Vestmannaeyjar

Vestmannaeyjar (Icelandic pronunciation: ​[ˈvɛstmanaˌeiːjar], sometimes anglicized as Westman Islands) is a municipality and archipelago off the south coast of Iceland.[1]

Not to be confused with Vestmanna.

Vestmannaeyjar
Town and municipality
Heimaklettur seen from Stakkagerðistún which is a public park in the middle of Heimaey
Location of the Municipality of Vestmannaeyjar
Vestmannaeyjar
Location of Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland
Coordinates: 63°25′00″N 20°17′00″W
CountryIceland
Constituency[nb 1]South Constituency
Region[nb 2]Southern Region
CountyVestmannaeyjar[nb 3]
Government
 • MayorÍris Róbertsdóttir (2018–present)
Area
 • Total17 km2 (7 sq mi)
Population
 (2014)
 • Total4,264
 • Density250.82/km2 (649.6/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
Post code
IS-900, 902
Websitewww.vestmannaeyjar.is

The largest island, Heimaey, has a population of 4,135, most of whom live in the archipelago's main town, Vestmannaeyjabær. The other islands are uninhabited, although six have single hunting cabins. Vestmannaeyjar came to international attention in 1973 with the eruption of Eldfell volcano, which destroyed many buildings and forced a months-long evacuation of the entire population to mainland Iceland. Approximately one fifth of the town was destroyed before the lava flow was halted by application of 6.8 billion litres of cold sea water.[2]

Geography
Elliðaey island.
Suðurey, Hellisey, Súlnasker and Geldungur islands.
Smáeyjar islands

The Vestmannaeyjar archipelago is young in geological terms. The islands lie in the Southern Icelandic Volcanic Zone and have been formed by eruptions over the past 10,000–12,000 years. The volcanic system consists of 70–80 volcanoes both above and below the sea.[3]

Vestmannaeyjar comprises the following islands:

  • Heimaey (13.4 square kilometres; 5.2 sq mi)
  • Surtsey (1.4 square kilometres; 350 acres)
  • Elliðaey (0.45 square kilometres; 110 acres)
  • Bjarnarey (0.32 square kilometres; 79 acres)
  • Álsey (0.25 square kilometres; 62 acres)
  • Suðurey (0.20 square kilometres; 49 acres)
  • Brandur (0.1 square kilometres; 25 acres)
  • Hellisey (0.1 square kilometres; 25 acres)
  • Súlnasker (0.03 square kilometres; 7 acres)
  • Geldungur (0.02 square kilometres; 5 acres)
  • Geirfuglasker (Vestmannaeyjar) (0.02 square kilometres; 5 acres)
  • the islands Hani, Hæna, Hrauney and the skerry Grasleysa are called Smáeyjar (small islands).

Total: 16.3 square kilometres (6.3 sq mi)

There are 15 islands, and about 30 rock stacks and skerries. All the islands have been built up in submarine eruptions and consist of alternating layers of palagonite tuff and lava. The oldest geological formations are in the northern part of Heimaey ("Home Island"), the largest island and the only inhabited one. Basalt columns can be seen in many places, and the sea has eroded the soft rock of the shoreline and scooped out many picturesque coves and grottos, which are among the special features of the islands.

There was a submarine eruption southeast of Hellisey in 1896. The next eruption began on 14 November 1963. It lasted about four years – one of the longest in Icelandic history – and gave birth to Surtsey, the 15th island in the group. In the eruption of 1973 that lasted for 155 days, Heimaey grew by about 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi). The Vestmannaeyjar group is about 38 kilometres (24 mi) long and 29 kilometres (18 mi) broad, the closest point lying about 8 kilometres (5 mi) from the mainland.

Biodiversity
Puffin with capelin

There is generally very little snow, but a lot of rain. Owing to this microclimate, returning migrant birds are often first seen in the spring and they set out from the islands in the autumn. All of Iceland's seabirds can be found in Vestmannaeyjar: the guillemot, gannet, kittiwake, Iceland gull, and puffin. The puffin is the most plentiful species and is the Vestmannaeyjar emblem. More than 30 species of birds nest in their millions in the cliffs and grassy ledges, and other species make irregular appearances.

There are about 150 plant species in the flora of the islands, and about 80 types of insect have been identified. The waters around the Vestmannaeyjar contain some of the North Atlantic's richest fishing grounds. The two main commercially exploited species in Iceland, cod and haddock, are found in abundance in Vestmannaeyjar. Other species, such as flat-fish, herring and capelin, are also commonly harvested as they migrate through the area in the autumn and winter. Lobsters and ocean perch are found in large numbers in the deep water to the southeast of the islands. Seals, small types of whale and other marine species are also present in large numbers around the islands.

Climate
Gulf stream route around Iceland

With extremely high precipitation considering the latitude, Vestmannaeyjar features a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) under the Köppen climate classification. It is often very windy in the islands, and the highest wind speed measured in Iceland (61 metres per second;140 mph) was recorded in Stórhöfði. The main wind directions are easterly and south-easterly. The islands enjoy the country's highest average annual temperature, the Gulf Stream having a strong warming effect, especially in winter.

