Eng (letter)

Eng or engma (capital: Ŋ, lowercase: ŋ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used to represent a velar nasal (as in English singing) in the written form of some languages and in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Ŋ
Ŋ ŋ
(See below)
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic and Logographic
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage[ŋ]
[ŋ̊]
/ˈɛŋ/
Unicode valueU+014A, U+014B
History
Development
Time period1619 to present
DescendantsNone
SistersꞐ ꞑ
Transliteration equivalentsng
Variations(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used withn(x), ng

In Washo, lower-case ⟨ŋ⟩ represents a typical [ŋ] sound, while upper-case ⟨Ŋ⟩ represents a voiceless [ŋ̊] sound. This convention comes from Americanist phonetic notation.

History

The First Grammatical Treatise, a 12th-century work on the phonology of the Old Icelandic language, uses a single grapheme for the eng sound, shaped like a g with a stroke ⟨ǥ⟩. Alexander Gill the Elder uses an uppercase G with a hooked tail and a lowercase n with the hooked tail of a script g ⟨ŋ⟩ for the same sound in Logonomia Anglica in 1619.[1] William Holder uses the letter in Elements of speech: An essay of inquiry into the natural production of letters, published in 1669, but it was not printed as intended; he indicates in his errata that “there was intended a character for Ng, viz., n with a tail like that of g, which must be understood where the Printer has imitated it by n or y”.[2] It was later used in Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet, with its current phonetic value.

Appearance

Lowercase eng is derived from n, with the addition of a hook to the right leg, somewhat like that of j. The uppercase has two variants: it can be based on the usual uppercase N, with a hook added (or "N-form"); or it can be an enlarged version of the lowercase (or "n-form"). The former is preferred in Sami languages that use it, the latter in African languages,[3] such as in Shona from 1931–1955, and several in west and central Africa currently.

Early printers, lacking a specific glyph for eng, sometimes approximated it by rotating a capital G, or by substituting a Greek letter η (eta) before modified to present form ŋ for it (encoded in Unicode as the Latin letter n with long leg: Ƞ ƞ).

  • An 1856 text in Gamilaraay, using a rotated capital G as a substitute for ŋ.
  • Italic ŋ based on double-storey g as used in Horatio Hale's Ethnography and Philology (1846).
  • ᶇ ŋ ɲ ɳ: four "n"-based IPA symbols for nasal sounds.

Pronunciation of words containing eng sound

In most languages eng is absent in the Latin alphabet but its sound can be present in the letter n in words. In English it is heard in the potential digraphs nc (hard c), ng (hard g), nk, nq and nx, often at the end of words. For the pronunciation of ng with eng, it can either be /ŋ/ in words such as singer, hanged and when it is final, or /ŋg/ in words such as finger and angle.

In British English, n is pronounced eng in the prefixes en- and in- when they are followed by c, g and q, as in encroachment, engagement, enquiry, incursion, ingredient, inquiry et al. In all other English this is neglected as the n is rather pronounced /n/. Also in many British dialects the ng in strength and length is simply pronounced /n/, making the g a silent letter, the ng is otherwise pronounced /ŋ/ in those words.

Usage

Technical transcription

Vernacular orthographies
Janalif variant of eng is
represented as N with
descender. An equivalent version is
used in the Cyrillic alphabet.

Languages marked † no longer use eng, but formerly did.

Computer encoding

Eng is encoded in Unicode as U+014A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ENG and U+014B LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG, part of the Latin Extended-A range. In ISO 8859-4 (Latin-4) it's located at BD (uppercase) and BF (lowercase).

In African languages such as Bemba, ng' (with an apostrophe) is widely used as a substitute in media where eng is hard to reproduce.

gollark: <@331320482047721472> What programs?
gollark: Freeish State of Gollarkia™ tax management systems are impartial and inevitable automated systems mostly immune to memetic assault.
gollark: Your antiantimemetics are untested and unlikely to work, and your drones just sound ridiculous.
gollark: <@319753218592866315> probably.
gollark: Which are no match for my ionic symphonic protonic antimemetic electronics.

See also

Similar Latin letters:

Similar Cyrillic letters:

References
  1. David Crystal (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
  2. Robert W. Albright (1958). The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its Backgrounds and Development, Indiana University. p. 11
  3. "Essay Archives and Poetry". Retrieved 10 June 2004.
  4. Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
  5. Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
  6. Majnep, Ian Saem; Bulmer, Ralph (1977). Birds of my Kalam Country [Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt]. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Aukland University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780196479538. OCLC 251862814.
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