Valentine's Day

Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine,[1] is celebrated annually on February 14. It originated as a Western Christian feast day honoring one or two early Christian martyrs named Saint Valentine and is recognized as a significant cultural, religious, and commercial celebration of romance and love in many regions of the world.

This article is about the romantic holiday and liturgical celebration. For other uses, see Valentine's Day (disambiguation).
"St. Valentine's Day" redirects here. For the Bing Crosby album, see St. Valentine's Day (album).

Valentine's Day
1909 Valentine's card
Also calledSaint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine
Observed byPeople in many countries;
Anglican Communion (see calendar)

Lutheran Church (see calendar)

Traditionalist Catholicism (see calendar)
TypeChristian, romantic, cultural, commercial observance
SignificanceFeast day of Saint Valentine; the celebration of love and affection
ObservancesSending greeting cards and gifts, dating, church services
Date
  • February 14
    (fixed by the Western Christian Church)
  • July 6
    (fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church)
  • July 30
    (fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church)
FrequencyAnnual
Part of a series on
Love
Red-outline heart icon
Saint Valentine

There are a number of martyrdom stories associated with various Valentines connected to February 14,[2] including an account of the imprisonment of Saint Valentine of Rome for ministering to Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire in the third century.[3][4] According to an early tradition, Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter of his jailer.[5] Numerous later additions to the legend have better related it to the theme of love: an 18th-century embellishment to the legend claims he wrote the jailer's daughter a letter signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell before his execution;[6] another addition posits that Saint Valentine performed weddings for Christian soldiers who were forbidden to marry.[4]

The Feast of Saint Valentine was established by Pope Gelasius I in AD 496 to be celebrated on February 14 in honour of Saint Valentine of Rome, who died on that date in AD 269.[7][8] The day became associated with romantic love in the 14th and 15th centuries when notions of courtly love flourished, apparently by association with the "lovebirds" of early spring. In 18th-century England, it grew into an occasion in which couples expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"). Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.[9] In Italy, Saint Valentine's Keys are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver's heart", as well as to children to ward off epilepsy (called Saint Valentine's Malady).[10]

Saint Valentine's Day is not a public holiday in any country, although it is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion[11] and the Lutheran Church.[12] Many parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrate Saint Valentine's Day on July 6 in honor of Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and on July 30 in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni).[13]

Saint Valentine
Main article: Saint Valentine

History
Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland

Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine.[14] The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb. m. Romae) and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae).[15] Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was added to the calendar of saints by Pope Gelasius I in 496 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the pontificate of Nicholas IV".[16][17] The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Other relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland.[18]

Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (now Terni, in central Italy) and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). Professor Jack B. Oruch of the University of Kansas notes that "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe."[19] The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.[20] A relic claimed to be Saint Valentine of Terni's head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated.[21]

February 14 is celebrated as St. Valentine's Day in various Christian denominations; it has, for example, the rank of 'commemoration' in the calendar of saints in the Anglican Communion.[11] In addition, the feast day of Saint Valentine is also given in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Church.[12] However, in the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints, the feast day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was removed from the General Roman Calendar and relegated to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason: "Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14."[22]

The feast day is still celebrated in Balzan (Malta) where relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also throughout the world by Traditionalist Catholics who follow the older, pre-Second Vatican Council calendar (see General Roman Calendar of 1960).

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. Valentine is recognized on July 6, in which Saint Valentine, the Roman presbyter, is honoured; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on July 30.[23][24][25]

Legends
St Valentine baptizing St Lucilla, Jacopo Bassano.

J.C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that Saint Valentine was "a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians."[26] Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the early 4th century.[27] In the 5th or 6th century, a work called Passio Marii et Marthae published a story of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual in the literature of that period. The same events are also found in Bede's Martyrology, which was compiled in the 8th century.[27][28] It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead. Because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his jailer Asterius. The jailer's daughter and his forty-six member household (family members and servants) came to believe in Jesus and were baptized.[29][27]

A later Passio repeated the legend, adding that Pope Julius I built a church over his sepulchre (it is a confusion with a 4th-century tribune called Valentino who donated land to build a church at a time when Julius was a Pope).[28] The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies, starting by Bede's martyrology in the 8th century.[28] It was repeated in the 13th century, in The Golden Legend.[30]

There is an additional embellishment to The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added in the 18th century and widely repeated.[31] On the evening before Valentine was to be executed, he is supposed to have written the first "valentine" card himself, addressed to the daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as "Your Valentine."[31] The expression "From your Valentine" was later adopted by modern Valentine letters.[32] This legend has been published by both American Greetings and The History Channel.[33]

Saint Valentine of Terni and his disciples

John Foxe, an English historian, as well as the Order of Carmelites, state that Saint Valentine was buried in the Church of Praxedes in Rome, located near the cemetery of Saint Hippolytus. This order says that according to legend, "Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship."[34][35]

Another embellishment suggests that Saint Valentine performed clandestine Christian weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry.[36] The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this in order to grow his army, believing that married men did not make for good soldiers.[36][37] However, George Monger writes that this marriage ban was never issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the Goths.[38]

According to legend, in order "to remind these men of their vows and God's love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these soldiers and persecuted Christians, a possible origin of the widespread use of hearts on St. Valentine's Day.[39]

Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian bishops with an image of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire;[37][40] Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them.[37] Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is thought to attract love.[41]

Folk traditions

While the European folk traditions connected with Saint Valentine and St. Valentine's Day have become marginalized by the modern Anglo-American customs connecting the day with romantic love, there are some remaining associations connecting the saint with the advent of spring.