Climate data for Vestmannaeyjar (1981-2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6)		 10.0
(50.0)		 9.0
(48.2)		 11.6
(52.9)		 16.5
(61.7)		 19.3
(66.7)		 21.6
(70.9)		 20.3
(68.5)		 15.4
(59.7)		 13.4
(56.1)		 10.5
(50.9)		 10.0
(50.0)		 21.6
(70.9)
Average high °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 3.9
(39.0)		 5.6
(42.1)		 8.4
(47.1)		 10.5
(50.9)		 12.3
(54.1)		 12.1
(53.8)		 9.8
(49.6)		 6.8
(44.2)		 4.9
(40.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 7.2
(45.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2)		 1.7
(35.1)		 1.9
(35.4)		 3.7
(38.7)		 6.4
(43.5)		 8.7
(47.7)		 10.5
(50.9)		 10.4
(50.7)		 8.2
(46.8)		 5.2
(41.4)		 3.1
(37.6)		 2.1
(35.8)		 5.3
(41.5)
Average low °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 1.7
(35.1)		 4.4
(39.9)		 6.9
(44.4)		 8.6
(47.5)		 8.7
(47.7)		 6.5
(43.7)		 3.5
(38.3)		 1.3
(34.3)		 0.2
(32.4)		 3.4
(38.1)
Record low °C (°F) −15.7
(3.7)		 −16.3
(2.7)		 −14.9
(5.2)		 −16.9
(1.6)		 −7.1
(19.2)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 3.7
(38.7)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −10.7
(12.7)		 −15.3
(4.5)		 −16.3
(2.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 152.2
(5.99)		 142.0
(5.59)		 130.8
(5.15)		 110.7
(4.36)		 96.8
(3.81)		 82.6
(3.25)		 109.4
(4.31)		 144.2
(5.68)		 135.0
(5.31)		 141.9
(5.59)		 149.4
(5.88)		 153.6
(6.05)		 1,548.6
(60.97)
Average precipitation days 18.8 18.1 17.3 15.3 13.7 11.1 13.7 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.8 18.1 190.9
Source 1: Météo Climat (averages)[4]
Source 2: Météo Climat (records)[5]

History and name
Title page of the book by Ólafur Egilsson who was captured by Barbary corsairs in 1627
Map of the archipelago
February 2009 south aerial view of Súlnasker Geldungur, Hellisey, Álsey, Brandur, Suðurey, Heimaey, Bjarnarey, Elliðaey, with the Icelandic mainland in the background
Heimaklettur seen from the top of Eldfell Volcano which erupted 23 January 1973
Vestmannaeyjar as seen from route 1, mainland Iceland
Development of the coastline of Heimaey during the eruption of Eldfell in 1973

The islands are named after Gaelic slaves who had been captured into slavery by Norsemen. The Old Norse word Vestmenn, literally "Westmen", was applied to the Irish, and retained in Icelandic even though Iceland is further west than Ireland. (In contrast, the Norse Gaels often called themselves Ostmen or Austmenn – "East-men".)

Not long after Ingólfur Arnarson arrived in Iceland, his blood brother Hjörleifur was murdered by the slaves he had brought with him. Ingólfur tracked them down to the Vestmannaeyjar and killed them all in retribution, hence the name Vestmannaeyjar (the islands of the west men). This is speculated to have occurred in AD 875.

On 16 July 1627, in an event known as the Turkish Abductions, the islands were captured by a fleet of three ships of Barbary Pirates from Algiers, who stayed there until 19 July under the control of Ottomans. They had earlier raided the east of Iceland and Murat Reis from Salé in Morocco had commanded another raid in Grindavík in June of that year. The pirates captured 234 people from the islands and took them on a 27-day voyage to Algiers, where most of them spent the rest of their lives in bondage.[6] One of the captives, Lutheran minister Ólafur Egilsson, managed to return in 1628 and wrote a book about his experience.[7] In 1636, ransom was paid for 34 of the captives, and most of them returned to Iceland. After this, a small fort was built on Skansinn (that is, "the bastion"), and an armed guard was established to keep watch from the mountain Helgafell for the approach of ships.

For centuries, the people of the Vestmannaeyjar had a hard struggle for existence, living from fishing and wild birds and their eggs, which they gathered in the cliffs and rock stacks offshore. At the end of the 19th century, when the population was about 600, great changes took place in the lifestyle of the islanders. In 1904, the first motorised boat was purchased, and more followed soon afterwards. By 1930, the population had risen to 3,470. The Vestmannaeyjar have always been at the forefront of developments in fishing and sea food processing, and are the most productive fishing centre in the country. Shortage of fresh water was also a problem for a long time, but a great improvement took place in 1968 when a pipeline was laid.

