Mabuiag

The Mabuiag, or Mabuygiwgal, are an Indigenous Australian group of Torres Strait Islander people united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter–fisher–gatherers in family groups or clans living on a number of Torres Strait Islands including Mabuiag Island, in the Torres Strait in Queensland, Australia. They are ethnically Melanesian.

They in common with all Torres Strait Islanders had a mixed reputation for hostility as well as eagerness to develop trading links with outsiders before they became Christian in the early 1870s.[1] The language of the island is Mabuiag, a dialect of Kala Lagaw Ya.

The society consists of two moieties ("koey buway"), the Mabuygiw people of Wagedagam ('Rear-Side') on the northwest (kukidagam) side of Mabuiag (their totem wind and direction), and the Mabuygiw people of the Panay ('Near-Side') on the south-east side (sagerdagam), their main totem wind and direction. Sub-buway are those whose wind/direction is the southwest (zeydagam), and those whose totem wind/direction is the north-east (naygaydagam).

Mythology

The great culture hero of the Mabuiag people was Kwoiam (Kuiam). He was imagined as having a long, narrow head with both a bulging brow and a protuberant occipital lobe, capped by a high crown. Paradoxically, these are the features the Mabuiag associated with the mainland Australian aborigines they occasionally encountered, a people they otherwise despised.[2][3][4] Further, the Mabuiag identify the origins of Kwoiam with Cape York: armed only with a spear and woomera, and following a downdrift of blades of grass Kwoiam crosses the seas heading north, and sets foot on Mabuiag island, where he marries a native woman, and, unable to accept their ways, then returns to Australia. His abandoned wife gives birth to a son of the same name, Kwoiam, who inherits his father's mastery of the spear, and cannot be overcome. When one day his aged mother, failing to recognize him, curses her son, he stabs her eyes and mouth, and runs amok until he finally dies, though, in a way anomalous for Torres Strait warrior culture, but reminiscent of Aboriginals, who did not hunt heads, he is not decapitated, and his weapons are hurled back to the southern landmass.[5] Tony Swain, in an interpretation of the contradictions in this ethnically ambivalent myth, concludes:

The final message the myth of Kuiam gives is perhaps the limits of Melanesian ontology. It states from an islander perspective the incompatibility of their world with that of the mainland. The Melanesian principles of warfare are fundamentally at odds with the Aboriginal assertion of the immutable ties between lands, powers, and peoples. And Australian participation is Islander warfare is nothing but wildness; violence without purpose, the taking of life without the capacity to use it creatively within one's own group.[6]

History

Mabuaig Island, along with many other islands of Torres Strait, was annexed by the State of Queensland in 1879, giving the Queensland Government control over the east-west shipping passage through the Torres Strait, plus some control over movements between Papua and Australia.[7] Before the legal recognition of native title indigenous land ownership was assumed to be non-existent, and therefore the Mabuiag people, who maintained continual buwai-based land holding ownership patterns, were in legal limbo, with no traditional rights recognised, but also no citizenship rights either.

However, the traditional ownership patterns were unofficially recognised by various European officials. For example, when the Acting Government Resident, Hugh Milman, who was based at Thursday Island), visited Mabuiag Island in 1886 he reported that: "..there is no doubt that every acre has a reputed owner, that every grove or single tree of any value has its proper and legitimate hereditary owner".[8]

After the federation of Australia in 1901, Torres Strait Islanders including the people of Mabuaig island became subject to "protection," and it was not until well after World War Two, in the 1960s, that they could get married or travel to mainland Australia or other islands without Queensland Department of Aboriginal and Islander Affairs (DAIA) approval.[7]

Since that time, while many are often absent working in industries such as Torres Strait Islander fisheries (pearling industry, crayfishing, etc.) or have moved to Badu Island, Thursday Island, or mainland Australia, some (now estimated at approximately 250) have continued and continuously held on to their traditional tenure ("native title") occupying, using, and enjoying the island and its surrounds in a manner prescribed by traditional law and custom.[8]

"People gathered.. on this island, like their ancestors before them, have occupied it and maintained the connection with it for hundreds of years. Today they continue to speak their traditional language, they practise fishing, hunting and collecting and in doing that, they make use of the specialised historical knowledge accumulated over centuries. They perform customary dances and songs, they manage sacred sites. They utilise their traditional kinship system to organise social and economic life. They are in all respects the owners of this land." (Page 9))[8]

