Ivy League

The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising eight private universities in the Northeastern United States. The term Ivy League is typically used beyond the sports context to refer to the eight schools as a group of elite colleges with connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.[2][3][4][5][6] Its members in alphabetical order are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University.

This article is about the group of colleges and the athletic conference that gave the group its name. For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation).

Ivy League
Established1954
AssociationNCAA
DivisionDivision I
SubdivisionFCS
Members8
Sports fielded
  • 33
    • men's: 17
    • women's: 16
RegionNortheast
HeadquartersPrinceton, New Jersey
CommissionerRobin Harris[1] (since 2009)
Websiteivyleague.com
Locations
Map of the Ivy League schools

While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954.[7] Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period (all except Cornell, which was founded in 1865) and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The other two colonial colleges, Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary, became public institutions instead.

Ivy League schools are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities in the world.[8] All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national undergraduate university rankings, including four Ivies in the top three (Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd). U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national undergraduate program in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings: Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.[9] In the 2020 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, three Ivies rank in the top ten internationally (Harvard 1st, Columbia 7th, and Princeton 8th) and six in the top twenty-three.[10][11]

Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,500 to about 15,000,[12] larger than most liberal arts colleges and smaller than most state universities. Total enrollment, which includes graduate students, ranges from approximately 6,600 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League financial endowments range from Brown's $4.2 billion to Harvard's $40.9 billion,[13] the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.[14]

The Ivy League has drawn many comparisons to other elite grouping of universities in other nations such as Oxbridge[15][16] in the United Kingdom, C9 League[17] in China, and Imperial Universities[18] in Japan. These counterparts are often referred to in the media as the "Ivy League" of their respective nations.

Members

Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world, allowing the universities to provide abundant resources for their academic programs, financial aid, and research endeavors. As of 2018, Harvard University had an endowment of $38.3 billion, the largest of any educational institution.[19] Each university attracts millions of dollars in annual research funding from both the federal government and private sources.

Institution Location Athletic nickname Undergraduates Postgraduates 2018 endowment Academic staff Colors
Brown University Providence, Rhode Island Bears 7,043 3,214 $3.60 billion[19] 736[20]               
Columbia University New York City Lions 9,001 24,412 $10.87 billion[19] 3,763[21]          
Cornell University Ithaca, New York Big Red 15,043 8,984 $7.23 billion[19] 2,908          
Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire Big Green 4,459 2,149 $5.49 billion[19] 943          
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts Crimson 6,788 13,951 $38.30 billion[19] 4,671[22]               
University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Quakers 10,019 12,413 $13.78 billion[19] 4,464[23]          
Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Tigers 5,428 2,946 $25.92 billion[19] 1,172          
Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Bulldogs 6,092 7,517 $29.35 billion[19] 4,140          

History

Year founded
Institution Founded Founding affiliation
Harvard University 1636 as New College Nonsectarian, founded by Calvinist Congregationalists
Yale University 1701 as Collegiate School Calvinist (Congregationalist)
University of Pennsylvania 1740 as Unnamed Charity School[24] Nonsectarian,[25] founded by Church of England/Methodist members[26][27]
Princeton University 1746 as College of New Jersey Nonsectarian,[28] founded by Calvinist Presbyterians[28]
Columbia University 1754 as King's College Church of England
Brown University 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Baptist, founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"[29]
Dartmouth College 1769 Calvinist (Congregationalist)
Cornell University 1865 Nonsectarian
Note: Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal.[30] Later in Penn's early history, the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749, which was used for all of the nineteenth century, including a centennial celebration in 1849. In 1899, Penn's board of trustees formally adopted a third founding date of 1740, in response to a petition from Penn's General Alumni Society. Penn was chartered in 1755, the same year collegiate classes began. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.
Harvard Yard and Matthews Hall (1872)
Connecticut Hall (1752) on Yale's Old Campus
Alexander Hall (1894) at Princeton University
Low Memorial Library (1895) at Columbia University
College Hall (1873) at the University of Pennsylvania
Robinson Hall at Brown University (1878)
Baker-Berry Library (1928) at Dartmouth College
Tjaden Hall (1883) at Cornell University

Origin of the name

Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges. "Planting the ivy" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson, "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar. ... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."[31] At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874.[32] Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale,[33] Simmons,[34] Bryn Mawr[35] and many others. Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.[36]

The first usage of Ivy in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965).