While the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Day still remains connected with various regional customs in England. In Norfolk, a character called 'Jack' Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.[42][43]

In Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one of the saints of spring, the saint of good health and the patron of beekeepers and pilgrims.[44] A proverb says that "Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots". Plants and flowers start to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also said that birds propose to each other or marry on that day. Another proverb says "Valentin – prvi spomladin" ("Valentine – the first spring saint"), as in some places (especially White Carniola), Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring.[45] Valentine's Day has only recently been celebrated as the day of love. The day of love was traditionally March 12, the Saint Gregory's day, or February 22, Saint Vincent's Day. The patron of love was Saint Anthony, whose day has been celebrated on June 13.[44]

Connection with romantic love

Refuted ancient origins

No evidence has been demonstrated to link St. Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman purification festival of Lupercalia, despite persistent and sometimes detailed claims by many authors to the contrary, nor to any otherwise unspecified Greco-Roman holiday supposed to have celebrated love or fertility.[21][46][notes 1][47] The celebration of Saint Valentine is not known to have had any romantic connotations until Chaucer's poetry about "Valentine's Day" in the 14th century, some seven hundred years after celebration of Lupercalia is believed to have ceased.[27]

In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia was observed February 13–15. It was a rite connected to purification and health, and had only slight connection to fertility (as a part of health) and none to love. Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning "Juno the purifier" or "the chaste Juno", was celebrated on February 13–14. Pope Gelasius I (492–496) abolished Lupercalia. Some researchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary and claim a connection to the 14th century's connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever intended such a thing.[47][notes 2][48] Also, the dates do not fit because at the time of Gelasius I, the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) on January 6.[notes 3] Although it was called "Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary", it also dealt with the presentation of Jesus at the temple.[49] Jerusalem's Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 14 became the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I's time.[49]

Alban Butler in his Lifes of the Principal Saints (1756–1759) claimed without proof that men and women in Lupercalia drew names from a jar to make couples, and that modern Valentine's letters originated from this custom. In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, with no link to Lupercalia, with men drawing the names of girls at random to couple with them. This custom was combated by priests, for example by Frances de Sales around 1600, apparently by replacing it with a religious custom of girls drawing the names of apostles from the altar. However, this religious custom is recorded as soon as the 13th century in the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, so it could have a different origin.[21]

Geoffrey Chaucer by Thomas Hoccleve (1412)

Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls

The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in the Parliament of Fowls (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer, a dream vision portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates.[27] Honoring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old Anne of Bohemia,[50] Chaucer wrote (in Middle English):

"For this was on seynt Volantynys day
Whan euery bryd comyth there to chese his make
Of euery kynde that men thinke may
And that so heuge a noyse gan they make
That erthe & eyr & tre & euery lake
So ful was that onethe was there space
For me to stonde, so ful was al the place."

In modern English:

"For this was on Saint Valentine's Day
When every bird comes there to choose his match
(Of every kind that men may think of!),
And that so huge a noise they began to make
That earth and air and tree and every lake
Was so full, that not easily was there space
For me to stand—so full was all the place."

Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Valentine's Day. Henry Ansgar Kelly has observed that Chaucer might have had in mind the feast day of St. Valentine of Genoa, an early bishop of Genoa who died around AD 307; it was probably celebrated on 3 May.[50][51][52] A treaty providing for Richard II and Anne's marriage, the subject of the poem, was signed on May 2, 1381.[53]

Jack B. Oruch notes that the date on which spring begins has changed since Chaucer's time because of the precession of the equinoxes and the introduction of the more accurate Gregorian calendar only in 1582. On the Julian calendar in use in Chaucer's time, February 14 would have fallen on the date now called February 23, a time when some birds have started mating and nesting in England.[27]

Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls refers to a supposedly established tradition, but there is no record of such a tradition before Chaucer. The speculative derivation of sentimental customs from the distant past began with 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. Most notably, "the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present".[21][54]

Three other authors who made poems about birds mating on St. Valentine's Day around the same years: Otton de Grandson from Savoy, John Gower from England, and a knight called Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer most probably predated all of them; but due to the difficulty of dating medieval works, it is not possible to ascertain which of the four may have influenced the others.[55]

Court of love

The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love. The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing.[56] Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers.[57] No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague.[56]

Valentine poetry

The earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century rondeau written by Charles, Duke of Orléans to his wife, which commences.

