]
  • Born: Hans Fritzsche, Nazi official who controlled news reporting for Germany's propaganda ministry, in Köln (d. 1953)

April 22, 1900 (Sunday)

April 23, 1900 (Monday)
  • King Chulalongkorn of Siam (now Thailand) decreed an end to the phrai system, a form of serfdom in rural provinces.[51]
  • The United States Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections unanimously approved a report to the Senate recommending that the election of Senator William A. Clark of Montana be declared null and void.[52] Clark would resign on May 11, bringing an end to debate in the Senate.[53]
  • According to one source, the word "hillbilly" was introduced on this date, appearing in the New York Journal[54]
  • The town of Pánuco, Veracruz in Mexico was destroyed by fire, leaving more than 2,000 homeless.[55]

April 24, 1900 (Tuesday)
  • By a vote of 33 to 32, the United States Senate refused to allow Matthew S. Quay to take office as Senator from Pennsylvania. The roll was called at 4:00 in the afternoon, with Senator Wellington of Michigan casting the deciding vote.[56]

April 25, 1900 (Wednesday)
  • Captain Umberto Cagni of Italy, and his crew of ten men and 102 dogs reached a point further north than mankind had ever been before. Cagni, part of the North Pole expedition of the Duke of Abruzzi, planted the Italian flag at 86°34' N and then turned back.[57]
  • William H. King was sworn in as the U.S. Representative from Utah, filling the seat that had been denied Brigham Roberts. Because of Utah's sparse population, King was the state's sole member of the House.[58]
  • Born: Wolfgang Ernst Pauli, Austrian-born physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics, 1945, for formulating the Pauli exclusion principle, in Vienna; (d. 1958)

April 26, 1900 (Thursday)
  • The city of Hull, Québec, and the western side of Ottawa, were destroyed by a kitchen fire that broke out in a Bank Street restaurant during the morning and by 11:30, it swept north towards Hull's Main Street and through the lumber mills. By 1:00 in the afternoon, the flames spread over the Ottawa River to the Chaudiere Flats section of the Canadian capital. The property loss was estimated at $15,000,000 (c. $300 million in 2008 monies) and twelve thousand people were left homeless, though only seven people were killed.[59]
  • Guglielmo Marconi was awarded British patent No. 7,777 for wireless radio.
  • President Manuel Antonio Sanclemente of Colombia extended the deadline for completion of the Panama Canal from October 31, 1904, to October 31, 1910.[60] The executive decree was granted without consent of the Colombian Congress.[61]
  • Born: Charles Richter, American seismologist and devisor of the Richter magnitude scale, by which earthquakes are measured, in Hamilton, Ohio; (d. 1985)

April 27, 1900 (Friday)
  • Newly appointed Governor of Puerto Rico Charles H. Allen arrived at San Juan on the USS Dolphin.[62]
  • Secretary of War Elihu Root surprised an audience at a banquet when he predicted that the United States would go to war in a few years. Speaking at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, where the birthday of the late General U.S. Grant was being celebrated, Root said that "The American people will, within a few years, have to either abandon the Monroe doctrine, or fight for it, and we are not going to abandon it. If necessary we will fight for it, but unless there is greater diligence in legislation, in the future than in the past, when the time comes it may find us unprepared." [63]
  • Hannibal Sehested replaced Hugo Egmont Hørring as Prime Minister of Denmark.

April 28, 1900 (Saturday)
  • The wife of Major General James H. Wilson, Military Governor of the Matanzas-Santa Clara Department of Cuba, was killed in a freak accident in Havana. Mrs. Wilson alighted from a carriage and stepped on a match that had been burning in the street, and her dress caught fire. She died shortly thereafter of her burns.[64]
  • Born: Heinrich Müller, Chief of the Gestapo during World War II, in Munich; disappeared in 1945.
  • Died: Alfred M. Jones, a noted 70-year-old engraver who had attained worldwide fame, was killed when a cab struck him on Fifth Avenue in New York. Jones was walking to a dinner engagement at the Century Club at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. He died at the New York Hospital of a fractured skull.[65]

April 29, 1900 (Sunday)
  • An accident at the Paris Exposition killed nine people and injured forty. Because of repairs to a bridge that led to the Celestial Globe, a temporary plaster footbridge had been constructed.[66]
  • The National League's St. Louis team was first referred to in print as the "Cardinals", mentioned in a report in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.[67]

