Yauco, Puerto Rico

Yauco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈʝawko]) is a city (ciudad) and municipality in southwestern Puerto Rico, centered on the city of the same name. Although the city is inland, the municipality stretches to a southern coast facing the Caribbean Sea. Yauco is located south of Maricao, Lares and Adjuntas; east of Sabana Grande and Guánica; and west of Guayanilla. The municipality consists of 20 wards plus the main city Yauco zona urbana (Yauco Urban Zone). It is both a principal city of the Yauco Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area.

"Yauco" redirects here. For other uses, see Yauco (disambiguation).

Yauco

Municipio de Yauco
City and Municipality
Yauco's Plaza Fernando Pacheco
Flag
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
El Pueblo del Café (The Coffee Town),
Capital Taína (Taíno Capital),
Los Corsos (The Corsicans)
Anthem: "Pueblo de gestas gloriosas"
Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Yauco Municipality
Coordinates: 18°2′13″N 66°51′1″W
Commonwealth Puerto Rico
FoundedFebruary 29, 1756
Wards
Government
 • MayorAngel Luis "Luigi" Torres Ortíz (PNP)
 • Senatorial dist.5 – Ponce
 • Representative dist.21,23
Area
 • Total68.8 sq mi (178.1 km2)
 • Land68.1 sq mi (176.5 km2)
 • Water0.6 sq mi (1.6 km2)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total46,384
 • Density670/sq mi (260/km2)
Demonym(s)Yaucanos
Time zoneUTC-4 (AST)
ZIP Code
00698
Area code(s)787/939
Major routes
Websitewww.yaucoatuservicio.com

It was founded by Fernando Pacheco on February 29, 1756, and developed for commodity crops of tobacco, sugar cane, and coffee. Yauco became a center for Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico in the 19th century due to its geographical similarity to their homeland. Corsicans have contributed to many areas of life in Yauco, particularly to its coffee industry. This has played a role in the city's nicknames of El Pueblo del Café (City of Coffee), and Los Corsos (The Corsicans). It is also known as La Capital Taína (the Taíno capital) after the native peoples of Puerto Rico.

History
Yucca

The city of Yauco was named after the river Yauco, which the indigenous Taíno called coayuco, meaning "yucca plantation".[1]

The Taino natives considered the area of Yauco the capital of Boriken (Taíno name for what is today called "Puerto Rico") and was governed by Agüeybana, the most powerful Taíno "cacique" (chief) in the island. All the other caciques were subject to and had to obey Agüeybaná, although they governed their own tribes. Upon Agüeybaná's death in 1510, his nephew, Güeybaná (also known as Agüeybaná II), became the most powerful cacique in the island. Agüeybaná II doubted the "godly" status the Spaniards were rumored to have. He came up with a plan to test these doubts: he and Urayoán (cacique of Añasco) sent some of their tribe members to lure a Spaniard named Diego Salcedo into a river and drown him. They watched over Salcedo's body to ensure that he did not revive. Salcedo's death convinced Agüeybaná II and the rest of the Taíno that the Spaniards were not gods. They rebelled against the Spanish in 1511 but were defeated.[2][3]

In 1755, the Spanish settlers of the region built a small chapel and named it Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario (Our Lady of the Holy Rosary). The settlers sent Fernando Pacheco as their representative to the Spanish Government, to request the establishment of a municipality, since they had satisfied one of the requirements for the establishment of a municipality, namely, to establish a place of worship. On February 29, 1756, the King of Spain granted the settlers their request and the town of Yauco was founded. Fernando Pacheco was named First Lieutenant of War of the new town.[4]

From the mid-19th to the early 20th century, hundreds of Corsican, Italian, French, Portuguese, Irish, Scots, and German immigrants arrived in Puerto Rico, attracted by the Spanish Crown's offer of free land. They settled mostly in the south central region.

19th century Corsican immigration
Early Yauco coffee plantation (Pre-1920)
Main article: Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico

The island of Puerto Rico is very similar in geography to the island of Corsica and appealed to the many Corsican immigrants. Corsica was part of the Republic of Genoa for centuries until 1768.

