2000 Hong Kong legislative election

The 2000 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 10 September 2000 for members of the 2nd Legislative Council (LegCo) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). The election returned 24 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 6 seats from the Election Committee constituency and 30 members from functional constituencies, of which 9 uncontested.

2000 Hong Kong legislative election

10 September 2000
All 60 seats to the Legislative Council 31 seats needed for a majority
Registered	3,055,378 (GC) 9.30%
Turnout	1,331,080 (43.57%) 9.72pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Martin Lee Tsang Yok-sing James Tien Party Democratic DAB Liberal Alliance Pro-democracy Pro-Beijing Pro-Beijing Leader's seat Hong Kong Island Kowloon West Commercial (First) Last election 13 seats, 42.87% 10 seats, 25.23% 10 seats, 3.4% Seats won 12 11 8 Seat change 1 2 Popular vote 417,873 374,780 24,858 Percentage 31.66% 28.40% 1.88% Swing 11.21pp 3.17pp 1.52pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Ambrose Lau Lau Chin-shek Emily Lau Party Progressive Alliance CTU Frontier Alliance Pro-Beijing Pro-democracy Pro-democracy Leader's seat Election Committee Kowloon West New Territories East Last election 5 seats Did not contest 3 seats, 10.03% Seats won 4 2 2 Seat change 1 Popular vote 25,773 96,752 89,529 Percentage 1.95% 7.33% 6.78% Swing N/A N/A 3.25pp   Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party   Leader Frederick Fung Leung Yiu-chung Ng Ching-fai Party ADPL NWSC New Forum Alliance Pro-democracy Pro-democracy Pro-Beijing Leader's seat Kowloon West New Territories West Election Committee Last election 0 seat, 3.99% Did not contest New party Seats won 1 1 1 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 62,717 59,348 21,103 Percentage 4.75% 4.50% 1.60% Swing 0.76pp N/A N/A
Elected candidates by each constituency
President before election Rita Fan Independent Elected President Rita Fan Independent

The election saw the decline in turnout rate from 53.29 percent in 1998 to 43.57 percent. The Democratic Party was able to maintain the largest party status in the legislature by retaining 12 seats, despite its vote share fell sharply by eight percent, if including Lau Chin-shek from the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU) running in the same ticket with Democrat James To in Kowloon West, from 42 percent in 1998 to 34 percent in 2000.[1]

In contrast, the pro-Beijing rival Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) raised its vote share over two years by five percent, to 29.6 percent if including Tang Siu-tong from the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA). As a result, the DAB won 11 seats, a sharp increase of three seats from the previous election, making it the second largest political party in the legislature, despite an alleged corruption scandal involving its vice-chairman Cheng Kai-nam at the peak of the campaign.[1] Cheng did not take his office and a by-election in December was won by a pro-democracy independent Audrey Eu.

The pro-democracy camp won 21 seats in total, of which 16 of those returned from the directly elected geographical constituencies, one seat more than the previous election which secured the one-thirds vote to veto any government's proposal of any constitutional amendment.

Change in composition

According to the Annex II of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the number of the Election Committee constituency indirectly elected by the 800-member Election Committee would reduce from 10 seats to 6 seats, while the directly elected geographical constituency seats would increase from 20 to 24.[2] As a result, each geographical constituency except the New Territories East was added one extra seat.

After the two municipal councils, the Urban Council and Regional Council, were abolished in 1999, the two corresponding functional constituencies were also abolished and replaced by the Information Technology and Catering seats.