Local lore

The home seas, islands, and reefs occupied, used, and criss-crossed by the people of Mabuiag Island for many generations, have been described as follows:

"What first appear to be undifferentiated patches of coral and salt water are Islanders' exclusive marine domains - a vast, intricate water library where history dwells in places, not in time, and all the sea is named. Islands, reefs, channels and the resources they contain belong to.. Mabuiag people because mythical ancestors like Sesere, Zigin, and Wad caught turtles, dugong, or fish there"[7]

The people of Mabuiag Island, for instance, believe their afterworld lies in Kibu to their northwest. It is believed that when an Islander dies, their mari (life spirit) first goes to Boigu, leaves word for the Boigu marimulaimabaigal spirit talkers to report how they died, and then becomes a markai (heavenly spirit) and sails to Kibu at sundown with the prevailing winds[7]

If the spirit of the deceased cannot join other ancestors at Kibu, they may stay and cause problems among the living. Before the arrival of missionaries, when someone died, the people of Mabuiag, as was the case for all other Islanders and neighbouring Papuans, would assist the deceased into Kibu by performing a mortuary ritual consisting of sacred dances and feasting at a particular point a few weeks after the death of the person. The arrangements for the rituals and feast were always carried out by the marigeth spirit-hand, the special term used for the in-laws, whose responsibility this was.

Subsequent to the arrival of missionaries, this original commemoration has been Christianised as the Kulaw Gudpudai tombstone opening. The important pre-Christian tradition still exist, only those with clearly pagan meaning being disused or disguised in various ways. The role of the marigeth is still very important: "..in-laws dig deep into their pockets to present the deceased's family with an engraved headstone, brought all the way from Cairns, Townsville or even Brisbane, shrouded in hundreds of yards of colorful cloth and money envelopes.. "[7]

Within Mabuaig Island local lore, families may only exercise control over land and sea rights around Mabuaig Island if children have island residences and if relatives can be guaranteed a proper tombstone opening. Migration away from the island complicates people's ability to carry out these burial practices (above), and makes it difficult for the descendants of people living away from Mabuaig Island to establish legal title to family estates.[7]

Amenities

The Torres Strait Island Regional Council operate the Ngalpun Ngulaygaw Lag Resource Centre in Main Street.[9]

Notable people

The notable Torres Strait Islander singer of "My Island Home", Christine Anu, she is descended from these people, as well as the people of Saibai Island).

See also

Notes

    Citations
    1. SLoQ.
    2. Haddon & Rivers 2011, p. 8.
    3. Riesenfeld 1950, p. 530.
    4. Swain 1993, p. 98.
    5. Swain 1993, p. 95.
    6. Swain 1993, pp. 98–99.
    7. Cordell & Fitzpatrick 1987.
    8. ATNS 2000, p. 9.
    9. SLoQ 2017.

    Sources
    • Cordell, John; Fitzpatrick, Judith (1987). "Torres Strait: Cultural Identity and the Sea". Cultural Survival Quarterly (11.2). Archived from the original on 2 October 2006.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • Haddon, Alfred Cort; Rivers, W. H. R. (2011) [First published 1912]. "Weapons and objects employed in warfare". Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–203. ISBN 978-0-521-17988-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • "Mabuiag (Ngalpun Ngulaygaw Lag Resource Centre)". Public Libraries Connect. State Library of Queensland. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
    • "Mabuiag People v State of Queensland [2000] (FCA 1065)". Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements (ATNS) project. 6 July 2000. p. 9. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007.
    • Riesenfeld, Alphonse (1950). The Megalithic Culture of Melanesia. BRILL.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • Rivers, W. H. R.; Haddon, Alfred Cort (1904). "Totemism". Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-855-75082-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • Swain, Tony (1993). A Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44691-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • "Torres Strait Island Missions and Communities". State Library of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 December 2004.

    Further reading
    • Fitzpatrick, Judith (2001). "The Torres Strait Islanders of Australia". Endangered Peoples of Oceania: Struggle to Survive and Thrive. London: Greenwood Press. pp. 213–231.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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