Corsicans descend from a combination of ancient Corsi people from northeastern Sardinia and people who came over later from northern and central Italy (including Tuscans, Etruscans, Ligurians, and Romans) along with, to a lesser extent, Greeks and Carthaginians. It's been part of France since 1768, but retains a distinct Italian culture.

Hundreds of Corsicans and their families immigrated to Puerto Rico from as early as 1830, and their numbers peaked in the 1850s, after European unrest following the Revolutions of 1848, and environmental problems of lengthy drought. The Corsicans tended to settle in the mountainous southwestern region of the island, and Yauco attracted the majority of them.[5] As noted, the three main crops were coffee, sugar cane and tobacco. The new settlers first worked on the farms, and some saved money in order to own and operate their own grocery stores. They began to specialize in cultivation of coffee as a commodity crop.

Coffee was first cultivated in the Rancheras and Diego Hernández sectors; it was expanded to the Aguas Blancas, Frailes and Rubias sectors. The Mariani family adapted a cotton gin in the 1860s to use in mechanical dehusking of coffee. This improved the appearance of Puerto Rico's coffee beans and helped it stand out in the international coffee market.[6] By the 1860s the Corsican settlers were the leaders of the coffee industry in Puerto Rico, and seven out of ten coffee plantations were owned by Corsicans.[7]

Intentona de Yauco
Flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt
Main article: Intentona de Yauco

The pro-independence movement raised the second and last major revolt here against Spanish colonial rule in Puerto Rico, known as the Intentona de Yauco, a.k.a. the "Attempted Coup of Yauco." The revolt, which occurred on March 26, 1897, was organized by Antonio Mattei Lluberas, Mateo Mercado and Fidel Vélez. They were supported by leaders of "El Grito de Lares", the first major independence attempt, who were in exile in New York City as members of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee. During this uprising, Vélez raised for the first time what became the current flag of Puerto Rico on local soil. Local Spanish authorities had heard rumors of the revolt and acted swiftly to suppress it.[8]

Spanish–American War
Part of the Hacienda Desideria, owned by Antonio Mariani, where the Battle of Yauco took place in 1898
Main article: Puerto Rico Campaign

In 1898, upon the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Guánica was a small barrio within the town of Yauco. It had 60 houses in all and was defended only by eleven members of the 4th Volante de Yauco, a Puerto Rican militia unit, under the command of Lieutenant Enrique Méndez López. When the convoy with General Nelson A. Miles, approached the barrio, Guánica lighthouse keeper Robustiano Rivera immediately alerted its residents. Nearly all the residents abandoned their homes and joined Rivera to go to Yauco, where he broke the news of the invading forces to the city's mayor. Only Agustín Barrenechea, Vicente Ferrer, Juan María Morciglio, Simón Mejil, Salvador Muñoz, Cornelio Serrano and Pascual Elena stayed to welcome the invaders.[9]

The first skirmish between Spanish/Puerto Rican and American armed forces was fought in that barrio between the Puerto Rican militia and twenty-eight sailors and Marines, under the command of Lieutenants H. P. Huse and Wood. They had come from the USS Gloucester on rafts and landed on the beach, where Lt. Méndez López and his men opened fire on the Americans. During the small battle which followed, the Americans returned fire with a machine gun and the Gloucester began to bombard the Spanish position. Lt. Méndez López and three of his men were wounded, and the militia unit retreated to the town of Yauco.

This was also the site of the first major land battle in Puerto Rico during the war between Spanish/Puerto Rican and American armed forces. On July 26, 1898, Spanish forces and Puerto Rican volunteers, led by Captain Salvador Meca and Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Puig, fought against American forces led by Brigadier General George A. Garretson. The Spanish forces engaged the 6th Massachusetts in a firefight at the Hacienda Desideria, owned by Antonio Mariani, in what became known as the Battle of Yauco of the Puerto Rico Campaign. The casualties of Puig's forces were two officers and three soldiers wounded and two soldiers dead. The Spanish forces were ordered to retreat.[10]