"Je suis desja d'amour tanné
Ma tres doulce Valentinée..."

— Charles d'Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines 1–2[58]

At the time, the duke was being held in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.[59]

The earliest surviving valentines in English appear to be those in the Paston Letters, written in 1477 by Margery Brewes to her future husband John Paston "my right well-beloved Valentine".[60]

Valentine's Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in William Shakespeare's Hamlet (1600–1601):

"To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day,
All in the morning betime,
And I a maid at your window,
To be your Valentine.
Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes,
And dupp'd the chamber-door;
Let in the maid, that out a maid
Never departed more."

— William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 5

John Donne used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the starting point for his epithalamion celebrating the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, on Valentine's Day:

"Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is

All the Ayre is thy Diocese
And all the chirping Queristers
And other birds ar thy parishioners
Thou marryest every yeare
The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue,
The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue,
The houshold bird with the redd stomacher
Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone,
As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon
The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd
And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed.
This day more cheerfully than ever shine

This day which might inflame thy selfe old Valentine."

— John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day

The verse "Roses are red" echoes conventions traceable as far back as Edmund Spenser's epic The Faerie Queene (1590):

"She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew,
And all the sweetest flowres, that in the forrest grew."[61]

The modern cliché Valentine's Day poem can be found in the collection of English nursery rhymes Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784):

"The rose is red, the violet's blue,

The honey's sweet, and so are you.
Thou art my love and I am thine;
I drew thee to my Valentine:
The lot was cast and then I drew,

And Fortune said it shou'd be you."[62][63]

Modern times
An English Victorian era Valentine card located in the Museum of London

In 1797, a British publisher issued The Young Man's Valentine Writer, which contained scores of suggested sentimental verses for the young lover unable to compose his own. Printers had already begun producing a limited number of cards with verses and sketches, called "mechanical valentines." Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century.[64] In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by post in the United Kingdom, despite postage being expensive.[65]

A reduction in postal rates following Sir Rowland Hill's postal reforms with the 1840 invention of the postage stamp (Penny Black) saw the number of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 sent just one year after its invention, and ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines.[66] That made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly Victorian.[67] Production increased, "Cupid's Manufactory" as Charles Dickens termed it, with over 3,000 women employed in manufacturing.[66] The Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from early nineteenth century Britain, printed by the major publishers of the day.[68] The collection appears in Seddon's book Victorian Valentines (1996).[69]

Flowers, such as red roses (pictured), are often sent on Valentine's Day

In the United States, the first mass-produced Valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828–1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts.[70][71] Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father.[72][73] Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England.[73][74] A writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, "Saint Valentine's Day ... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday."[75] The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): "I burst in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing about.' 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly."[76] Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary".[71]

Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.[9] In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around £1.9 billion was spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts.[77] The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the U.S. to follow.[78]

A gift box of chocolates, which is a common gift for Valentine's Day

In 1868, the British chocolate company Cadbury created Fancy Boxes – a decorated box of chocolates – in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day.[79] Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.[79] In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts, such as giving jewelry.

The U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family members other than husband or wife, usually to children. When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.[70] The average valentine's spending has increased every year in the U.S, from $108 a person in 2010 to $131 in 2013.[80]

The rise of Internet popularity at the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions. Millions of people use, every year, digital means of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such as e-cards, love coupons or printable greeting cards. An estimated 15 million e-valentines were sent in 2010.[70] Valentine's Day is considered by some to be a Hallmark holiday due to its commercialization.[81]

In the modern era, liturgically, the Anglican Church has a service for St. Valentine's Day (the Feast of St. Valentine), which includes the optional rite of the renewal of marriage vows.[82] In 2016, Catholic Bishops of England and Wales established a novena prayer "to support single people seeking a spouse ahead of St Valentine's Day."[83]

Celebration and status worldwide
Canadian couple (her, a member of the Canadian Women's Army Corps, him, a member of the Canadian Air Force) chalking hearts onto a tree on Valentine's Day 1944

Valentine's Day customs – sending greeting cards (known as “valentines”), offering confectionary and presenting flowers – developed in early modern England and spread throughout the English-speaking world in the 19th century. In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to other countries, like those of Hallowe'en, or than aspects of Christmas, (such as Santa Claus).