A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.

— Stanley Woodward, New York Tribune, October 14, 1933, describing the football season[37]

The first known instance of the term Ivy League being used appeared in The Christian Science Monitor on February 7, 1935.[7][38][39] Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.

A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story.[40][41][42] However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met on November 23, 1876, at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.[43]

Pre-Ivy League
Cornell baseball player, 1908

Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools were founded before the American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War. These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies, and their early faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. There were also some British graduates from the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the University of St. Andrews, the University of Edinburgh, and elsewhere on their boards. Similarly, the founder of the College of William & Mary, in 1693, was a British graduate of the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh. Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president.

The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities for each of these states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the University of South Carolina were Princeton alumni. They appointed Jonathan Maxcy, a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. Thomas Cooper, an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the University of California, Berkeley came from Yale, hence the school colors of University of California at Berkeley are Yale Blue and California Gold.[44]

Some of the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots, while others were founded as non-sectarian schools. King's College was founded at the behest of King George II of Great Britain and the Church of England, but renamed Columbia College following the American revolution. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries, but a denominational tone and such relics as compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian schools. Brown's charter promised no religious tests and "full liberty of conscience", but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has been strongly nonsectarian from its founding.

"Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935.[45] Novels[46] and memoirs[47] attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.

After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of their students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with doctorates had taught for them; but they now decided that they could not both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly.[48]

History of the athletic league
Yale University's four-oared crew team, posing with the 1876 Centennial Regatta trophy.
The 1879 Brown baseball varsity, with W.E. White seated second from right; White's appearance in an 1879 major league game, the first for an African American, came 68 years before Jackie Robinson permanently broke the baseball color line[49]
Yale rowing team in the annual Harvard–Yale Regatta, 2007
Penn's ICAA track champions in 1907

19th and early 20th centuries

The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools (or any US colleges, for that matter) was created in 1870 with the formation of the Rowing Association of American Colleges. The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870–1894. In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete.

A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth.

In 1906, the organization that eventually became the National Collegiate Athletic Association was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies.

In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie. Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US.[50]

In 1930, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy.

Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army.[7] In 1935, the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:

The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.

— The Associated Press, The New York Times[51]

Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. Romeyn Berry, Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:

I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency. Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.[52]

Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the Columbia Daily Spectator, The Cornell Daily Sun, The Dartmouth, The Harvard Crimson, The Daily Pennsylvanian, The Daily Princetonian and the Yale Daily News would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.[53] Part of the editorial read as follows:

The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.[54]

The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then-presidential nominee General Franklin Pierce. The proposal did not succeed—on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."[55]

Post-World War II
Students in Stell Hall at Dartmouth's Tuck School of Business, 2007
Students of Yale College, 1866

In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:

The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.[56]

In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that hadn't joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.[57][58]

As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges."[59]

In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and Northwestern as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football.[60] In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard.

When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, nearly all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The two major exceptions are wrestling, with the Ivies that sponsor wrestling—all except Dartmouth and Yale—members of the EIWA and hockey, with the Ivies that sponsor hockey—all except Penn and Columbia—members of ECAC Hockey.

Academics

Admissions
Admission statistics (Class of 2022)
ApplicantsAdmission rates
Brown 35,438 7.2%[61]
Columbia 40,203 5.5%[62]
Cornell 51,328 10.3%[63]
Dartmouth 22,033 8.7%[64]
Harvard 42,749 4.59%[65]
Penn 44,482 8.39%[66]
Princeton 35,370 5.5%[67]
Yale 35,306 6.31%[68]

The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with their acceptance rates being approximately 10% or less at all of the universities. Admitted students come from around the world, although students from the Northeastern United States make up a significant proportion of students.[69][70][71] In 2018, seven of the eight Ivy League schools reported record-high application numbers; seven also reported record-low acceptance rates.[72] There have been arguments that Ivy League schools discriminate against Asian candidates. For example, in August 2020, the US Justice Department argued that Yale University discriminated against Asian candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.[73] Harvard was similarly accused in 2019, and found to be in compliance with constitutional requirements.