Parties and candidates

A total of 155 candidates representing ten political parties and candidates who were independents or not non-affiliated ran for the total number of 60 seats. 88 of whom ran in the 24 directly elected geographical constituencies, 57 for the 30 indirectly elected functional constituencies and 10 were nominated for the 6 Election Committee seats.[3]

• The Democratic Party, chaired by Martin Lee, was the largest pro-democracy party holding 13 seats in the first Legislative Council term. Despite being perceived as anti-Beijing, the party's manifesto stated clear support for China's sovereignty over Hong Kong and Hong Kong's status as an "indivisible part of China." Nevertheless, the party was strongly identified with democratic principles, including "democracy, freedom, human rights and the rule of law." It believed in a rapid pace for Hong Kong's democratic development.[3] The party filled tickets in all five geographical constituencies besides its candidacies in the functional constituencies including Education, Social Welfare and Information Technology. It was also the first time the party deployed separate tickets in the New Territories West in hope of winning three seats by purchasing seats with remainder votes under the Hare quota system.
• The Liberal Party, chaired by James Tien, was the party representing big-business interests. Its manifesto was "Energise Our Economy, Enrich Our Lives." Although its economic inclinations were the opposite of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), it also had pro-Beijing sympathies like the latter.[3] After the defeat of former chairman Allen Lee in direct election in 1998, the party only filled two tickets in the geographical constituencies while its core members remained relying heavily on the business sectors of the functional constituencies.
• The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), chaired by Tsang Yok-sing, was the pro-Beijing party representing the Beijing interests in Hong Kong. It called for gradual and step-by step progress towards democratisation and supported for social welfare improvements, including greater spending on education, housing, employee retraining which had given it strong grassroots supports.[3] Holding 10 seats in the first Legislative Council term, the DAB won five directly elected seats in the 1998 election, taking advantages from the proportional representation system installed by Beijing.
• The Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA), chaired by Ambrose Lau, was a small pro-Beijing party which had a pro-business stance which assuring another voting block support of Beijing interests. It heavily relied on the seats in the indirectly elected functional constituencies and Election Committee seats. In the election, the party filled a ticket in New Territories East for the first time and a candidate with rural background Tang Siu-tong in the DAB ticket in New Territories West.
• The Frontier, headed by Emily Lau was active on human rights and environmental issues and routinely criticised both Hong Kong and Beijing governments on matters involving individual rights and freedoms. The Frontier believed the Basic Law should be redrafted and advocated democracy and freedom in China and Hong Kong. The party had strong support in New Territories East where saw its two incumbents Emily Lau and Cyd Ho got elected. Ho ran in Hong Kong Island in the coming election, targeting retiring Citizens Party's Christine Loh's seat.
• The Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU), presided by Lau Chin-shek, was a pro-democracy labour union. It had strong pro-grassroots and pro-labour inclination besides its pro-democracy stance. It had two incumbents Lau Chin-shek and Lee Cheuk-yan who ran as Democratic Party and The Frontier candidates respectively in the last election. After quitting the Democratic Party, Lau would run in the joint ticket with Democratic Party's James To in Kowloon West in the coming election.
• The Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre (NWSC) had its sole legislator Leung Yiu-chung ran for his re-election in New Territories West. Largely pro-democracy and pro-grassroots, the NWSC had its strong base in public housing estates in Kwai Chung.
• The New Century Forum, headed by Ng Ching-fai, was newly formed small party with a pro-middle class inclination. It had two members in the first Legislative Council term, Ng Ching-fai and Ma Fung-kwok, both were elected through the Election Committee, despite the two were running for re-election as nonpartisans. The party would also run in Hong Kong Island and New Territories East with tickets led by former civil servant David Lan and Law Cheung-kwok respectively.
• The Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL), chaired by Frederick Fung, was a major party before 1997 until it lost all its seat in the first Legislative Council election in 1998. It had a moderate pro-democracy stance and strong pro-grassroots inclination. It filled in one ticket in its strong base Kowloon West in the coming election with chairman Frederick Fung and vice-chairman Bruce Liu.
• The April Fifth Action was a small socialist group in which "Longhair" Leung Kwok-hung was its most well-known figure. It called for radical political changes with a strong anti-government rhetoric. Leung Kwok-hung would be running in the New Territories East in the coming election.