Earthquake in 2020

Multiple residences and structures in Yauco were damaged with a 6.4-magnitude earthquake that struck the island in the morning hours of January 7, 2020.[11] More than thirty-two residences collapsed and hundreds were structurally unsound after the earthquake struck near Yauco. To aid residents who were left without power or homeless, the National Guard was mobilized. A center for emergency operations was set up in the municipality's auditorium parking area, with air-conditioned tarps and tents for evacuated hospital patients and with food being cooked by World Central Kitchen.[12]

Hurricane Maria

Significant rainfall from Hurricane Maria, on September 20, 2017, triggered numerous landslides in Yauco, leaving entire communities cut-off.[13][14] The Yauco River caused flooding that decimated entire neighborhoods.[15]

Geography

Yauco is a mountainous municipality which is bisected by the Río Yauco. Other rivers in the municipality are the Río Chiquito, Duey Loco and Río Naranjo. Hills in the area include Mount Membrillo, the Rodadero Peak and the Curet Hill.[16]

Barrios
Barrios of Yauco, Puerto Rico
Pueblo of Yauco

Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Yauco is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as "el pueblo".[17][18][19]

  1. Aguas Blancas
  2. Algarrobo
  3. Almácigo Alto
  4. Almácigo Bajo
  5. Barina
  6. Caimito
  7. Collores
  8. Diego Hernández
  9. Duey
  10. Frailes
  11. Jácana
  12. Naranjo
  13. Quebradas
  14. Ranchera
  15. Río Prieto
  16. Rubias
  17. Sierra Alta
  18. Susúa Alta
  19. Susúa Baja
  20. Vegas
  21. Yauco barrio-pueblo

Sectors

Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions)[20] in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.[21][22][23]

Special Communities
See also: Puerto Rico Office for Socioeconomic and Community Development

Of the 742 places on the list of Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods are in Yauco: Diego Hernández, Frailes, Ranchera, Sector Primitivo Irizarry in Quebradas, El Pozo, Sector Cantera, Pueblo Norte (El Cerro), and Río Prieto.[24][25]

Demographics

According to the United States Census Bureau the population of Yauco in the year 2000 was 46,384 persons, decreasing to 42,043 persons in 2010, a net loss of 4,341 people or 9.36% of its population. Its land area is 176.5 square kilometers with a population density of 238.2. The urban zone accounted for 17,186 of its inhabitants in the 2010 census.[26]

Historical population
CensusPop.%±
190027,119—
191031,50416.2%
192025,848−18.0%
193027,7877.5%
194030,5339.9%
195033,70810.4%
196034,7803.2%
197035,1030.9%
198037,7427.5%
199042,05811.4%
200046,38410.3%
201042,043−9.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[27]
1899 (shown as 1900)[28] 1910–1930[29]
1930-1950[30] 1960–2000[31] 2010[18]

Tourism
"Yaucomatric"

Following Hurricane Maria, in order to lift up their spirits, Yauco's artists worked on "Yaucromatic", a project to paint colorful murals throughout an entire neighborhood of Yauco.[32]

Landmarks and places of interest

There are 2 beaches in Yauco, including Playa Ballenas.[33] The places of interest in Yauco include:

Casa Agostini in Yauco
  • Mansión Negroni
  • Hacienda Mireia which was Hacienda La Juanita, a historic plantation, is a 50-acre coffee farm[34]
  • Casa Franceschi
  • Casa Agre
  • Casa Cesari
  • Cuesta Los Judios: next to Reparto La Esperanza it has a length of 0.21 kilometres.
  • Iglesia Católica Nuestra Señora del Rosario
  • Lucchetti Lake
  • Nuestra Señora del Rosario Hermitage Ruins
  • Plaza Fernando Pacheco
  • Teatro Ideal
  • Tozza Castle
  • Vega Lake
  • Colegio Santísimo Rosario (Most Holy Rosary School)
  • Yauco Urban Park
  • Playa Atolladora[35]
  • Estadio Municipal Mario "Ñato" Ramírez Torres (Mario "Ñato" Ramírez Torres Municipal Stadium)
  • Volkyland Volkswagen museum[36]
  • Coliseo Raúl "Pipote" Oliveras Vera (Raúl "Pipote" Oliveras Vera Coliseum)

Economy

Yauco's main crops are coffee, plantains, oranges and tobacco. Yauco coffees are a revived specialty origin that, at best, display the qualities that made Jamaica Blue Mountain famous: A deep, vibrant, yet restrained acidity and balanced, gently rich flavor. However, this potentially finest of Caribbean coffees is often marred by inconsistency.[37]

Yauco also produces textiles and other light manufactured materials.

