NEC

NEC Corporation (日本電気株式会社, Nippon Denki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational information technology and electronics company, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo.[2] The company was known as the Nippon Electric Company, Limited, before rebranding in 1983 as NEC. It provides IT and network solutions, including cloud computing, AI, IoT platform, and 5G network,[3][4] to business enterprises, communications services providers and to government agencies, and has also been the biggest PC vendor in Japan since the 1980s, when it launched the PC-8000 series.

This article is about the Japanese information technology company. For other uses, see NEC (disambiguation).
NEC Corporation
Native name
日本電気株式会社
Nippon Denki kabushiki gaisha
Public KK
Traded asTYO: 6701
ISINJP3733000008 
Industry
Founded17 July 1899 (1899-07-17)
Tokyo, Japan
Headquarters
Shiba, Minato, Tokyo
,
Japan
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
Revenue¥2.91 trillion (2019)[1]
¥58.5 billion (2019)[1]
¥40.2 billion (2019)[1]
Total assets¥2.95 trillion (2019)[1]
Total equity¥1.06 trillion (2019)[1]
Number of employees
109,390 (2019)[1]
SubsidiariesNEC Corporation of America, KMD
Websitewww.nec.com

NEC was the world's fourth largest PC manufacturer by 1990.[5] Its semiconductors business unit was the world's largest semiconductor company by annual revenue from 1985 to 1992, the second largest in 1995, one of the top three in 2000, and one of the top 10 in 2006.[6][7] NEC spun off its semiconductor business to Renesas Electronics and Elpida Memory. Once a Japan's major electronics company, NEC has largely withdrawn from manufacturing since the beginning of the 21st century.

NEC was #463 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list.[8] NEC is a member of the Sumitomo Group.

History

1898 to 1919

Kunihiko Iwadare and Takeshiro Maeda established Nippon Electric Limited Partnership on August 31, 1898 by using facilities that they had bought from Miyoshi Electrical Manufacturing Company. Iwadare acted as the representative partner; Maeda handled company sales. Western Electric, which had an interest in the Japanese phone market, was represented by Walter Tenney Carleton.[9] Carleton was also responsible for the renovation of the Miyoshi facilities.[10] It was agreed that the partnership would be reorganized as a joint-stock company when the treaty would allow it. On July 17, 1899, the revised treaty between Japan and the United States went into effect. Nippon Electric Company, Limited was organized the same day with Western Electric Company to become the first Japanese joint-venture with foreign capital.[11] Iwadare was named managing director. Ernest Clement and Carleton were named as directors. Maeda and Mototeru Fujii were assigned to be auditors. Iwadare, Maeda, and Carleton handled the overall management.[12]

The company started with the production, sales, and maintenance of telephones and switches. NEC modernized the production facilities with the construction of the Mita Plant in 1901 at Mita Shikokumachi. It was completed in December 1902.

The Japanese Ministry of Communications adopted a new technology in 1903: the common battery switchboard supplied by NEC. The common battery switchboards powered the subscriber phone, eliminating the need for a permanent magnet generator in each subscriber's phone. The switchboards were initially imported, but were manufactured locally by 1909.[13]

NEC started exporting telephone sets to China in 1904. In 1905, Iwadare visited Western Electric in the U.S. to see their management and production control. On his return to Japan, he discontinued the "oyakata" system of sub-contracting and replaced it with a new system where managers and employees were all direct employees of the company. Inefficiency was also removed from the production process. The company paid higher salaries with incentives for efficiency. New accounting and cost controls were put in place, and time clocks installed.[14]

Between 1899 and 1907 the number of telephone subscribers in Japan rose from 35,000 to 95,000.[15] NEC entered the China market in 1908 with the implementation of the telegraph treaty between Japan and China. They also entered the Korean market, setting up an office in Seoul in January 1908. During the period of 1907 to 1912 sales rose from 1.6 million yen to 2 million yen. The expansion of the Japanese phone service had been a key part of NEC's success during this period. This expansion was about to take a pause.