Retiring incumbents

Ambrose Cheung, representing the Provisional Urban Council resigned from the Legislative Council as protest to the government's decision on abolishing the two municipal councils, Urban Council and Regional Council and their corresponding Legislative Council constituencies in 2000. No by-election was held due to the short period before the general election.

Constituency	Departing incumbents	Party
Medical	Leong Che-hung		Independent
Health Services	Michael Ho Mun-ka		Democratic
Labour	Lee Kai-ming		FLU
	Chan Wing-chan		DAB
Real Estate and Construction	Ronald Joseph Arculli		Liberal
Import and Export	Hui Cheung-ching		Progressive Alliance
District Council (First)	Ip Kwok-him		DAB

General result

Before election:

↓

20	1	39
Pro-democracy	V.	Pro-Beijing

Change in composition:

↓

21	39
Pro-democracy	Pro-Beijing

 Overall Summary of the 10 September 2000 Legislative Council of Hong Kong election results

Parties and allegiances			Geographical constituencies				Functional constituencies				ECC seats	Total seats	±
			Votes	%	±pp	Seats	Votes	%	±pp	Seats
		Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong	374,780	28.40	3.17	7	1,493	1.68	1.30	3	1	11	2
		Liberal Party	24,858	1.88	1.52	0	4,416	4.96	3.23	8	0	8	2
		Hong Kong Progressive Alliance	25,773	1.95	N/A	1	133	0.15	0.41	1	2	4	1
		New Century Forum	21,103	1.60	N/A	0	–	–	–	–	1	1	1
		Pro-government individuals and others	14,534	1.10	–	0	30,571	34.34		13	2	15	−
Total for pro-Beijing camp			461,048	34.94	4.55	8	30,571	41.12	9.01	25	6	39	0
		Democratic Party	417,873	31.66	11.21	9	40,624	45.63	17.44	3	–	12	0
		Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions	96,752	7.33	N/A	2	–	–	–	–	–	2	0
		The Frontier	89,529	6.78	3.25	2	–	–	–	–	–	2	0
		Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood	62,717	4.75	0.75	1	–	–	–	–	–	1	1
		Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre	59,348	4.50	N/A	1	–	–	–	–	–	1	0
		April Fifth Action	18,235	1.38	N/A	0	−	−	−	−	−	0	0
		Pro-democracy individuals and others	54,795	4.15	–	1	9,066	10.18		2	–	3	−
Total for pro-democracy camp			799,249	60.56	5.59	16	49.690	55.81	9.74	5	–	21	1
	Non-partisan individuals and others		59,397	4.50		0	2,729	3.07		0	–	0	−
Total			1,319,694	100.00		24	89,032	100.00		30	6	60	0
Valid votes			1,319,694	99.14	0.22		89,032	96.66	1.31
Invalid votes			11,386	0.86	0.22		3,080	3.34	1.31
Votes cast / turnout			1,331,080	43.57	9.72		92,112	56.50	7.00
Registered voters			3,055,378	100.00	9.30		163,030	100.00	33.04
9 candidates in 9 functional constituencies were elected unopposed to the Legislative Council.

(Total votes added up by this reference)

Ring charts of the election results showing popular vote against seats won, coloured in green (Pro-democracy camp) and red (Pro-Beijing camp) on the left and the party colours on the right. Seats won in the election (outer ring) against number of votes (inner ring).

