Kuku Yalanji

The Kuku Yalanji, also known as Gugu-Yalanji, Kuku Yalandji or Kokojelandji, are an Aboriginal Australian people originating from the rainforest regions of Far North Queensland.

Language

The traditional language of the people was Guugu Yalandji. It has been comprehensively studied, with a dictionary produced by the Hershbergers[1] and a grammar by Elizabeth Patz.[2]

Country

The Kuku Yalanji, according to Norman Tindale, held roughly 2,200 square miles (5,700 km2) of territory around the headwaters of the Palmer River. Their land ran east from Palmerville station to Mount Lukin, and stretched over the southern and western areas of the Dividing Range as far as the upper Mitchell River. their eastern limits lay around east to Byerstown, and they were present at Maytown.[3]

History of contact

Kuku Yalanji lands began to be occupied extensively by white colonisers in 1877, after the government opened up their area to selection,[4] and as miners crowded into the area, where the Palmer River gold rush had been underway since news leaked out of a discovery of that mineral in June 1873.time. Within a year over 5,000 Europeans and 2,000 Chinese, mainly from Guangdong, crammed into the Palmer River site, until then the sole preserve of Kuku Yalanji people, to work its riches.[5] Attempts made to uproot the people from their land were resisted, and a Lutheran mission opened up on the Bloomfield River in 1886 failed within 16 years of its establishment. century. Forced removals of some Kuku-Yalanji were undertaken again in the 1930s, with their relocation to missions at Daintree and Mossman. As late as 1957, a further attempt to relocate groups to a mission in Bloomfield took place.[4] The gold rush lasted from 1873 to 1885, with the Palmer population of Chinese briefly skyrocketing to some 17,000 by 1877, until the opportunities for quick takings began to dwindle, with most Europeans leaving by 1880, and the Chinese numbers dropping drastically to 3,000.[6] In response to this overwhelming invasion, the Kuku Yalanji set up a fierce resistance virtually tantamount to guerilla warfare.[7]

The Kuku Yalanji eventually were reduced to living in shanty towns on the outskirts of the areas which the foreign populations developed, and developed skills for working in the new economy. Often, in trading their services with the Chinese, they were paid in opium, which could be imported legally until 1906. According to contemporary European observers appointed as protectors of Aborigines, such as Walter Roth and Archibald Meston, consumption of this drug in the form of opium ash mixed with water, accounted for thousands of native deaths, far more than those due to other introduced maladies such as venereal disease.[8] Modern historians now consider that these early reports, like the often bruited tales of the Kuku Yalanji hunting Chinese for cannibalistic feasting, whatever partial truth they contain, perhaps functioned to assuage any guilt European settlers may have felt for their key role in the decimation of northern Queensland aboriginal communities.[9]

From 1897 to the 1960s, the Kuku Yalanji like other Aboriginal peoples faced the Government's paternalistic legislation that allowed for Aborigines to be placed under "protection" in attempt to preserve their culture. The Kuku Yalanji began concentrating around the Mossman Reserve around the time of World War II and the people in the Daintree region were forced to the northern bank of the Daintree River. They were further subjected to more relocations by the government. Kuku Yalanji are now concentrated predominantly in Mossman and Wujal Wujal.[10]

People

The Kuku Yalanji, believed to number some 3,000 people (2003),[10] constitute one of the "Bama Rainforest Peoples".[11] They were reputedly closely related to the Wulpura rain forest dwellers on the plateau in the modern day Mount Windsor National Park.

A short–term–use hut built by Indigenous Australians such as the Kuku Yalanji people.