The Ministry of Communications delayed a third expansion plan of the phone service in March 1913, despite having 120,000 potential telephone-subscribers waiting for phone installations. NEC sales fell sixty percent between 1912 and 1915. During the interim, Iwadare started importing appliances, including electric fans, kitchen appliances, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. Electric fans had never been seen in Japan before. The imports were intended to prop up company sales. In 1916, the government resumed the delayed telephone-expansion plan, adding 75,000 subscribers and 326,000 kilometers of new toll lines. Thanks to this third expansion plan, NEC expanded at a time when much of the rest of Japanese industry contracted.[16]

1919 to 1938

In 1919, NEC started its first association with Sumitomo, engaging Sumitomo Densen Seizosho to manufacture cables. As part of the venture, NEC provided cable manufacturing equipment to Sumitomo Densen. Rights to Western Electrics duplex cable patents were also transferred to Sumitomo Densen.[17]

The Great Kantō earthquake struck Japan in 1923. 140,000 people were killed and 3.4 million were left homeless.[18] Four of NEC's factories were destroyed, killing 105 of NEC's engineers and workers. Thirteen of Tokyo's telephone offices were destroyed by fire. Telephone and telegraph service was interrupted by damage to telephone cables. In response, the Ministry of Communications accelerated major programs to install automatic telephone switching systems and enter radio broadcasting.[19] The first automatic switching systems were the Strowger-type model made by Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Co. (ATM) in the United Kingdom. NEC participated in the installation of the automatic switching systems, ultimately becoming the general sales agent for ATM. NEC developed its own Strowger-type automatic switching system in 1924, a first in Japan. One of the plants almost leveled during the Kanto earthquake, the Mita Plant, was chosen to support expanding production. A new three-story steel-reinforced concrete building was built, starting in 1925. It was modeled after the Western Electric Hawthorne Works.

NEC started its radio communications business in 1924. Japan's first radio broadcaster, Radio Tokyo was founded in 1924 and started broadcasting in 1925. NEC imported the broadcasting equipment from Western Electric.[20] The expansion of radio broadcasting into Osaka and Nagoya marked the emergence of radio as an Industry. NEC established a radio research unit in 1924. NEC started developing electron tubes in 1925. By 1930, they were manufacturing their first 500 W radio transmitter. They provided the Chinese Xinjing station with a 100 kW radio broadcasting system in 1934.

Photo-telegraphic equipment developed by NEC transmitted photos of the accession ceremony of Emperor Hirohito. The ceremony was held in Kyoto in 1928. The Newspapers Asahi Shimbun and Mainichi Shimbun were competing to cover the ceremony. The Asahi Shimbun was using a Siemens device. The Mainichi was planning to use French photo-telegraphic equipment. In the end, both papers acquired and used the NEC product, due to its faster transmission rate and higher picture quality.[21]

In 1929 Nippon Electric provided Japan's Ministry of Communications with the A-type switching system, the first of these systems to be developed in Japan. Nippon supplied Japan's Ministry of Communications with nonloaded line carrier equipment for long-distance telephone channels in 1937.[22]

1938 to 1945

World War II was described by the company as being the blackest days of its history.[23] In 1938 the Mita and Tamagawa plants were placed under military control, with direct supervision by military officers. In 1939, Nippon Electric established a research laboratory in the Tamagawa plant. It became the first Japanese company to successfully test microwave multiplex communications.[24] On December 22, 1941, the enemy property control law was passed. NEC shares owned by International Standard Electric Corporation (ISE), an ITT subsidiary, and Western Electric affiliate were seized. Capital and technical relations were abruptly severed. The "Munitions Company Law" was passed in October 1943, placing overall control of NEC plants under military jurisdiction.[25] The Ueno plant was leveled by the military attack in March 1945. Fire bombings in April and May heavily damaged the Tamagawa Plant, reducing its capacity by forty percent. The Okayama Plant was totally destroyed by a bombing attack in June of the same year. At the end of the war, NEC's production had been substantially reduced by damage to its facilities, and by material and personnel shortages.

