Adenia

Adenia is a genus of flowering plants in the passionflower family, Passifloraceae. It is distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.[1] The centers of diversity are in Madagascar, eastern and western tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia.[2] The genus name Adenia comes from "aden",[3] reported as the Arabic name for the plant by Peter Forsskål, the author of the genus.[4]

Adenia
Adenia pechuelii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Passifloraceae
Subfamily: Passifloroideae
Tribe: Passifloreae
Genus: Adenia
Forssk.
Species

about 100, see text

Synonyms

Description

All Adenia are perennial plants, but there are many different forms, including herbs, vines, lianas, shrubs, and trees.[5] Many are succulents and some are pachycauls. Some have fibrous root systems and some have tubers.[5] Adenia can be found in a wide variety of habitat types, from dry African deserts to wet Southeast Asian rainforests.[5] There are some 100 species in the genus.[6]

Adenia have alternately arranged leaves borne on petioles. There are two glands located near the attachment of the blade to the petiole.[1] Most species are dioecious.[5] Inflorescences of a few to many flowers occur in the leaf axils. There is a stipe below the flower. The calyx of sepals around the base of the flower has five lobes. The five petals are usually smaller than the sepals and may be whitish or greenish. The male flower has five stamens. In the female flower these are reduced to staminodes. There are three styles tipped with stigmas that may be long-hairy to very woolly. The fruit is a red capsule. Each black seed has a fleshy aril.[1]

Adenia species can be difficult to identify and distinguish. Individuals of a species can be variable. One plant can have leaves of varying shapes and sizes, and young and old specimens can have different leaf types. Some taxa are poorly represented in herbarium collections, leaving few examples to compare with new specimens. Records of some taxa lack descriptions of both flower types. Many species only flower for a few weeks, and during this time they may also lose their leaves. Succulent plants can be difficult to properly collect and preserve.[2]

Uses

Several species are used in traditional African medicine. Various parts of A. cissampeloides are used to treat many conditions, including gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, pain, fever, malaria, leprosy, scabies, cholera, anemia, bronchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, menorrhagia, and mental illness.[7] It is used both as an abortifacient and to prevent miscarriage.[7] A. dinklagei leaves are ingested to treat palpitations. The leaves of A. tricostata are used to treat fever. The leaves or leaf sap of A. bequaertii are taken to treat headache, mental illness, and possession.[7] A. lobata stems are applied to sites of Guinea worm infection during extraction of the worm. It is also used as an enema and an aphrodisiac.[8]

A. cissampeloides is used as a fish poison and arrow poison. The red-colored sap is used as a cosmetic. The stems can be made into rope. The crushed twigs or smoke from burning roots can be used to calm honeybees during honey harvest.[7]

The leaves of A. cissampeloides are eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.[7]

A. digitata is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its very large, distinctive aboveground tuber.[9]

Toxicity

Many Adenia are poisonous. They contain lectins such as lanceolin, stenodactylin, and volkensin, which are toxic to cells. They cause apoptosis, hemagglutination, inhibition of protein synthesis, and depurination of ribosomes and DNA.[10] Mouse experiments with small doses of lanceolin and stenodactylin, from A. lanceolata and A. stenodactyla, respectively, revealed that they are "amongst the most potent toxins of plant origin".[11]

The fruit of A. digitata has been used in Africa to commit homicide and suicide.[9]

Diversity
Adenia fruticosa
Adenia hondala

There are approximately 100 species in the genus.[1][2]

Species include:[12][13]

  • Adenia aculeata Engl.
  • Adenia acuta
  • Adenia boivinii
  • Adenia cardiophylla
  • Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms – monkey rope, snake climber, wild granadilla
  • Adenia cladosepala (Baker) Harms
  • Adenia densiflora
  • Adenia digitata Engl.
  • Adenia ellenbeckii Harms
  • Adenia firingalavense (Drake ex Jum.) Harms
  • Adenia formosana Hayata
  • Adenia fruticosa Burtt Davy
  • Adenia glauca Schinz
  • Adenia globosa Engl.
  • Adenia goetzii
  • Adenia gummifera
  • Adenia heterophylla [14]
  • Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde
  • Adenia huillensis
  • Adenia karibaensis
  • Adenia keramanthus Harms
  • Adenia kigogoensis[2]
  • Adenia kirkii
  • Adenia lanceolata
  • Adenia litoralis[2]
  • Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.
  • Adenia macrophylla
  • Adenia mcdadiana[2]
  • Adenia metamorpha[2]
  • Adenia olaboensis Claverie
  • Adenia pachyphylla
  • Adenia pechuelii Harms
  • Adenia penangiana
  • Adenia pyromorpha
  • Adenia racemosa
  • Adenia repanda
  • Adenia rumicifolia
  • Adenia spinosa Burtt Davy
  • Adenia stenodactyla
  • Adenia stylosa
  • Adenia subsessilifolia H.Perrier
  • Adenia venenata Forssk. – akerbia
  • Adenia volkensii Harms – kiliambiti
  • Adenia wightiana
gollark: I mean, it's a nice color.
gollark: What sort of stuff *can* you do with just laser pointers other than just, well, setting things on fire and shining them at things?
gollark: Spirit is very knowledgeable, but will also ruthlessly correct any mistake anyone makes.
gollark: OH NOYOU PINGED HIM
gollark: If you want illumination inside or something, it would probably be cheaper to just get really bright LEDs.

References
  1. Adenia. Flora of China.
  2. Hearn, David J. (2007). "Novelties in Adenia (Passifloraceae): Four New Species, a New Combination, a Vegetative Key, and Diagnostic Characters for Known Madagascan Species". Brittonia. 59 (4): 308–27. doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2007)59[308:NIAPFN]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 30218764.
  3. Eggli, U.; Newton, L.E. (2004). Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-540-00489-9. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  4. Peter Forsskål. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. 1775. page 77
  5. Hearn, David J. (2006). "Adenia (Passifloraceae) and its adaptive radiation: phylogeny and growth form diversification". Systematic Botany. 31 (4): 805–21. doi:10.1600/036364406779695933. JSTOR 25064211.
  6. http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Passifloraceae/Adenia/
  7. Grace, O. M. and D. Fowler. 2007. Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms. Archived 8 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  8. Zimudzi, C. 2007. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  9. de Ruijter, A. 2007. Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. In: Schmelzer, G. H. and A. Gurib-Fakim (Eds.) Prota 11(1): Medicinal Plants/Plantes médicinales 1. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
  10. Mercatelli D, Bortolotti M, Andresen V, et al. (May 2020). "Early Response to the Plant Toxin Stenodactylin in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Involves Inflammatory and Apoptotic Signaling". Front. Pharmacol. 11: 630. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00630. PMID 32457623.
  11. Stirpe F, Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, et al. (July 2007). "Characterization of highly toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Adenia lanceolata and Adenia stenodactyla (Passifloraceae)". Toxicon. 50 (1): 94–105. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.020. PMID 17434551.
  12. GRIN Species Records of Adenia. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  13. Adenia. Madagascar Catalogue. eFloras.
  14. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium

Further reading
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