Vote summary

Popular vote Democratic   31.66% DAB   28.40% CTU   7.33% Frontier   6.78% ADPL   4.75% NWSC   4.50% PA   1.95% Liberal   1.88% NCF   1.60% AFA   1.38% Independents   9.75%

Seat summary

Seats Democratic   20.00% DAB   18.33% Liberal   13.33% PA   6.67% CTU   3.33% Frontier   3.33% ADPL   1.67% NWSC   1.67% NCF   1.67% Independents   30.00%

Incumbents defeated

Four incumbents lost re-election

Party		Name	Constituency	Remarks
	Liberal	Edward Ho Sing-tin	Architectural, Surveying and Planning
		Ho Sai-chu	Election Committee
	Democratic	Lee Wing-tat	New Territories West
	Progressive Alliance	Fung Chi-kin	Financial Services
	New Forum	Ma Fung-kwok	Election Committee

Results breakdown

Geographical constituencies (24 seats)

Voting System: Closed party-list proportional representation with the largest remainder method and Hare Quota.

Hong Kong Island (香港島) (5 seats) List № Party/Allegiance Votes Received % elected not elected 1   9,896 3.8   Tsang Kin-shing, Manuel Chan Tim-shing, Steve Chan Kwok-leung 2   6,967 2.7   Angel Leung On-kay 3 DAB 72,617 27.8 Cheng Kai-nam, Choy So-yuk Suen Kai-cheong, Christopher Chung Shu-kun, Yeung Wai-foon 4   14,534 5.6   Jennifer Chow Kit-bing 5 Independent 6,398 2.5   Paul Tse Wai-chun 6 New Forum 14,329 5.5   David Lan Hong-tsung, Fung Ho-keung, Chan Choi-hi, Regina Yeung Sum-yu 7 Frontier 25,988 10.0 Cyd Ho Sau-lan   8   1,132 0.4   Andrew Shuen Pak-man 9   15,419 5.9   Fung Leung-lo 10   1,434 0.5   Allen Yung Chan-lung 11 Democratic 92,074 35.3 Martin Lee Chu-ming, Yeung Sum Kam Nai-wai, Joseph Lai Chi-keong, Cheng Lai-king     260,788 100.0     Kowloon West (九龍西) (4 seats) List № Party/Allegiance Votes Received % elected not elected 1 ADPL 62,717 35.2 Frederick Fung Kin-kee Liu Sing-lee 2 DAB 41,942 23.5 Tsang Yok-sing Chung Kong-mo, Pun Kwok-wah, Wong Wai-chuen 3 Democratic/CTU 73,540 41.3 Lau Chin-shek, James To Kun-sun       178,199 100.0     Kowloon East (九龍東) (4 seats) List № Party/Allegiance Votes Received % elected not elected 1   9,805 4.3   Lam Hoi-shing 2 DAB 108,587 47.4 Chan Yuen-han, Chan Kam-lam Lam Man-fai, Angelis Chan Joy-kong 3 Democratic 103,863 45.3 Szeto Wah, Li Wah-ming Wu Chi-wai, Andrew To Kwan-hang 4   7,023 3.1   Shi Kai Biu, Lam Wai Yin     229,278 100.0     New Territories West (新界西) (6 seats) List № Party/Allegiance Votes Received % elected not elected 1 Liberal 9,408 2.74   David Yeung Fuk-kwong 2 NWSC 59,348 17.27 Leung Yiu-chung   3 Democratic 43,613 12.69 Albert Chan Wai-yip Cosmas Kwong Kwok-chuen 4 CTU 52,202 15.19 Lee Cheuk-yan   5   3,274 0.95   Angela Man Yun-fei 6 DAB 101,629 29.58 Tam Yiu-chung, Tang Siu-tong Leung Che-cheung, Chau Chuen-heung, Chan Yau-hoi, Au Yeung Po-chun 7 Democratic 38,472 11.20 Ho Chun-yan Josephine Chan Shu-ying, Cheung Yuet-lan, Catherine Wong Lai-sheung 8 Democratic 35,648 10.38   Lee Wing-tat, Wong Bing-kuen     343,594 100.00   New Territories East (新界東) (5 seats) List № Party/Allegiance Votes Received % elected not elected 1 Democratic 25,971 8.44 Wong Sing-chi Chow Wai-tung, Wong Leung-hi 2 DAB 66,943 21.75 Lau Kong-wah Wan Yuet-kau, Wong Mo-tai, Wan Chung-ping, Li Kwok-ying 3   7,945 2.58   Brian Kan Ping-chee 4 Progressive Alliance 8,835 2.87   Choy Kan-pui, Ling Man-hoi, Cheng Chun-wo, Ho Sau-mo 5 Frontier 63,541 20.64 Emily Lau Wai-hing Richard Tsoi Yiu-cheong 6 New Forum 6,774 2.20   Law Cheung-kwok 7 Democratic 49,242 16.00 Andrew Cheng Kar-foo Gary Fan Kwok-wai, Shirley Ho Suk-ping, Leung Wing-hung, Kwan Wing-yip 8   44,899 14.59 Andrew Wong Wang-fat   9 Liberal 15,450 5.02   Lau Hing-kee, Leung Chi-wai, Susana Ho Shu-tee 10 April Fifth Action 18,235 5.92   Leung Kwok-hung     307,835 100.00