1945 to 1980

After the war, production was slowly returned to civilian use. NEC re-opened its major plants by the end of January 1946.[26] NEC began transistor research and development in 1950. It started exporting radio-broadcast equipment to Korea under the first major postwar contract in 1951. NEC received the Deming Prize for excellence in quality control in 1952. Computer research and development began in 1954. NEC produced the first crossbar switching system in Japan. It was installed at Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation (currently Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation; NTT) in 1956. NEC began joint research and development with NTT of electronic switching systems the same year. NEC established Taiwan Telecommunication Company as their first postwar overseas joint venture in 1958. They completed the NEAC-1101 and NEAC-1102 computers the same year. In September 1958, NEC built their first fully transistorized computer, the NEAC-2201, with parts made solely in Japan.[27] One year later, they demonstrated it at the UNESCO AUTOMATH show in Paris. The company began integrated circuit research and development in 1960. In 1963 NEC started trading as American Depositary Receipts, ten million shares being sold in the United States.[28] Nippon Electric New York (now NEC America Inc.) was incorporated in the same year.

The NEC logo used from 1963 to 1992[29]

NEC supplied KDD with submarine cable systems for laying in the Pacific Ocean in 1964. They supplied short-haul 24 channel PCM carrier transmission equipment to NTT in 1965. NEC de Mexico, S. A. de C. V., NEC do Brasil, S. A., NEC Australia Pty. Ltd. were established between 1968 and 1969. NEC supplied Comsat Corporation with the SPADE satellite communications system in 1971. In 1972, Switzerland ordered a NEC satellite communications earth station. The same year, a small transportable satellite communications earth station was set up in China. Shares of NEC common stock were listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange in 1973. NEC also designed an automated broadcasting system for the Japan Broadcasting Corporation the same year. NEC Electronics (Europe) GmbH was also established. In 1974, the ACOS series computer was introduced. The New Central Research Laboratories were completed in 1975. In 1977, Japan's National Space Development Agency launched the NEC geostationary meteorological satellite, named Himawari.

During this period NEC introduced the concept of "C&C", the integration of computers and communications. NEC America Inc. opened a plant in Dallas, Texas to manufacture PABX and telephone systems in 1978. They also acquired Electronic Arrays, Inc. of California the same year to start semiconductor chip production in the United States.

1980 to 2000
A 1982 NEC APC microcomputer

In 1980, NEC created the first digital signal processor, the NEC µPD7710. NEC Semiconductors (UK) Ltd. was established in 1981, producing VLSIs and LSIs. NEC introduced the 8-bit PC-8800 series personal computer in 1981, followed by the 16-bit PC-9800 series in 1982. In 1983 NEC stock was listed on the Basel, Geneva, and Zurich, Switzerland exchanges. NEC quickly became the dominant leader of the Japanese PC industry, holding 80% market share.[30] NEC changed its English company name to NEC Corporation the same year. NEC Information Systems, Inc. started manufacturing computers and related products in the United States in 1984. NEC also released the V-series processor the same year. In 1986, NEC delivered its SX-2 supercomputer to the Houston Advanced Research Center, The Woodlands, Texas. In the same year, the NEAX61 digital switching system went into service. In 1987, NEC Technologies (UK) Ltd. was established in the United Kingdom to manufacture VCRs, printers, and computer monitors and mobile telephones for Europe. Also that year, NEC licensed technology from Hudson Soft, a video game manufacturer, to create a video game console called the PC-Engine (later released in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 in the North American market). Its successor, the PC-FX, was released in Japan in 1994. While the PC-Engine achieved a considerable following, it has been said that NEC held a much stronger influence on the video game industry through its role as a leading semiconductor manufacturer than through any of its direct video game products.[31] NEC USA, Inc. was established in 1989 as a holding company for North American operations.

In 1983, NEC Brasil (pt), the Brazilian subsidiary of NEC, was forced to nationalize its corporate stock under orders of the Brazilian military government, whereby shareholder control of NEC Brasil was ceded to the private equity group Brasilinvest of Brazilian investment banker Mário Garnero. Since NEC Brasil's foundation in 1968, it had become the major supplier of telecommunications equipment to the Brazilian government.[32] In 1986, the then Minister of Communications Antônio Carlos Magalhães put NEC Brasil in financial difficulties by suspending all government contract payments to the company, whose main client was the federal government.[32] With the subsidiary in crisis, the NEC Corporation in Japan sold NEC Brasil to Organizações Globo for only one million US dollars (US$1,000,000).[32] Shortly thereafter, Magalhães resumed the government contracts and corresponding payments, and NEC Brazil became valued at over 350 million US dollars (US$350,000,000).[32] Suspicions regarding the NEC-Globo deal, which included among other things the unilateral breach of contract by Globo founder Roberto Marinho regarding the management of a regional television station in the Brazilian state of Bahia,[32] took to the national stage only in 1992 during the first corruption charges against the impeached Brazilian president Fernando Collor de Mello. Organizações Globo subsequently sold their shares in NEC Brazil, which hit their all-time high during the state monopoly years, back to NEC Corporation in 1999 following the break-up and privatization of the Brazilian state-owned telephone monopoly Telebrás.[33]