Prestige
See also: List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings. All of the Ivy League schools are consistently ranked within the top 20 national universities by the U.S. News & World Report.[74] The Wall Street Journal rankings place all eight of the universities within the top 15 in the country.[75]

National academic rankings
University
(in alphabetical order)		ARWU
(2019)[76]		Forbes
(2019)[77]		USNWR
(2020)[78]		WM
(2019)[79]
Brown 38 7 14 28
Columbia 6 14 3 13
Cornell 11 11 17 25
Dartmouth 95–116 10 12 34
Harvard 1 1 2 2
Penn 14 6 6 6
Princeton 5 5 1 8
Yale 9–10 3 3 4

Further, Ivy League members have produced many Nobel laureates, winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Collaboration

Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents discuss common procedures and initiatives for their universities.

The universities collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange Scholar Program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or another eligible school such as the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University.[80]

Culture

Fashion and lifestyle
See also: Ivy League (clothes), Preppy, Take Ivy, and Ivy League (haircut)
Statue of Benjamin Franklin on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, 2011

Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time, and fashion trends such as Ivy League and preppy are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture.

Ivy League style is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s, believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses. The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner. The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the preppy style of dress.

Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress.[81] J. Press represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand, stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and Brooks Brothers, both being pioneers in preppy fashion, had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Princeton, and Yale.

Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class New England leisure activities, such as equestrian, sailing or yachting, hunting, fencing, rowing, lacrosse, tennis, golf, and rugby. Longtime New England outdoor outfitters, such as L.L. Bean,[82] became part of conventional preppy style. This can be seen in sport stripes and colours, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets and nautical-themed accessories. Vacationing in Palm Beach, Florida, long popular with the East Coast upper class, led to the emergence of bright colour combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as Lilly Pulitzer.[82] By the 1980s, other brands such as Lacoste, Izod[83] and Dooney & Bourke became associated with preppy style.

Today, these styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses, throughout the U.S., and abroad, and are oftentimes labeled as "Classic American style" or "Traditional American style".[84][85]

Social elitism
The A.D. White Reading Room at Cornell's Uris Library, 2008
A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man, 1902

The Ivy League is often associated with the upper class White Anglo-Saxon Protestant community of the Northeast, Old money, or more generally, the American upper middle and upper classes.[86][87][88][89] Although most Ivy League students come from upper middle- and upper-class families, the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse. The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students.[90] Several reports suggest, however, that the proportion of students from less-affluent families remains low.[91][92]

Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"[93] are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century. A Louis Auchincloss character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".[46] A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):

We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.[94]

The phrase Ivy League historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriter John Kieran noted that student editors at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth, and Penn were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:

It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.[95]

Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election, when George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."[96] New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.[97] Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets."[98] Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education— George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School), Barack Obama (Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), and Donald Trump (Penn undergrad).

U.S. presidents in the Ivy League
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, third from left, top row, with his Harvard class in 1904

Of the 44 men who have served as President of the United States, 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees. Three of these were transfer students: Donald Trump transferred from Fordham University, Barack Obama transferred from Occidental College, and John F. Kennedy transferred from Princeton to Harvard. John Adams was the first president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755.

President School(s) Graduation year
John Adams Harvard University 1755
James Madison Princeton University 1771
John Quincy Adams Harvard University 1787
William Henry Harrison University of Pennsylvania (withdrew)
Rutherford B. Hayes Harvard Law School 1845
Theodore Roosevelt Harvard University
Columbia Law School		 1880
(withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1882)[99]
William Howard Taft Yale University 1878
Woodrow Wilson Princeton University 1879
Franklin D. Roosevelt Harvard University
Columbia Law School		 1903
(withdrew) (Awarded J.D. in 2008, class of 1907)[100]
John F. Kennedy Princeton University
Harvard University		 (withdrew)
1940
Gerald Ford Yale Law School 1941
George H. W. Bush Yale University 1948
Bill Clinton Yale Law School 1973
George W. Bush Yale University
Harvard Business School		 1968
1975
Barack Obama Columbia University
Harvard Law School		 1983
1991
Donald Trump University of Pennsylvania 1968