April 30, 1900 (Monday)
  • "On April 30, 1900, that rainy morn, Down in Mississippi near the town of Vaughn, Sped the Cannonball Special only two minutes late, Traveling" 70 miles (110 km) "an hour when they saw a freight." [68] Songwriter Wallace Saunders would immortalize "a relatively minor disaster on the Illinois Central" [69] in The Ballad of Casey Jones. John Luther "Casey" Jones, driving a passenger train from Memphis to Canton, Mississippi, was speeding when he encountered two stalled freight trains on the main track at Vaughn, Mississippi. Although he was unable to avoid a collision, Jones slowed the train sufficiently that he was the only fatality of the accident, which happened at 3:42 a.m.[70]
  • At 12:40 in the afternoon,[71] President McKinley signed into law "An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii". All persons who had been citizens of Hawaii as of April 12, 1898, were declared to be citizens of the United States. By its terms, the law was to take effect on June 14, 1900.[72]
  • Born: Cecily Lefort, English World War II heroine and spy during World War II, in London; (d. 1945)
gollark: Still, `http.request` is the bit which is actually doing the HTTPing, and you can't do HTTPS without it supporting that natively basically.
gollark: While in newer versions there's a bit of Lua code in the BIOS which provides more complex methods than `http.request`, the actual HTTP logic is still done in Java code.
gollark: Java.
gollark: HTTPS is easy enough to set up nowadays and all sane browsers support it.
gollark: My site does, since my webserver software does it automatically, since there aren't generally good reasons to use HTTP instead of HTTPS.