In 1990, the new head office building, known as the "Super Tower", was completed in Shiba, Tokyo. Additionally, joint-venture agreements were established to manufacture and market digital electronic switching systems and LSIs in China. In 1993 NEC's asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching system, the NEAX61 (Nippon Electronic Automatic Exchange) ATM Service Node, went into service in the United States. NEC Europe, Ltd. was established as a holding company for European operations the same year. The NEC C&C Research Laboratories, NEC Europe, Ltd. were opened in Germany in 1994. NEC (China) Co, Ltd. was established as a holding company for Chinese operations in 1996. In 1997 NEC developed 4Gbit DRAM, and their semiconductor group was honored with one of the first Japan Quality Awards. In 1998, NEC opened the world's most advanced semiconductor R&D facility.

A NEC Versa 6O1OH from ~1995-1996.
NEC Mobile Gear II MC/R330 handheld computer running Windows CE 2.0 (Japanese market, 1998)

NEC had been the no. 1 personal computer vendor in Japan during the 1980s, but it faced increasing competition from Fujitsu, Seiko Epson and IBM Japan. Nevertheless, by the early 1990s, NEC was still the largest, having well over 50% market share in the Japanese market. Competition heated up later as rival Fujitsu started to aggressively market its computers, which were industry standard (x86) instead of NEC's indigenous models. By 1997 NEC's share was reduced to about 35%.[34]

2000 to present
Kaoru Yano, the previous chairman of NEC

NEC celebrated their 100th anniversary in 1999.

In 2000, NEC had formed a joint-venture manufacturing OLED displays with Samsung SDI, which had also been an NEC-Samsung JV.

NEC Electronics Corporation was separated from NEC in 2002 as a new semiconductor company. NEC Laboratories America, Inc. (NEC Labs) started in November 2002 as a merger of NEC Research Institute (NECI) and NEC USA's Computer and Communications Research Laboratory (CCRL). NEC built the Earth Simulator Computer (ESC), the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004, and since produced the NEC N343i in 2006.

In 2003 NEC had a 20.8% market share in the personal computer market in Japan, slightly ahead of Fujitsu.[35]

In 2004, NEC has abandoned not only the OLED business but the emerging displays business as a whole, by selling off its plasma display business and exiting from the joint-venture with Samsung SDI. Samsung bought all of the shares and related patents owned by NEC, incorporating Samsung OLED, which subsequently merged with Samsung Display.[36][37]

In 2007, NEC and Nissan Co. Corp. started evaluating a joint venture to produce lithium ion batteries for hybrid and electric cars.[38] The two company established Automotive Energy Supply Corporation as a result.

On April 23, 2009, Renesas Technology Corp and NEC Electronics Corp struck a basic agreement to merge by around April 2010.[39] On April 1, 2010 NEC Electronics and Renesas Technology merged forming Renesas Electronics which is set to be fourth largest semiconductor company according to iSuppli published data.[40] By Q3 2010, NEC held a 19.8% market share in the PC market in Japan.[41]

On January 27, 2011, NEC formed a PC joint venture with Chinese PC maker Lenovo, the fourth largest PC maker in the world. As part of the deal, the companies said in a statement they will establish a new company called Lenovo NEC Holdings B.V., which will be registered in the Netherlands. NEC will receive US$175 million from Lenovo through the issuance of Lenovo's shares. Lenovo, through a unit, will own a 51% stake in the joint venture, while NEC will hold a 49% stake.[42] In February 2011, Bloomberg News said the joint venture would allow Lenovo to expand in the field of servers, and NEC's Masato Yamamoto said NEC would be able to grow in China.[43]