Sartorius pharmaceuticals, located in Yauco, expanded their current operations there in mid 2019.[38]

Culture

Festivals and events

Yauco celebrates its patron saint festival in October. The Fiestas Patronales de Nuestra Virgen del Rosario is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.[16]

Other festivals and events celebrated in Yauco include:

  • Coffee Festival – February
  • Christmas Festival - December
  • Festival Internacional de las Culturas – December[39]

DNA Ancestry Tests

Recent genealogical DNA-based testing, which look at specific locations of a person's genome, in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships or to estimate the ethnic mixture of an individual, have found significant Portuguese, Spanish, Native American, Corsican, Ireland, Scotland, Germanic Europe, Italian, North Africa, West Africa and European Jewish DNA presence in individuals who are descendants from inhabitants who were born within the geographical area of Yauco and other parts of southwestern Puerto Rico.[40]

These nationalities have significantly influenced the local culture, to include food, art, some words used in the language, customs, beliefs, and music.

Government

In 2019, Angel Luis Torres is the mayor of Yauco.[11]

Abel Nazario Quiñones of the New Progressive Party had held the office of Mayor of Yauco since 2000. He succeeded Pedro Jaime Torres by winning the 2000 general election and retained his seat in both 2004 and 2008.[41][42][43] Nazario took a 50% pay cut which was reversed in 2005, yet his current annual wage of $36,000 is the lowest for any of the 78 Puerto Rican mayors, despite Yauco not being the least-populated municipality or the one with the lowest budget.[44]

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district V, which is represented by two Senators. In 2012, Ramón Ruiz and Martín Vargas Morales, from the Popular Democratic Party, were elected as District Senators.[45]

Transportation
"Interstate" Highway PRI-2 goes through Yauco. Urbanized areas are shaded in peach.

Interstate Highway PRI-2 goes through Yauco. The interstate highway is designated as such because it receives up to 90% of its funding from the US Interstate Highway System.

In 2019, there were 40 bridges in Yauco.[46] A bridge that goes over Yauco River suffered damages during 2017 Hurricane Maria.[15] A bridge that carries PR-359 would have to be demolished due to damages caused by the 2019–2020 Puerto Rico earthquakes.[47]

Symbols

Flag

The flag of Yauco consists of two horizontal stripes of equal width, black the superior and gold the inferior one. The municipal coat of arms is in the center.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Yauco is quartered by a central cross representing Christendom. In a silver field a gold and black boiler, with seven necks and heads of black serpents in each handle, three to the right hand, confronted with four to the left-hand side. Bordered by a checkered band in gold and black. The second and third quarters, in a field of gold, two coffee plant flowers of five leaves of silver and four red. The coffee plant flower and the coffee grains represent their cultivation in the Yauco municipality. The border of the Arms represents the beads of the rosary. The three tower crown represents its city status.

Notable people

The following is a list of people born in Yauco.

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See also

References
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  2. "LA REBELIÓN DEL CACIQUE AGUEYBANA II". Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
  3. "Land Tenure Development In Puerto Rico" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
  4. "historia de Yauco". Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
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  6. "Café Yauco Selecto". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
  7. "Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico". Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
  8. "Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni (Author); Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; ISBN 84-7844-138-7; ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9
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  12. "Alcalde de Yauco actualiza información de daños en su municipio". www.wapa.tv (in Spanish).
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  40. Genealogical DNA test
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  48. "JUSTIPRECIACIÓN DE LA OBRADE FRANCISCO ROJAS TOLLINCHI"; by Ada Hilda Martínez de Alicea; Dept. Estudios Hispánicos Pontificia Universidad Católica de PR.
  49. "Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni (Author); Page 476; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; ISBN 84-7844-138-7; ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9
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