Functional Constituencies (30 seats)

Voting systems: Different voting systems apply to different functional constituencies, namely for the Heung Yee Kuk, Agriculture and Fisheries, Insurance and Transport, the preferential elimination system of voting; and for the remaining 24 FCs used the first-past-the-post voting system.[4]

Results of the Functional Constituencies
Constituency	Incumbent		Result	Candidate(s)
Heung Yee Kuk		Lau Wong-fat (Liberal)	Incumbent hold		Lau Wong-fat (Liberal) uncontested
Agriculture and Fisheries		Wong Yung-kan (DAB)	Incumbent hold		Wong Yung-kan (DAB) uncontested
Insurance		Bernard Charnwut Chan	Incumbent hold		Bernard Charnwut Chan uncontested
Transport		Miriam Lau Kin-yee (Liberal)	Incumbent hold		Miriam Lau Kin-yee (Liberal) 76.26% Thomas Pang Cheung-wai (DAB) 23.74%
Education		Cheung Man-kwong (PTU/Democratic)	Incumbent hold		Cheung Man-kwong (PTU/Democratic) 86.29% Lee Kit-kong 13.71%
Legal		Margaret Ng Ngoi-yee (Independent)	Incumbent hold		Margaret Ng Ngoi-yee (Independent) 60.75% Anthony Chow Wing-kin (Independent) 39.25%
Accountancy		Eric Li Ka-cheung (Independent)	Incumbent hold		Eric Li Ka-cheung (Independent) 64.55% Edward Chow Kwong-fai (Independent) 22.75% Peter Chan Po-fun(Independent) 12.70%
Medical		Leong Che-hung (Independent)	Incumbent retired Independent gain		Lo Wing-lok (Independent) 39.96% Dennis Lam Shun-chiu (Independent) 32.29% Kwok Ka-ki (Independent) 19.20% So Kai-ming (Independent) 8.55%
Health Services		Michael Ho Mun-ka (Democratic)	Incumbent retired Independent gain		Michael Mak Kwok-fung (Independent) 43.60% Thomas Wong Kwok-shing (Independent) 29.09% Alice Tso Shing-yuk 27.31%
Engineering		Raymond Ho Chung-tai	Incumbent hold		Raymond Ho Chung-tai 60.69% Luk Wang-kwong 39.31%
Architectural, Surveying and Planning		Edward Ho Sing-tin (Liberal)	Incumbent lost re-election Independent gain		Kaizer Lau Ping-cheung 39.88% Kenneth Law Kin-chung (Independent) 32.61% Edward Ho Sing-tin (Liberal) 27.51%
Labour (3 seats)		Lee Kai-ming (Nonpartisan)	Incumbent retired Nonpartisan gain		Li Fung-ying (Nonpartisan) 283 Leung Fu-wah (Nonpartisan) 259 Chan Kwok-keung (DAB) 226 Leung Suet-fong 102
		Chan Wing-chan (DAB)	Incumbent retired Nonpartisan gain
		Chan Kwok-keung (DAB)	Incumbent hold
Social Welfare		Law Chi-kwong (Democratic)	Incumbent hold		Law Chi-kwong (Democratic) 65.93% Grace Leung Yuet-ming (Nonpartisan) 34.07%
Real Estate and Construction		Ronald Joseph Arculli (Independent)	Incumbent retired Independent gain		Abraham Shek Lai-him (Independent) 75.48% Jimmy Tse Lai-leung (Independent) 24.52%