Valentine's Day is celebrated in many East Asian countries with Singaporeans, Chinese and South Koreans spending the most money on Valentine's gifts.[84]

Americas

Latin America

In most Latin American countries, for example, Costa Rica,[85] Mexico,[86] and Puerto Rico, Saint Valentine's Day is known as Día de los Enamorados (day of lovers)[87] or as Día del Amor y la Amistad (Day of Love and Friendship). It is also common to see people perform "acts of appreciation" for their friends.[88] In Guatemala it is known as the "Día del Cariño" (Affection Day).[89] Some countries, in particular the Dominican Republic and El Salvador,[90] have a tradition called Amigo secreto ("Secret friend"), which is a game similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa.[88]

Brazil
Main article: Dia dos Namorados

In Brazil, the Dia dos Namorados (lit. "Lovers' Day", or "Boyfriends'/Girlfriends' Day") is celebrated on June 12, probably because that is the day before Saint Anthony's day, known there as the marriage saint,[91] when traditionally many single women perform popular rituals, called simpatias, in order to find a good husband or boyfriend. Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets. The February 14 Valentine's Day is not celebrated at all because it usually falls too little before or too little after the Brazilian Carnival[92] – that can fall anywhere from early February to early March and lasts almost a week. Because of the absence of Valentine's Day and due to the celebrations of the Carnivals, Brazil was recommended by U.S. News & World Report as a tourist destination during February for Western singles who want to get away from the holiday.[93]

Colombia

Colombia celebrates Día del amor y la amistad on the third Saturday in September instead.[94] Amigo Secreto is also popular there.[95]

United States
Conversation hearts, candies with messages on them that are strongly associated with Valentine's Day.
African American Valentine's school dance, Richmond, Virginia 1956

In the United States, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of millions of cards school children exchange.[96]

Valentine's Day is a major source of economic activity, with total expenditures in 2017 topping $18.2 billion in 2017, or over $136 per person.[97] This is an increase from $108 per person in 2010.[80]

Asia

Afghanistan

In the Afghan tradition, love is often expressed through poetry. Some new generation budding poets like Ramin Mazhar, Mahtab Sahel are expressing themselves through poetry using Valentine's Day expressing concerns on any likelihood of erosion of freedoms. In their political comment they defy fear by saying 'I kiss you amid the Taliban'[98]

China
See also: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

In Chinese, Valentine's Day is called lovers' festival (simplified Chinese: 情人节; traditional Chinese: 情人節; Mandarin: Qīng Rén Jié; Hokkien: Chêng Lîn Chiat; Cantonese: Chìhng Yàhn Jit; Shanghainese Xin Yin Jiq). The "Chinese Valentine's Day" is the Qixi Festival, celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. It commemorates a day on which a legendary cowherder and weaving maid are allowed to be together. In Chinese culture, there is an older observance related to lovers, called "The Night of Sevens" (Chinese: 七夕; pinyin: Qi Xi). According to the legend, the Cowherd star and the Weaver Maid star are normally separated by the Milky Way (silvery river) but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Chinese calendar.[99]

In recent years, celebrating White Day has also become fashionable among some young people.[100]

India
Main article: Valentine's Day in India

In India, in antiquity, there was a tradition of adoring Kamadeva, the lord of love; exemplificated by the erotic carvings in the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and by the writing of the Kamasutra.[101] This tradition was lost around the Middle Ages, when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and public displays of sexual affection became frowned upon.[101] This repression of public affections began to loosen in the 1990s.[102]

Valentine's Day celebrations did not catch on in India until around 1992. It was spread due to the programs in commercial TV channels, such as MTV, dedicated radio programs, and love letter competitions, in addition to an economical liberalization that allowed the explosion of the valentine card industry.[101][103] The celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have been displaying their affection in public since the Middle Ages.[101]

In modern times, Hindu and Islamic[104] traditionalists have considered the holiday to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of globalization in India.[101][103] Shiv Sena and the Sangh Parivar have asked their followers to shun the holiday and the "public admission of love" because of them being "alien to Indian culture".[105] Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy the traditions in their society: arranged marriages, Hindu joint families, full-time mothers, etc.[103][104] Despite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly popular in India.[106]

Valentine's Day has been strongly criticized from a postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from the Indian left. The holiday is regarded as a front for "Western imperialism", "neocolonialism", and "the exploitation of working classes through commercialism by multinational corporations".[107] It is claimed that as a result of Valentine's Day, the working classes and rural poor become more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic capitalist power structure. They also criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine's Day as a form of demonization that is designed and derived to further the Valentine's Day agenda.[108][109] Right wing Hindu nationalists are also hostile. In February 2012, Subash Chouhan of the Bajrang Dal warned couples that "They cannot kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up".[110] He said "We are not against love, but we criticize vulgar exhibition of love at public places".[111]

Iran
Main article: Opposition to Valentine's day in Iran

People of Iran in cities have gotten familiar with Valentine's Day for about one decade ago and during this short time, it has become popular among the youth and also some elders. In the 2010s, celebration of Valentine's Day became common in wealthy families and then spread among other levels of society.[112] Specialists in the country say that banning Valentine's Day would encourage the youth more towards it.[113] Although Valentine's Day is not accepted/approved by any institution or rule in the country and has no official status, it's highly accepted among a large part of the population.[114] One of the reasons for Valentine's Day breaking out into the general population in Iran is the change in relations between the sexes, which are no longer bound to marriage for two decades.[112]