On January 26, 2012, NEC Corporation announced that it would cut 10,000 jobs globally due to a big loss on NEC's consolidated financial statement in line with the economic crisis in Europe and lagged in the development of smartphones in the domestic market compared to Apple and Samsung. Previously, in January 2009 NEC has cut about 20,000 jobs, mainly in sluggish semiconductor and liquid crystal display related businesses.[44]

In 2013 NEC was the biggest PC server manufacturer in Japan, with a 23.6% share.[45] In August 2014, NEC Corporation was commissioned to build a super-fast undersea data transmission cable linking the United States and Japan for a consortium of international companies consisting of China Mobile International, China Telecom Global, Global Transit, Google, KDDI and SingTel. The pipeline went online June 30, 2016.[46][47] It exited from the smartphone market in 2015 by dissolving NEC Mobile Communications, bailing out the other participants in the smartphone joint-venture.

In April 2017, KEMET Corporation announced it would purchase a 61% controlling interest in NEC Tokin from NEC, making NEC Tokin its wholly owned subsidiary. Once the purchase is complete, the company will change its name to "Tokin Corporation".[48]

In July 2018, NEC established its subsidiary, NEC X in Silicon Valley, to fast-track technologies and business ideas selected from inside and outside NEC. NEC X created a corporate accelerator program that works with entrepreneurs, start-ups and existing companies to help them develop new products that leverage NEC emerging technologies.[49]

In August 2018, Envision Energy struck an agreement with Nissan and NEC to acquire their automotive battery joint venture.[50] In December 2018, NEC announced that it would acquire KMD, the largest Danish IT company, for $1.2 billion to strengthen its digital government business.[51]

NEC has sold its sixty-year-old lighting business in April 2019.[52] As of September 2019, NEC was the largest non-Chinese supplier of AI surveillance technology in the world.[53]

In the first half of 2020, NEC sold a majority stake in NEC Display Solutions, the professional display subsidiary, to Sharp Corporation and decided to gradually curtail the money-losing energy storage business throughout the decade.[54][55]

Upon the suggested banning of Huawei's 5G equipment led by the United States in 2020, being a diminished supplier, NEC was galvanized to ramp up its relatively small 5G network business to fill the void in the telecommunications equipment markets of the United States and the United Kingdom. NTT, the largest carrier in Japan, invested $596 million for a 4.8 percent stake in NEC to assist this move.[56]

Operations

As of July 2018, NEC has 6 larger business segments - Public, Enterprise, Network Services, System Platform, Global, and Others.[57] It has renamed its Telecom Carrier business to Network Service.

Principal subsidiaries of NEC include:

  • The European headquarters of Renesas Electronics Europe in Düsseldorf, Germany. (formerly NEC Electronics (Europe))
  • Japan Ground Self-Defense Force J/TPS-102 Self-propelled ground-based early warning 3D radar
  • NEC's Kobe system center

Products
An NTT DoCoMo FOMA N-02C mobile phone produced by NEC
  • NEC MobilePro - a handheld computer running Windows CE
  • NEC Aspire hybrid small business phone system
  • Electric vehicle batteries[58] (Automotive Energy Supply Corporation, a joint-venture between Nissan, NEC Corporation and NEC TOKIN)
  • NEC mobile phone (see NEC e616)
  • NEC America MultiSync Monitors and Fax devices1
  • NEC Information Systems, Inc. LaVie / NEC VERSA notebook
  • NEC Information Systems, Inc. POWERMATE desktop PC
  • NEC Information Systems, Inc. Valuestar / NEC POWERMATE hybrid computer
  • NEC (Division unknown) Car Stereos and Keyless Entry Systems
  • PC Engine (TurboGrafx-16 in US) and all related hardware and successors; co-produced by Hudson Soft.
  • PC-FX

Defense products include:

  • J/TPS-102 Self-propelled ground-based early warning 3D radar (JGSDF)
  • Broadband multipurpose radio system (JGSDF)
  • Advanced Combat Infantry Equipment System [ACIES] (JSDF) - Major subcontractor
  • Howa rifle system (JSDF) - Major subcontractor as part of ACIES