Tourism		Howard Young (Liberal)	Incumbent hold		Howard Young (Liberal) 45.07% Joseph Tung Yao-chung (Nonpartisan) 32.40% Francis Bagaman (Nonpartisan) 22.53%
Commercial (First)		James Tien Pei-chun (Liberal)	Incumbent hold		Jeffrey Lam Kin-fung (Liberal) uncontested
Commercial (Second)		Philip Wong Yu-hong	Incumbent hold		Philip Wong Yu-hong uncontested
Industrial (First)		Kenneth Ting Woo-shou (Liberal)	Incumbent hold		Kenneth Ting Woo-shou (Liberal) 57.22% Chan Siu-king (Nonpartisan) 42.78%
Industrial (Second)		Lui Ming-wah	Incumbent hold		Lui Ming-wah uncontested
Finance		David Li Kwok-po	Incumbent hold		David Li Kwok-po 73.55% Leo Kung Lin-cheng 26.45%
Financial Services		Fung Chi-kin	Incumbent lost re-election Nonpartisan gain		Wu King-cheong 53.47% Fung Chi-kin (Progressive Alliance) 40.18% Irene So Wai-yin 6.35%
Sports, Performing Arts, Culture and Publication		Timothy Fok Tsun-ting	Incumbent hold		Timothy Fok Tsun-ting uncontested
Import and Export		Hui Cheung-ching (Progressive Alliance)	Incumbent hold		Hui Cheung-ching (Progressive Alliance) uncontested
Textiles and Garment		Sophie Lau Yau-fun (Liberal)	Incumbent hold		Sophie Lau Yau-fun (Liberal) uncontested
Wholesale and Retail		Selina Chow Liang Shuk-yee (Liberal)	Incumbent hold		Selina Chow Liang Shuk-yee (Liberal) 75.40% Lau Chi-wing 24.60%
Information Technology		Sin Chung-kai (Democratic)	Incumbent hold		Sin Chung-kai (Democratic) 73.69% Kan Wing-kay 26.31%
Catering	New constituencies				Tommy Cheung Yu-yan (Liberal) 53.59% Leung Kwok-cheong 26.11% David Ng Tak-leung (DAB) 20.30%
District Council					Ip Kwok-him (DAB) 57.39% Cosmas Chiang Sai-cheong (Liberal) 42.61%

Election Committee (6 seats)

No.	Party		Candidate	Votes
21		Independent	Ma Fung-kwok	376
22		Independent	Shiu Sin-por	360
23		Independent	Ng Ching-fai	401
24		Progressive Alliance	David Chu Yu-lin	464
25		DAB	Yeung Yiu-chung	490
26		Independent	Rita Fan Hsu Lai-tai	651
27		Independent	Ho Ka-cheong	117
28		Independent	Ng Leung-sing	483
29		Progressive Alliance	Ambrose Lau Hon-chuen	594
30		Liberal	Ho Sai-chu	378

References

1. Poon, Kit (2007). The Political Future of Hong Kong: Democracy Within Communist China. Routledge. p. 72.
2. "Annex II : Method for the Formation of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Its Voting Procedures". The Basic Law.
3. Rioni Nova Publishers, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. p. 23.
4. "2000 LegCo Election- Facts about the Election". Elections.gov.hk.

External links

• Official Government election site