In the first part of the 21st century, the celebration of Valentine's Day in Iran has been harshly criticized by Islamic teachers who see the celebrations as opposed to Islamic culture. In 2011, the Iranian printing works owners' union issued a directive banning the printing and distribution of any goods promoting the holiday, including cards, gifts, and teddy bears. "Printing and producing any goods related to this day including posters, boxes and cards emblazoned with hearts or half-hearts, red roses and any activities promoting this day are banned ... Outlets that violate this will be legally dealt with", the union warned.[115][116]

In 2016, local media reported that police had informed coffee shops and ice cream parlours in Tehran that they would be guilty of committing a crime if they encouraged "decadent Western culture through Valentine's Day rituals".[117] Under Iran's Islamic law, unmarried couples are not allowed to mingle. That is why each year the printing works owners’ union issues an instruction on the ban of Valentine's Day, imposed by Iranian authorities which denies them from selling gifts such as cards, and boxes with the symbols of hearts and red roses.[118] Iran says it is cracking down on Valentine's Day celebrations and shops engaging in them will be guilty of a crime.[119] In recent years Iranian authorities have forbidden Valentine's celebrations, calling the holiday a “decadent Western custom” and threatening shops and restaurants with prosecution if they sell Valentine's Day gifts.[120]

In Iran, the Sepandarmazgan, or Esfandegan, is a festival where people express love towards their mothers and wives, and it is also a celebration of earth in ancient Persian culture. It has been progressively forgotten in favor of the Western celebration of Valentine's Day. The Association of Iran's Cultural and Natural Phenomena has been trying since 2006 to make Sepandarmazgan a national holiday on February 17, in order to replace the Western holiday.[121]

Israel

In Israel, the Jewish tradition of Tu B'Av has been revived and transformed into the Jewish equivalent of Valentine's Day. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of Av (usually in late August). In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them (Mishna Taanith end of Chapter 4). Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second holiday of love by secular people (along with Valentine's Day), and it shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine's Day in western societies. In modern Israeli culture Tu B'Av is a popular day to proclaim love, propose marriage, and give gifts like cards or flowers.[122]

Japan

In Japan, Morozoff Ltd. introduced the holiday for the first time in 1936, when it ran an advertisement aimed at foreigners. Later, in 1953, it began promoting the giving of heart-shaped chocolates; other Japanese confectionery companies followed suit thereafter. In 1958, the Isetan department store ran a "Valentine sale". Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the custom.[123][124]

The custom that only women give chocolates to men may have originated from the translation error of a chocolate-company executive during the initial campaigns.[125] In particular, office ladies give chocolate to their co-workers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards,[125] candies, flowers, or dinner dates[126] are uncommon, and most of the gifts-related activity is about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person.[125] Japanese chocolate companies make half their annual sales during this time of the year.[125]

Many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as giri-choko (義理チョコ), from giri ("obligation") and choko, ("chocolate"), with unpopular co-workers receiving only "ultra-obligatory" chō-giri choko cheap chocolate. This contrasts with honmei-choko (本命チョコ, lit. "true feeling chocolate"), chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko (友チョコ); from tomo meaning "friend".[127]

In the 1980s, the Japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a "reply day", where men are expected to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day, calling it White Day for the color of the chocolates being offered. A previous failed attempt to popularize this celebration had been done by a marshmallow manufacturer who wanted men to return marshmallows to women.[123][124]

In Japan, the romantic "date night" associated to Valentine's Day is celebrated on Christmas Eve.[128]

Lebanon
Valentine's Day themed bouquet of cupcakes

Saint Valentine is the patron saint for a large part of the Lebanese population. Couples take the opportunity of Valentine's feast day to exchange sweet words and gifts as proof of love. Such gifts typically include boxes of chocolates, cupcakes, and red roses, which are considered the emblem of sacrifice and passion.

Lebanese people celebrate Valentine's Day in a different way in every city. In Beirut, men take women out to dine and may buy them a gift. Many women are asked to marry on that day. In Sidon, Valentine's Day is celebrated with the whole family – it is more about family love than a couple's love.