Lifestyle

Survival was dependent on the exploitation of seasonal variation. It is believed that Kuku Yalanji lived in the rainforest region no later than 4,000 years ago. It is known that they had high population density, and lived in semi-permanent gunyahs. Their staples for obtaining carbohydrates were the toxic seeds of Cycas media, which were leached of their poisonous compounds before cooking; two species of yam, with the variety known as bitter yam particularly sought after, supplemented by bitter walnut, candlenuts and Kuranda quandong.[12]

They classified the annual climatic cycle into five seasons.[13]

Early reports often wrote that the Kuku Yalanji were devoted to cannibalism, targeting in particular Chinese immigrants, whom they called kubara[lower-alpha 1] or miran bilin (tight eyes). It is not infrequent to encounter early accounts of the eating of parts of the dead, which however was a restricted practice related to ritual mortuary customs. The vivid narrations of their killing their own women and children for eating to allay their hunger or of "feasting" on Chinese like "manna from heaven" in popular works like that of Hector Holthouse,[14][15] are now considered wild exaggerations, since the actual evidence is skimpy. Christopher Anderson, who transcribed one account by an elderly fully initiated Kuku Yalanji man glosses the story by suggesting that:-

Apart from the probably rare actual incidents human flesh consumption, the strong European belief in Aboriginal cannibalism in this area arose and persists today, I would argue, as an ideological mechanism: it states and reinforces the belief that Aborigines were less human or at the very least were "uncivilized" (if they ate other humans). then justified their removal from the land and their extermination.[16]

Native title

The Kuku-Yalanji people registered a Native Title Claim over parts of their traditional land in May 1995.[4]

Notable individuals
Kuku Yalanji artist Jessica Mauboy has achieved international success.
  • Jessica Mauboy, an Australian R&B and pop recording artist and starred in the 2012 indigenous hit film The Sapphires.
  • Pat O'Shane, a teacher, barrister, public servant, jurist and Aboriginal activist, she was Australia's first Aboriginal magistrate.
  • David Hudson, musician, ambassador, and cultural educator
  • Tony Albert, contemporary artist, co-founder of artist collective PROPPA NOW

Notes
  1. Anderson cites a suggestion by David Ip that this word may represent an adoption into an aboriginal language of the anglicized spellings, such as were Karboro/Kaboro, of a Chinese word for Chinese shops, which Ip gives as GABO, apparently representing an honorific GA and the word for treasure, BO. (Anderson & Mitchell 1981, p. 27,n.26)

Citations
  1. Hershberger & Hershberger 1982.
  2. Patz 2002.
  3. Tindale 1974, p. 176.
  4. Hill & Baird 2003, p. 31.
  5. Anderson & Mitchell 1981, p. 21.
  6. Anderson & Mitchell 1981, pp. 21–22.
  7. Anderson & Mitchell 1981, p. 23.
  8. Anderson & Mitchell 1981, p. 25.
  9. Anderson & Mitchell 1981, pp. 25–26.
  10. Hill & Baird 2003, p. 29.
  11. Cooper 2017.
  12. Hill & Baird 2003, p. 35.
  13. Hill & Baird 2003, p. 36.
  14. Holthouse 1967.
  15. Anderson & Mitchell 1981, p. 26.
  16. Anderson & Mitchell 1981, p. 27.

Sources
  • Anderson, Christopher (July 1992). "Deaths in Custody: Kuku-Yalanji and the State". Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice. 31: 1–11. JSTOR 23164558.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Anderson, Christopher; Mitchell, Norman (1981). "Kubara: a Kuku-Yalanji View of the Chinese in North Queensland". Aboriginal History. 5 (1/2): 20–37. JSTOR 24045701.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Cooper, Anthony (3 March 2017). "Experience Australia's Indigenous Culture". The Daily Telegraph.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hershberger, Hank; Hershberger, Ruth (1982). Kuku Yalanji Dictionary. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Darwin Branch.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hill, Rosemary; Baird, Adelaide (March 2003). "Kuku-Yalanji Rainforest Aboriginal People and Carbohydrate Resource Management in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia". Human Ecology. 31 (1): 27–52. JSTOR 4603456.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Holthouse, Hector (1967). River of gold: the story of the Palmer River gold rush. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Patz, Elizabeth (2002). A grammar of the Kuku Yalanji language of North Queensland. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-527. hdl:1885/146148. ISBN 0 85883 534 7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Kokojelandji (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
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