Laptops
  • Versa pro type VB December 2016[59]

Supercomputers
The Earth Simulator
  • 1983 Announced the SX-1 and SX-2 supercomputers
  • 1989 Introduction of SX-3
  • 1994 First announcement of SX-4
  • 1999 Delivery of SX-5
  • 2002 Introduced SX-6
  • 2002 Installation of the Earth Simulator, the world's fastest supercomputer from 2002 to 2004 reaching a speed of 35,600 gigaflops
  • 2005 NEC SX-8 in production
  • 2006 Announced the SX-8R
  • 2007 Announced the SX-9
  • 2011 First announcement of the NEC SX-9's successor[60]
  • 2013 Announced the SX-ACE
  • 2017 Announced the SX-Aurora TSUBASA, computing platform that expands the horizons of supercomputing, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data analytics.[61]

Achievements

Achievements of NEC include:

  • the discovery of single-walled carbon nanotubes by Sumio Iijima
  • the invention of the widely used MUX-scan design for test methodology (contrast with the IBM-developed level-sensitive scan design methodology)
  • the world's first demonstration of the one-qubit rotation gate in solid state devices.
  • As for mobile phones, NEC pioneered key technologies like color displays, 3G support, dual screens and camera modules.[62]

As of 2009 NEC ranked consistently in the top four companies over the previous five years for the number of U.S. patents issued, averaging 1764 each year.

Sponsorships

NEC was the main (title) sponsor of the Davis Cup competition until 2002, when BNP Paribas took over the sponsorship.

NEC between 1982 and 2012 sponsored the NEC Cup, a Go tournament in Japan.

NEC between 1986 and 2003 sponsored the NEC Shun-Ei, a Go tournament for young players in Japan.

NEC sponsored the English football club Everton from 1985 to 1995. The 1995 FA Cup Final triumph was Everton's final game of the decade-long NEC sponsorship, and Danka took over as sponsors.

NEC signed a deal to sponsor the Sauber F1 Team from the 2011 season until the 2014 season.

NEC sponsored the Sahara Force India F1 Team for the 2015 season until its demise during the 2018 season. Since then NEC has sponsored its successor Racing Point.

In April 2013, NEC became the umbrella sponsor for PGA Tour Latinoamérica, a third-tier men's professional golf tour.

NEC one sponsored the V.League Volleyball.

Sports teams

These started as works teams, but over the years came to include professional players:

NEC also used to own Montedio Yamagata of the football (soccer) J. League, but as of 2009 just sponsors them along with other local companies.

gollark: What has he done *now*?
gollark: Or any nonsense like the projectile not instantly accelerating, rotation, the projectile not being a particle, or the varying gravity at each height.
gollark: This is true, yes. I did not consider relativistic corrections.
gollark: I've worked out approximately how to do it anyway, it should be about 10 minutes to work out a general formula or something ignoring air resistance.
gollark: We can calculate this ish probably.