Malaysia

Islamic officials in West Malaysia warned Muslims against celebrating Valentine's Day, linking it with vice activities. Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said the celebration of romantic love was "not suitable" for Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (Jakim), which oversees the country's Islamic policies said that a fatwa (ruling) issued by the country's top clerics in 2005 noted that the day 'is associated with elements of Christianity,' and 'we just cannot get involved with other religions' worshipping rituals.' Jakim officials planned to carry out a nationwide campaign called "Awas Jerat Valentine's Day" ("Mind the Valentine's Day Trap"), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on February 14, 2011. Activities include conducting raids in hotels to stop young couples from having unlawful sex and distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day.[129][130]

On Valentine's Day 2011, West Malaysian religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the celebration ban. Some of them would be charged in the Shariah Court for defying the department's ban against the celebration of Valentine's Day.[131]

In East Malaysia, the celebration are much more tolerated among young Muslim couples although some Islamic officials and Muslim activists from the West side have told younger generations to refrain from such celebration by organising da'wah and tried to spread their ban into the East.[132][133] In both the states of Sabah and Sarawak, the celebration is usually common with flowers.[134][135][136]

Pakistan
Main article: Valentine's Day in Pakistan

The concept of Valentine's Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party has called for the banning of Valentine's Day celebration.[106] Despite this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban youth and the florists expect to sell a great amount of flowers, especially red roses. The case is the same with card publishers.[137]

In 2016, local governing body of Peshwar officially banned the celebration of Valentine's Day in the city. The ban was also implemented in other cities such as Kohat by the local governments.[138]

In 2017, the Islamabad High Court banned Valentine's Day celebrations in public places in Pakistan.[139]

Philippines

In the Philippines, Valentine's Day is called Araw ng mga Puso in much the same manner as in the West. It is usually marked by a steep increase in the price of flowers, particularly red roses.[140] It is the most popular day for weddings,[141] with some localities offering mass ceremonies for no charge.[142]

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2008, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, because the day is considered a Christian holiday.[143][144] This ban has created a black market for roses and wrapping paper.[144][145] In 2012, the religious police arrested more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the holiday, and confiscated all red roses from flower shops.[146] Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and non-Muslims can celebrate only behind closed doors.[147]

"Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi said on Valentine's Day Eve that celebrating this holiday constitutes bid'a – a forbidden innovation and deviation from religious law and custom – and mimicry of the West."[148][149]

However, in 2017 and 2018, after a fatwa was widely circulated, the religious police did not prevent Muslims from celebrating the day.[150]

Singapore

According to findings, Singaporeans are among the biggest spenders on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $100 and $500 during the season leading up to the holiday.[84]

South Korea

In South Korea, women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on March 14 (White Day). On April 14 (Black Day), those who did not receive anything on February or March 14 go to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles (짜장면 jajangmyeon) and lament their 'single life'.[126] Koreans also celebrate Pepero Day on November 11, when young couples give each other Pepero cookies. The date '11/11' is intended to resemble the long shape of the cookie. The 14th of every month marks a love-related day in Korea, although most of them are obscure. From January to December: Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, Black Day, Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day.[151] Korean women give a much higher amount of chocolate than Japanese women.[126]

Taiwan
Taipei 101 in Valentine's Day 2006

In Taiwan, traditional Qixi Festival, Valentine's Day and White Day are all celebrated. However, the situation is the reverse of Japan's. Men give gifts to women on Valentine's Day, and women return them on White Day.[126]

Europe

United Kingdom

In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines and around £1.3 billion is spent yearly on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards being sent.[152]

In Wales, some people celebrate Dydd Santes Dwynwen (St. Dwynwen's Day) on January 25 instead of (or as well as) Valentine's Day. The day commemorates St Dwynwen, the Welsh patron saint of love.[153] The Welsh name for Saint Valentine is Sant Ffolant.

In a 2016 poll conducted by Channel 4 for Valentine's Day, Jane Austen’s line, “My heart is, and always will be, yours”, from her novel Sense and Sensibility and said by Edward Ferrars (Hugh Grant) to Elinor Dashwood (Emma Thompson) in the acclaimed 1995 film adaptation, was voted the most romantic line from literature, film and TV by thousands of women.[154]

Ireland
Many Christians make a pilgrimage to Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin on Saint Valentine's Day to implore the intercession of Saint Valentine in their prayers, with the hope of finding true love[155]

On Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, many individuals who seek true love make a Christian pilgrimage to the Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, which is said to house relics of Saint Valentine of Rome; they pray at the shrine in hope of finding romance.[155] There lies a book in which foreigners and locals have written their prayer requests for love.[156]

Finland and Estonia

In Finland, Valentine's Day is called ystävänpäivä which translates into "Friend's Day". As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not significant others. In Estonia, Valentine's Day is called sõbrapäev, which has the same meaning.[157]

France

In France, a traditionally Catholic country, Valentine's Day is known simply as "Saint Valentin", and is celebrated in much the same way as other western countries.[158] The relics of Saint Valentin de Terni, the patron of the St Valentine's Day, are in the Catholic church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Saint-Jean-l’Evangéliste located in the southern France town of Roquemaure, Gard. The celebrations of "Fête des Amoureux" takes place every two years on the Sunday closest to February 14. The village gets dressed in its 19th-century costume and put on the program with over 800 people.