Student demographics
Racial and/or ethnic background (2011)[101]
AsianBlackHispanic
(of any race)		Non-Hispanic WhiteOther/
international		Unknown
Brown 14%6%10%45%14%11%
Columbia 15%8%13%41%17%6%
Cornell 17%6%10%46%13%10%
Dartmouth 14%8%9%48%13%8%
Harvard 12%7%9%45%22%6%
Penn 19%7%8%46%13%7%
Princeton 18%7%8%49%15%3%
Yale 15%6%8%58%5%8%
United States[102] 5%13%17%63%4%NA

Geographic distribution

Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast.[103] Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living.[104][105]

Socioeconomics and social class
Harvard Law School students circa 1895

Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from upper middle and upper class families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower, working, and lower middle class American families.[90][106]

In 2013, 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income).[106] In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992.[107] In 2014, 69% of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over $120,000, putting most Yale College students in the upper middle and/or upper class. (The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was $52,700.)[108]

In the 2011–2012 academic year, students qualifying for Pell Grants (federally funded scholarships on the basis of need) comprised 20% at Harvard, 18% at Cornell, 17% at Penn, 16% at Columbia, 15% at Dartmouth and Brown, 14% at Yale, and 12% at Princeton. Nationally, 35% of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant.[109]

Competition and athletics
Brown (right) plays at Cornell's Homecoming game, October 2017.
The Yale Bowl in 2001 during the annual football game played between Harvard and Yale
Brown vs. Columbia basketball game, 2020

Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of ECAC Hockey, but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. In one sport, rowing, the Ivies recognize team champions for each sex in both heavyweight and lightweight divisions. While the Intercollegiate Rowing Association governs all four sex- and bodyweight-based divisions of rowing, the only one that is sanctioned by the NCAA is women's heavyweight. The Ivy League was the last Division I basketball conference to institute a conference postseason tournament; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016–17 season. The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular-season results.[110] Before the 2016–17 season, the automatic bids were based solely on regular-season record, with a one-game playoff (or series of one-game playoffs if more than two teams were tied) held to determine the automatic bid.[111] The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the Southeastern Conference.[112][113] Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament.

On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (financial aid).[114] In addition, the Ivies have a rigid policy against redshirting, even for medical reasons; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution.[115] Additionally, the Ivies prohibit graduate students from participating in intercollegiate athletics, even if they have remaining athletic eligibility.[116] Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of the Patriot League, which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies (although unlike the Ivies, the Patriot League allows both redshirting and play by eligible graduate students).

In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in college football (last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).[117] Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Alabama, which has won 15, Notre Dame, which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, and USC, which has won 11. Yale, whose coach Walter Camp was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10, 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe (Cornell), two-time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie (Brown), Sean Morey (Brown), All-Pro selection Matt Birk (Harvard), Calvin Hill (Yale), Derrick Harmon (Cornell) and 1999 "Mr. Irrelevant" Jim Finn (Penn).

Beginning with the 1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed in Division I-AA (renamed FCS in 2006).[118][119] The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA. However, since its inception in 1956, the Ivy League has not played any postseason games due to concerns about the extended December schedule's effects on academics. (The last postseason game for a member was 86 years ago, the 1934 Rose Bowl, won by Columbia.)[120][121] For this reason, any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turns down the bid. The Ivy League plays a strict 10-game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 (or, in some seasons, 12) regular season games, plus post-season, which expanded in 2013 to five rounds with 24 teams, with a bye week for the top eight teams. Football is the only sport in which the Ivy League declines to compete for a national title.

In addition to varsity football, Penn, Princeton and Cornell also field teams in the 10-team Collegiate Sprint Football League, in which all players must weigh 178 pounds or less. Penn and Princeton are the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut, and Cornell is the next-oldest, joining in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so.