The area is very volcanically active, like the rest of Iceland. There were two major eruptions in the 20th century: the eruption in 1963 that created the new island of Surtsey, and the Eldfell eruption of January 1973, which created a 200-metre-high mountain where a meadow had been, and caused the island's 5,000 inhabitants to be temporarily evacuated to the mainland.

In 2000, Heimaey stave church, a replica of the Haltdalen Stave Church containing a replica of the St Olav frontal, was erected at Skansinn as a gift from the Norwegian government to Iceland, commemorating the conversion of Iceland to Christianity a thousand years before.[8]

Transportation

A ferry service from Landeyjahöfn (closer) and sometimes under bad conditions Þorlákshöfn (further away)[9] and flights to /from Vestmannaeyjar Airport connect the largest island with the rest of Iceland, making 5-6 roundtrips per day.[10] Iceland has ordered an electric ferry with a 3MWh battery and capacity for 550 passengers and 75 cars for the 13 km route.[11]

Festival

The islands are famed in Iceland for their major annual festival, Þjóðhátíð ("The National Festival"), which attracts thousands of people. The festival was first held in 1874, at the same time as the commemoration of the millennium of the settlement of Iceland. Vestmannaeyjar residents had been prevented by bad weather from sailing to the mainland for the festivities and thus celebrated locally.[12]

Film
  • From 1998 to 2003 the island of Heimaey was home to Keiko the killer whale, star of Free Willy (1993).
  • The film The Deep (2012), based on true events, is set on and around the island.

Literature
  • The islands and their history of volcanic activity play a major role in James Rollins' seventh Sigma Force novel, The Devil Colony (2011).[13]
  • The islands feature as the primary location in Yrsa Sigurðardóttir's novel Ashes to Dust, which uses the 1973 eruption of Eldfell as a key element in the plot.

Sport

ÍBV, based on Vestmannaeyjar, are one of the most prominent sports clubs in Iceland, having won several national championships and national cups in both handball and football.

The Westman Islands Golf Club was established in 1938[14] and is located in the remnants of an extinct volcano.[15] Golf Monthly ranks it as one of the top 200 golf courses in Europe.[16]

Notable people
gollark: the trait bound `impl core::future::future::Future: warp::reply::Reply` is not satisfiedthe trait `warp::reply::Reply` is not implemented for `impl core::future::future::Future`note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `warp::reply::Reply` for `(impl core::future::future::Future,)`note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `warp::reply::Reply` for `warp::generic::Either<(impl core::future::future::Future,), (impl warp::reply::Reply,)>`note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `warp::reply::Reply` for `(warp::generic::Either<(impl core::future::future::Future,), (impl warp::reply::Reply,)>,)`note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `warp::reply::Reply` for `warp::generic::Either<(warp::filters::fs::File,), (warp::generic::Either<(impl core::future::future::Future,), (impl warp::reply::Reply,)>,)>`note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `warp::reply::Reply` for `(warp::generic::Either<(warp::filters::fs::File,), (warp::generic::Either<(impl core::future::future::Future,), (impl warp::reply::Reply,)>,)>,)`
gollark: If I change one line in my Rust code I can make it generate extremely incomprehensible type errors fairly easily.
gollark: Generally it would just randomly not compile with some incomprehensible type error.
gollark: That is quite something. Rust wouldn't have this issue, of course.
gollark: It's not unnecessary, just mostly unnecessary.

See also

Notes
  1. Political division
  2. Mainly statistical division
  3. Independent town

References
  1. "Westman Islands". Icelandic Tourist Board. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  2. Taylor Kate Brown (11 September 2014). "How do you stop the flow of lava?". BBC news. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  3. "VESTMANNAEYJAR: Volcanic Activity". Nordic Adventure Travel. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  4. "Météo climat stats for Vestmannaeyjar". Météo Climat. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  5. "Météo climat stats for Vestmannaeyjar (records)". Météo Climat. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  6. „Hvað gerðist í Tyrkjaráninu?". Vísindavefurinn, retrieved on 26 February 2012. (In Icelandic.)
  7. "The Travels of Reverend Ólafur Egilsson". Reisubok.net. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  8. Paul Torvik Nilsen, 'Colourful Middle Ages', Tell'us: Science in Norway (December 2001), 6-9.
  9. "Ferry: Þorlákshöfn to Vestmannaeyjar". Visit Westman Islands - Ferry Herjólfur to Vestmannaeyjar. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  10. "To Westman Islands - Visit Westman Islands - Ferry Herjólfur to Vestmannaeyjar". Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  11. "ABB To Supply Drive & Energy Storage Technologies For New Electric Ferry". CleanTechnica. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  12. "The Festival". Visitvestmannaeyjar.is. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  13. "The Devil Colony: A Sigma Force Novel". JamesRollins.com. p. 31.
  14. Daley, Paul (2008). Golf Architecture: A Worldwide Perspective, Volume 4. Pelican Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 9781589806160.
  15. "Gold holidays: Volcanic eruptions and golf under the Midnight Sun in Iceland - Daily Mail Online". www.dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  16. "Vestman Island golf course". Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2018.

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