Greece

St. Valentine's Day, or Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου in Greek tradition was not associated with romantic love. In the Eastern Orthodox church there is another Saint who protects people who are in love, Hyacinth of Caesarea (feast day July 3), but this was not widely known until the late 1990s[159] In contemporary Greece, Valentine's Day is generally celebrated as in the common Western tradition.[160]

Portugal

In Portugal, the holiday is known as "Dia dos Namorados" (Lover's Day / Day of the Enamoured). As elsewhere, couples exchange gifts, but in some regions, women give a lenço de namorados ("lovers' handkerchief"), which is usually embroidered with love motifs.[161]

Romania

In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day. This has drawn backlash from several groups, institutions,[162] and nationalist organizations like Noua Dreaptǎ, who condemn Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist, and imported Western kitsch. In order to counter the perceived denaturation of national culture, Dragobete, a spring festival celebrated in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled after having been ignored during the Communist years as the traditional Romanian holiday for lovers. The holiday is named after a character from Romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of Baba Dochia.[163] Its date used to vary depending on the geographical area, however nowadays it is commonly observed on February 24.[164]

Scandinavia

In Denmark and Norway, February 14 is known as Valentinsdag, and it is celebrated in much the same manner as in the United Kingdom.[165] In Sweden it is called Alla hjärtans dag ("All Hearts' Day") and is not widely celebrated. A 2016 survey revealed that less than 50% of men and women were planning to buy presents for their partners.[166] The holiday has only been observed since the 1960s.[165]

Spain

In Spain, Valentine's Day is known as "San Valentín" and is celebrated the same way as in the rest of the West.

Many films have been produced depicting various aspects of Valentine's Day, including A Charlie Brown Valentine (2002).

gollark: Depending on how you define cloud, I guess.
gollark: It isn't that big. You can just rent colocation and buy a few servers.
gollark: There are less popular providers which are *also* pretty costly though.
gollark: Hmm. Weird. I guess it would fit with the general thing of cloud costing a lot more than it "should".
gollark: My website is compiled using a somewhat horrible JS program.

See also

Notes
  1. For example, one source claims incorrectly that "Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals." Seipel, Arnie, The Dark Origins Of Valentine's Day Archived April 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Nation Public Radio, February 13, 2011
  2. Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine's celebration was suggested by researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says "It is hardly credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia, and in fact the historical records of his pontificate give no hint of such an action."
  3. Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. This feast is celebrated 40 days after the Nativity. In Jerusalem the Nativity was celebrated on January 6, and this feast in February 14. But, in the West and even in Eastern places such as Antioch and Alexandria, Nativity was celebrated on December 25, and this Purification was not celebrated. When this feast was introduced to Rome, it was directly placed in February 2. Around that time, Jerusalem adopted the Nativity date of December 25 and moved the Purification to February 2.