Teams
Teams in Ivy League competition[122]
SportMen'sWomen's
Baseball8-
Basketball88
Cross-country88
Fencing67
Field hockey-8
Football8-
Golf87
Ice hockey66
Lacrosse78
Rowing77
Soccer88
Softball-8
Squash88
Swimming and diving78
Tennis88
Track and field (indoor)88
Track and field (outdoor)88
Volleyball-8
Wrestling6-

The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States. Although these teams are not "varsity" sports, they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference.

Historical results
Total championships won (1956–2017)
Institution Ivy League
championships		 NCAA team
championships
Princeton University Tigers 476 12
Harvard University Crimson 415 4
Cornell University Big Red 231 5
University of Pennsylvania Quakers 210 3
Yale University Bulldogs 202 3
Dartmouth College Big Green 140 3
Brown University Bears 123 7
Columbia University Lions 105 11

The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016–17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010–11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005–06). In the 38 academic years beginning 1979–80, Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.[123]

In the 12 academic years beginning 2005–06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.[124]

Rivalries
Cornell and Princeton are longtime lacrosse rivals
Built in 1927, Penn's Palestra is shown around 2006
Performance of a Greek play at Harvard Stadium in 1903

Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton and Penn are longstanding men's basketball rivals;[125] "Puck Frinceton" T-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.[126] In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only seven seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,[127] with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion). Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament.

Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.[128] In men's lacrosse, Cornell and Princeton are perennial rivals, and they are two of three Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament.[129] In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the NCAA tournament.[130] No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time. Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title. Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002–03, with one exception (Columbia women won the indoor championship in 2012). Harvard and Yale are football and crew rivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races.

Intra-conference football rivalries
Teams Name Trophy First met Games played Series record
Columbia-Cornell Empire State Bowl Empire Cup 1889 103 games 36–64–3
Cornell-Penn None Trustee's Cup 1893 122 games 46–71–5
Dartmouth-Princeton None Sawhorse Dollar 1897 95 games 48–43–4
Harvard-Yale The Game None 1875 132 games 59–65–8
Princeton-Yale None None 1873 138 games 52–76–10

The Yale–Princeton series is the nation's second-longest by games played, exceeded only by "The Rivalry" between Lehigh and Lafayette, which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.[131] For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of the national championship that year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.[132][133] This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a Super Bowl in the era prior to the establishment of the NFL in 1920.[134][135] These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.[136] In a period when the only professional team sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high-profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college.

Extra-conference football rivalries
Teams Name Trophy First met Games played Series record
Brown-Rhode Island None Governor's Cup 1909 98 games 70–26–2
Columbia-Fordham None Liberty Cup 1890 24 games 12–12–0
Cornell-Colgate None None 1896 95 games 48–44–3
Dartmouth-New Hampshire Granite Bowl Granite Bowl Trophy 1901 37 games 17–18–2
Harvard-Holy Cross None None 1904 67 games 41–24–2
Penn-Lafayette None None 1882 90 games 63–23–4
Penn-Lehigh None None 1885 56 games 43–13
Princeton-Rutgers None None 1869 71 games 53–17–1
Yale-Army None None 1893 45 games 22–16–8

Championships

NCAA team championships

This list, which is current through July 1, 2015,[137] includes NCAA championships and women's AIAW championships (one each for Yale and Dartmouth). Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition, including football titles and retroactive Helms Foundation titles.

School Total Men Women Co-ed Nickname
Yale University 29[lower-alpha 1] 26 3 0 Bulldogs
Princeton University 24[lower-alpha 1] 19 4 1 Tigers
Columbia University 14 11 0 3 Lions
Harvard University 10[lower-alpha 1] 7 2 1 Crimson
Brown University 7 0 7 0 Bears
Cornell University 5 5 0 0 Big Red
Dartmouth College 5[lower-alpha 1] 1 1 3 Big Green
University of Pennsylvania 4 3 1 0 Quakers
  1. The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Of these pre-NCAA titles, Yale, Princeton, Harvard and Dartmouth won 20, 11, 6 and 1, respectively.
See also: List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships and List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships

Athletic facilities
Football stadium Basketball arena Baseball field Hockey rink Soccer stadium
School[138] NameCapacityYear NameCapacityYear NameCapacityYear NameCapacityYear NameCapacityYear
Brown Brown Stadium20,0001925 Pizzitola Sports Center2,8001989 Murray Stadium1,0001959 Meehan Auditorium3,1001961 Stevenson Field3,5001979
Columbia Wien Stadium17,0001984 Levien Gymnasium3,4081974 Hal Robertson Field at Phillip Satow Stadium1,5001923 Non-hockey school Commisso Soccer Stadium3,5001985
Cornell Schoellkopf Field25,5971915 Newman Arena4,4721990 Hoy Field5001922 Lynah Rink4,2671957 Charles F. Berman Field1,0002000
Dartmouth Memorial Field15,6001923 Leede Arena2,1001986 Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park2,0002008 Thompson Arena4,5001975 Burnham Field1,6002007
Harvard Harvard Stadium30,8981903 Lavietes Pavilion2,1951926 Joseph J. O'Donnell Field1,6001898 Bright Hockey Center2,8501956 Jordan Field2,5002010
Penn Franklin Field52,5931895 The Palestra8,7221927 Meiklejohn Stadium8502000 Class of 1923 Arena2,5001972 Rhodes Field1,7002002[139]
Princeton Princeton University Stadium27,8001998 Jadwin Gymnasium6,8541969 Bill Clarke Field8501961 Hobey Baker Memorial Rink2,0941923 Roberts Stadium3,0002008
Yale Yale Bowl61,4461914 John J. Lee Amphitheater3,1001932 Yale Field6,2001927 Ingalls Rink3,4861958 Reese Stadium3,0001981

Other Ivies

The term Ivy is sometimes used to connote a positive comparison to or an association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe the Little Ivies, a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States.[140] Other common uses include the Public Ivies, the Hidden Ivies, and the Southern Ivies. The 2007 edition of Newsweek's How to Get into College Now, the editors designated 25 schools as "New Ivies."[141]

Ivy Plus

The term Ivy Plus is sometimes used to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations,[142][143] university consortia,[143][144][145][146] or endowment comparisons.[147][148][149][150] In his book Untangling the Ivy League, Zawel writes, "The inclusion of non-Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others. Among these other schools, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included. The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well."[143]

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gollark: Yes, I'm aware.
gollark: How is this even a debate? Refusing to describe things doesn't make them not exist or be widely accepted or whatever. It's just very inconvenient whenever people want to discuss or mention them.
gollark: Suuuuuure.
gollark: He had to appear to die for the ritual.