See also

Footnotes
  1. "Full Year Consolidated Financial Results for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2019" (PDF). October 1, 2018.
  2. "Corporate Profile." NEC. Retrieved on July 12, 2010.
  3. "NEC IoT Network Solution: NEC Digital Network Transformation". NEC. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  4. "Accelerating DX with 5G : For Telecom Operators". NEC. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  5. Fransman, Martin (1995). Japan's Computer and Communications Industry: The Evolution of Industrial Giants and Global Competitiveness. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780198233336.
  6. "Tracking the Top 10 Semiconductor Sales Leaders Over 26 Years". Semiconductor Market Research. IC Insights. December 12, 2011.
  7. ""WORLDWIDE IC MANUFACTURERS"" (PDF).
  8. "NEC Financials and News". fortune.com. NEC is #463 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list.
  9. Mason 1987, p. 94.
  10. NEC 1984, p. 6.
  11. Mason 1987, p. 95.
  12. NEC 1984, p. 8.
  13. "history". nec. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  14. NEC 1984, p. 9
  15. NEC 1984, p. 12.
  16. NEC 1984, p. 15.
  17. NEC 1984, p. 17
  18. NEC 1984, p. 18.
  19. NEC 1984, p. 19
  20. NEC 1984, p. 20
  21. NEC 1984, p. 22.
  22. NEC 1984, p. 22
  23. NEC 1984, p. 31.
  24. NEC 1984, p. 30
  25. NEC 1984, p. 30.
  26. NEC 1984, p. 35.
  27. "NEAC-2201-Computer Museum". museum.ipsj.or.jp. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  28. NEC 1984, p. 46
  29. NEC 1984, p. 46.
  30. Page 211, Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic Story of the Consumer Electronics and Computer Industries, with a new preface by Alfred Dupont CHANDLER, Takashi Hikino, Andrew Von Nordenflycht, Alfred D Chandler, ISBN 0674029399, 9780674029392
  31. "75 Power Players". Next Generation. Imagine Media (11): 56. November 1995. But NEC's influence stretches far above and beyond its immediate videogame products. As a leading semiconductor manufacturer, the company's influence is there from the cradle to the grave of every aspect of computing.
  32. Hartog, Simon (director) (September 1993). Beyond Citizen Kane. United Kingdom: Channel 4.
  33. Lobato, Elvira. "Globo vende a Nec para os japoneses". Folha de S.Paulo. 31 July 1999. Page accessed 28 December 2017.
  34. "NEC faces tough market in Japan". 26 November 1997. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  35. Page 110, Industrial Development in Postwar Japan by Hirohisa Kohama, ISBN 978-0415437073
  36. "NEC drops its OLED business".
  37. "Samsung SDI to merge with Samsung OLED | OLED-Info". www.oled-info.com. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  38. Mitsubishi Heavy to make lithium ion car batteries Archived 2008-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
  39. Bijoy Koyitty; Deepak Kannan (2009-04-23). "Renesas, NEC reach basic agreement to merge: Nikkei". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2009-05-14. Renesas Technology Corp and NEC Electronics Corp (6723.T) have struck a basic agreement to merge by around next April, the Nikkei business daily reported.
  40. "Renesas Electronics is biggest 'non-memory' chip firm". ElectronicsWeekly.com. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  41. "Lenovo, NEC Form PC Joint Venture in Japan". PCWorld. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  42. "NEC Forms PC Joint Venture With Lenovo, Posts Wider Loss". Wall Street Journal. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
  43. Ranii, David (2011-02-09). "Lenovo and NEC may team up on servers". News & Observer. Archived from the original on 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
  44. "Japan's electronics industry forced to eliminate tens of thousands of jobs". January 28, 2012. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  45. "Lenovo hopes to dominate Japan server, PC markets". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  46. "High-speed Undersea Cable to Link US, Asia". The Tokyo News.Net. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  47. "FASTER Cable System is Ready for Service, Boosts Trans-Pacific Capacity and Connectivity". NEC.com. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  48. Chin, Spencer (February 24, 2017). "KEMET Acquires NEC TOKIN to Bolster Component Business". Electronics 360. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  49. "NEC X". insideHPC. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  50. "After original buyer bid fails, Nissan & NEC's Li-ion battery business acquired by China's Envision". Energy Storage News. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
  51. "Bloomberg - Are you a robot?". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  52. "NEC to Sell Lighting Subsidiary in April 2019". www.ledinside.com. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  53. Feldstein, Steven. "The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  54. "NEC and Sharp Announce Joint Venture to Combine Display Solution Businesses". NEC. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  55. "NEC Pulls the Plug on Storage Integration Business". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  56. "NEC sees Huawei's woes as chance to crack 5G market". The Financial Times. 1 July 2020.
  57. "NEC to Revise Operating Segments" (PDF).
  58. "Nissan Nuvu". Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  59. NEC website (December 2016). "Business Computers" (PDF). https://www.nec.com. External link in |website= (help)
  60. "NEC Developing Next Generation Vector Supercomputer".
  61. "New computing platform expands the horizons of supercomputing, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data analytics".
  62. "NEC and the sorrow of Japan". Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.

References
  • Mark Mason, Foreign Direct Investment and Japanese Economic Development, 1899–1931, Business and Economic History, Second Series, Volume Sixteen, 1987.
  • NEC Corporation, NEC Corporation, The First 80 Years, 1984, ISBN 4-931172-01-6.
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