References
  1. "Bayern 100"
  2. RWE-AG Company History
  3. "New College Degree", New York Times, April 1, 1900, p2
  4. "Automobile Club Plans Vast Roads", New York Times, April 2, 1900, p1
  5. "DEWEY WILL RUN – Has Decided to Be Candidate For Presidency – Is Not Difficult to Fill"; Des Moines Daily News, April 4, 1900, p1
  6. Jack Sweetman, The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587–1945 (Naval Institute Press, 1997), p321
  7. "Senate Passes the Puerto Rican Bill", New York Times, April 3, 1900, p1
  8. The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1901, p93
  9. "Assassin Fires at Prince of Wales", New York Times, April 5, 1900, p1
  10. "Convention Hall Destroyed by Fire", New York Times, April 5, 1900, p1
  11. Siobhán Marie Kilfeather, Dublin: A Cultural History (Oxford University Press, 2005) pp160–61The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year 1901, p10
  12. Thomas Pankenham, The Boer War (Random House, 1979) p417
  13. "Method of manufacturing electric lamps", U.S. Patent No. 682,692
  14. Internet Broadway Database
  15. The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year 1901, p10
  16. Lindy Lindell, Metro Detroit Boxing, (Arcadia Publishing, 2001), p11
  17. "The Biggest Brute Won", New York Times, April 7, 1900, p9
  18. "Wait a Minute, or Two", New York Times, June 28, 1988
  19. "Cuban Musicians Honored at the Smithsonian Institute [sic]", Latin Beat Magazine, April 1999
  20. The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1901, p101
  21. "Texans Perish in Disastrous Floods", New York Times, April 8, 1900, p1; "Whole Town Wiped Out", Id. p2; "Disastrous Floods in Texas", April 7, 1900;
  22. "Iron Melts in Five Seconds", New York Times, April 9, 1900, p1
  23. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States (G.P.O. 1902) p119
  24. Thomas A. Tweed, The American Encounter with Buddhism, 1844–1912: Victorian Culture & the Limits of Dissent (UNC Press, 2000), p38
  25. High-energy Spectroscopic Astrophysics (Springer 2005) p83
  26. James Elbert Cutler, Lynch-Law: An Investigation Into the History of Lynching in the United States (Longmans, Green and Co., 1905), p249
  27. Barbara A. Purdy, The Art and Archaeology of Florida's Wetlands (CRC Press, 1991), p53; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2009-01-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. Norman Friedman, U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History (Naval Institute Press, 1995), p11
  29. Sherry Sontag, Christopher Drew, Annette Lawrence Drew, Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage (HarperCollins,2000) p. xvi
  30. Julian E. Zelizer, The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004) pp358–362
  31. Shona Grimbly, Encyclopedia of the Ancient World (Taylor & Francis, 2000), p72
  32. "Paris Exposition Formally Opened", New York Times, April 15, 1900, p1
  33. Robin Landa, Advertising by Design: Generating and Designing Creative Ideas Across Media (John Wiley and Sons, 2010) p51
  34. "Automobiles to Race", New York Times, April 13, 1900, p8; "First Automobile Fifty-Mile Race Ever Run in America", New York Times, April 15, 1900, p11; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2009-01-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. http://cyclingnutz.com/events-new%5B%5D
  36. Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1902 (GPO 1903) p294
  37. Eric G. Swedin and David L. Ferro, Computers: The Life Story of a Technology (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007) p1
  38. SoccerPulse.com Archived May 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  39. Annual Reports of the Post-Office Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1900, pp683–684
  40. "Tutuila (U.S.)", by David Starr Jordan and Vernon Lyman Kellogg, The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XCIV, p207
  41. Joshua A. Fishman, The Earliest Stage of Language Planning: The "first Congress" Phenomenon (Walter de Gruyter, 1993), p125
  42. Library of World History: Containing a Record of the Human Race from the Earliest Historical Period to the Present Time; Embracing a General Survey of the Progress of Mankind in National and Social Life, Civil Government, Religion, Literature, Science and Art, Volume X (Western Press Association, 1914), p4676
  43. Roger Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (University of California Press, 1977), p125, quoting McKenzie, Oriental Exclusion, p30;
  44. "Champion Season Opens", Chicago Tribune, April 19, 1900, p4
  45. Trey Strecker, et al., Understanding Baseball: A Textbook (McFarland, 2015) p12
  46. Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1902, p326
  47. The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Vol. 10 (The Biographical Society, 1904)
  48. John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law (GPO, 1906), p423
  49. Richard Gilson, The Cook Islands 1820–1950 (IPS Publications, 1980) p98
  50. Virginia McLean Thompson, Richard Adloff, The Emerging States of French Equatorial Africa (Stanford University Press, 1960), pp10–11
  51. Renard, Ronald D. (2000). The Differential Integration of Hill People into the Thai State. Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States. Routledge. p. 75.
  52. "Senate Committee Against Mr. Clark", New York Times, April 24, 1900, p10
  53. J.D. Bacon, The National Nonpartisan League Debate: An Original Anthology (1918), p15
  54. Dennis E. Fehr, Kris Fehr, Karen Keifer-Boyd, Real-World Readings in Art Education: Things Your Professor Never Told You (Taylor & Francis, 1999), p57
  55. "Mexican Town Destroyed", New York Times, April 24, 1900, p1
  56. "Senate Declares Against M.S. Quay", New York Times, April 25, 1900, p1
  57. Fergus Fleming, Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole (Grove Press, 2001), pp320–22
  58. "King Takes the Oath; Utah Now Has Representative in the House", The Salt Lake Tribune, April 26, 1900, p1
  59. "Ottawa and Hull Swept By Flames", New York Times, April 27, 1900, p1
  60. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (1903), p541
  61. Captain Miles P. Duval, Cadiz to Cathay, Stanford University Press, p171
  62. "Gov. Allen in San Juan", New York Times, April 28, 1900, p10
  63. "Secretary of War Foresees a Fight", Lincoln (Neb.) Evening News, April 28, 1900, p1
  64. "Mrs. Wilson Burned to Death", New York Times, April 29, 1900, p1
  65. "Artist Killed in Fifth Avenue", New York Times, April 29, 1900, p1
  66. "Nine Killed at the Paris Exposition", New York Times, April 30, 1900, p1
  67. Mike Eisenbath, The Cardinals Encyclopedia (Temple University Press, 1999) p22
  68. reprinted in Michael Ryall, Read & Understand Poetry, Grades 4–5 (Evan-Moor Educational Publishers, 2005), pp73–74
  69. Brian Solomon, Railroad Signaling (MBI Publishing Company, 2003), p42
  70. "John Luther Jones", The Kentucky Encyclopedia (University Press of Kentucky, 1992), p479
  71. "Hawaiian Bill Signed", New York Times, May 1, 1900, p7
  72. The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1901, p97
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