See also

Notes
  1. "Executive Director Robin Harris". Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  2. "Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League". Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  3. "The Benefits of the Ivy League – Crimson Education US". www.crimsoneducation.org. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  4. Vedder, Richard. "Does Attending Elite Colleges Make You Happy? Lessons From The Admissions Scandal". Forbes. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  5. Gladwell, Malcolm. "Getting In". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  6. "Joint Ivy Statement on Admission Policies". Princeton University Admission. September 2, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  7. "Ivy League History and Timeline". Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  8. "World's Best Colleges". Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  9. "National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. Dartmouth and Cornell respectively
  13. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2013 Endowment Market Value" (published January 28, 2014). "National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO)". Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  14. "10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments". Retrieved January 9, 2012.
  15. "Oxbridge vs the Ivy League: what's the difference? – Oxbridge Applications". April 13, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  16. "Ivy League v Oxbridge: Best Experience in the World?". Crimson Education. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  17. "China's Ivy League：C9 League". en.people.cn. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  18. "Prestigious 'Imperial Universities' the best in Japan – THE rankings – Study International". March 31, 2017. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  19. As of June 30, 2018. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2017 to FY 2018" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  20. "Faculty & Employees". Brown University. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  21. "Full-time faculty distribution by school/division, Fall 2007–2017". Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  22. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. "Penn: Penn Facts". The University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  24. See University of Pennsylvania for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century. Archived November 25, 2012[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical "The Alumni Register," published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740, to appear older than Princeton University, which had been chartered in 1746. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750, founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed an unnamed trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania." Archived October 20, 2012[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania." Archived April 28, 2006[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.
  25. Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen." Archived April 28, 2006[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (page images) Archived October 18, 2007[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine, religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." Archived June 20, 2006[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian". Archived January 18, 2012[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America.""Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. Addison, Daniel Dulany (1911). "Protestant Episcopal Church" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–475.
  27. "Brown Admission: Our History". Brown.edu. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  28. "University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University". Princeton University.
  29. Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions." Archived January 18, 2012[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Providence" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
  30. Hughes, Samuel (2002). "Whiskey, Loose Women, and Fig Leaves: The University's seal has a curious history". Pennsylvania Gazette. 100 (3).
  31. "Class Day, New and Old".
  32. "Penn: Ivy day and Ivy Stones, a Penn Tradition". Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  33. Boston Daily Globe, June 27, 1882, p. 4: "CLASS DAY.: Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy, Sing "Blage," and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven;"
  34. Boston Evening Transcript, June 11, 1912, p. 12, "Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon, Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features;
  35. "Play a Romance and Plant Ivy, Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women's College". The Gazette Times. June 9, 1907. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  36. "The Ivy Club: History". Archived from the original on October 14, 2011.
  37. "Yale Book of Quotations" (2006) Yale University Press edited by Fred R. Shapiro
  38. "The Yale Book of Quotations" (2006) Yale University Press, edited by Fred R. Shapiro
  39. Oxford English Dictionary entry for "Ivy League"
  40. The Chicago Public Library reports the "IV League" explanation, sourced only from the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins.
  41. Various Ask Ezra student columns report the "IV League" explanation, apparently relying on the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins as the sole source:
  42. "The Penn Current / October 17, 2002 / Ask Benny". Upenn.edu. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  43. "This according to the Penn history of varsity football". Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  44. "Resource: Student history". Resource.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on September 9, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  45. Epstein, Joseph (2003). Snobbery: The American Version. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-34073-4. p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them."
  46. Auchincloss, Louis (2004). East Side Story. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-45244-3. p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"
  47. McDonald, Janet (2000). Project Girl. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22345-4. p. 163 "Newsweek is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption. ... It is completely Ivy League – a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground ... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."
  48. scandals: James Axtell, The Making of Princeton University (2006), p.274; quoting a former executive director of the Ivy League
  49. Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org); Stefan Fatsis, "Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?", Wall Street Journal, January 30, 2004; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first black player in major-league history," Slate, February 4, 2014; "Bill White (whitebi01)", Baseball-Reference.com; Rick Harris, Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game (Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41–43
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  52. Kelley, Robert F. (January 17, 1936). "Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah". The New York Times. p. 22.
  53. "Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges". The New York Times. December 3, 1936. p. 33.
  54. "The Harvard Crimson :: News :: AN EDITORIAL". Thecrimson.com. December 3, 1936. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  55. "Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities". The New York Times. January 1, 1937. p. 26.
  56. Gwertzman, Bernard M. (October 13, 1956). "Ivy League: Formalizing the Fact". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
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  61. Alicia Mies, "University admits record low 7.2 percent of applicants to Class of 2022", The Brown Daily Herald, March 28, 2018.
  62. Bonnie K. Goodman, "Columbia accepts record-low for the Class of 2023 just 5.5 percent acceptance rate", Medium, March 28, 2018.
  63. Meredith Liu, "Class of 2022 Has Lowest Admissions Rate, Most Diverse in School History", Cornell Daily Sun, March 28, 2018.
  64. The Dartmouth Senior Staff, "College admits record-low percent to the class of 2022", The Dartmouth, March 29, 2018.
  65. Delano R. Franklin & Samuel W. Zwickel, "Record-Low 4.59 Percent of Applicants Accepted to Harvard Class of 2022", The Harvard Crimson, March 29, 2018.
  66. Yoni Gutenmacher, "Penn admits a record-low 8.39 percent of applicants to the Class of 2022", The Daily Pennsylvanian, March 28, 2018.
  67. Mallory Williamson, "U. offers admission to 5.5 percent of students in most selective year yet", The Daily Princetonian, March 28, 2018.
  68. Anastasiia Posnova, "Yale admits 6.31 percent of applicants", Yale Daily News, March 28, 2018.
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