References
  1. Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, Revised ed., Allied Publishers, 2005 ISBN 9780550142108
  2. Ansgar, 1986, Chaucer and the Cult of Saint valentine, pp. 46–58
  3. Cooper, J.C. (October 23, 2013). Dictionary of Christianity. Routledge. p. 278. ISBN 9781134265466.
  4. Chryssides, George D.; Wilkins, Margaret Z. (2014). Christians in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-54557-6. The association between Valentine and lovers derives from a legend associated with Valentine of Rome. Emperor Claudius II wanted to recruit soldiers for the Roman army, and prohibited young men from marrying, in case homesickness for wives, homes and families should impair their military prowess. He also opposed the Christian faith, encouraging its persecution. Valentine, a physician priest, offered help to Christians whose lives were in peril and, although celibate himself, performed secret marriage rites for young men and women, defying the emperor's decree. He was discovered and imprisoned.
  5. Ball, Ann (January 1, 1992). A Litany of Saints. OSV. ISBN 9780879734602.
  6. Guiley, Rosemary (2001). The Encyclopedia of Saints. Infobase Publishing. p. 341. ISBN 9781438130262.
  7. Butler, Alban (1981). Butler's Lives of the saints. Burns & Oates. ISBN 9780860121121.
  8. Chanchreek, K. L.; Jain, M. K. (2007). Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals. Shree Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9788183291910.
  9. Leigh Eric Schmidt, "The Fashioning of a Modern Holiday: St. Valentine's Day, 1840–1870" Winterthur Portfolio 28.4 (Winter 1993), pp. 209–245.
  10. "St Valentine Key, Italy". Pitt Rivers Museum. University of Oxford. 2012. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  11. "Holy Days". Church of England (Anglican Communion). 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012. February 14 Valentine, Martyr at Rome, c.269
  12. Pfatteicher, Philip H. (August 1, 2008). New Book of Festivals and Commemorations: A Proposed Common Calendar of Saints. Fortress Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780800621285. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  13. Kyrou, Alexandros K. (February 14, 2015). "The Historical and Orthodox Saint Valentine". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  14. Henry Ansgar Kelly, in Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine (Leiden: Brill) 1986, accounts for these and further local Saints Valentine (Ch. 6 "The Genoese Saint Valentine and the observances of May") in arguing that Chaucer had an established tradition in mind, and (pp. 79 ff.) linking the Valentine in question to Valentine, first bishop of Genoa, the only Saint Valentine honoured with a feast in springtime, the season indicated by Chaucer. Valentine of Genoa was treated by Jacobus of Verazze in his Chronicle of Genoa (Kelly p. 85).
  15. Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. "Valentine": "The Acts of both are unreliable, and the Bollandists assert that these two Valentines were in fact one and the same."
  16. Matilda Webb, The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome, 2001, Sussex Academic Press.
  17. "Saint Valentine's Day: Legend of the Saint". novareinna.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.
  18. Meera, Lester (2011). Sacred Travels. Adams Media. ISBN 978-1440525469.
  19. Alison Chapman. Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature. Routledge. pg. 122.
  20. "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Valentine". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
  21. Ansgar, 1986, pp. 58–63 Archived October 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  22. Calendarium Romanum ex Decreto Sacrosancti Œcumenici Concilii Vaticani II Instauratum Auctoritate Pauli PP. VI Promulgatum (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, MCMLXIX), p. 117.
  23. "St. Valentine". pravmir.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
  24. Coptic Orthodox Church – From Where Valentine's Day Comes From Archived May 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  25. "Happy Valentine's Day History And Myths Behind It". Archived from the original on October 17, 2015.
  26. J.C. Cooper, Dictionary of Christianity, 2013, Routledge.
  27. Oruch, Jack B., "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum, 56 (1981): 534–65. Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be "the original mythmaker in this instance." Colfa.utsa.edu Archived April 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  28. Ansgar, 1986, pp. 49–50
  29. Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1894). A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic. J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 384. St. Valentine, laying his hand upon her eyes, said in prayer, "O Thou who art the true Light, give light to this Thy servant." Instantly sight was restored to the blind child. Asterius and his wife, falling at the feet of Valentine, prayed that they might be admitted into the Christian fellowship; whereupon St. Valentine commanded them to break their idols, to fast for three days, to forgive their enemies, and to be baptized. Asterius and his wife did all the saint told them to do, and Valentine baptized them and all their household, to the number of forty-six in all. —Les Petits Bollandistes, vol. ii. pp. 510, 511.
  30. Legenda Aurea, "Saint Valentine" Archived September 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, catholic-forum.com.
  31. Ansgar, 1986, p. 59. It originated in the 1797 edition of Kemmish's Annual, according to Frank Staff, The Valentine and Its Origins (London, 1969), p. 122. Ansgar was unable to corroborate this.
  32. Ruth Webb Lee, A History of Valentines, 1952, Studio Publications in association with Crowell.
  33. "St. Valentine beheaded – Feb 14, 278". History. February 14, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015. When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death. Valentine was arrested and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. The sentence was carried out on February 14, on or about the year 270. Legend also has it that while in jail, St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine."
  34. John Foxe. Voices of the Martyrs. Bridge Logos Foundation. pg. 62.
  35. Shrine of St Valentine, Whitefriar Street Church Archived January 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  36. David James Harkness, Legends and Lore: Southerns Indians Flowers Holidays, vol. XL, No. 2, April 1961, University of Tennessee Newsletter (bimonthly), p. 15.
  37. Max L. Christensen, Heroes and Saints: More Stories of People Who Made a Difference, 1997, Westminster John Knox Press. Chapter "The First Valentine", p. 25 ISBN 066425702X
  38. George Monger (April 9, 2013). Marriage Customs of the World: An Encyclopedia of Dating Customs and Wedding Traditions, Expanded Second Edition [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 665–671. ISBN 978-1-59884-664-5. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015.
  39. Frank Staff, The Valentine & Its Origins, 1969, Frederick A. Praeger.
  40. The Illustrated Library of the Natural Sciences, Volume 1, 1958, Simon and Schuster. p. 85 "The amethyst is the birthstone for February, and Saint Valentine is supposed to have worn an amethyst engraved with a figure of Cupid"
  41. Rayner W. Hesse (January 1, 2007). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-313-33507-5. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. It appears as the birthstone from February probably due to its association with Saint Valentine; therefore, amethyst has often been worn to attract love.
  42. "British Folk Customs, Jack Valentine, Norfolk". information-britain.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  43. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. Kliner, Pavla (February 15, 2008). "Sv. Valentin, prvi spomladin" [St Valentin, the First Spring Saint]. Gorenjski glas (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on January 18, 2013.
  45. "Vreme kot nalašč za izlete" [Weather As on Purpose for Trips]. Dnevnik.si (in Slovenian). February 9, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  46. Michael Matthew Kaylor (2006). Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde (electronic ed.). Masaryk University Press. p. footnote 2 in page 235. ISBN 80-210-4126-9.
  47. Forbes, Bruce David (October 27, 2015). America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories. University of California Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780520284722. There is no indication in suppressing the Lupercalia, Gelasius put anything else in its place. Much later, in the 1500s, a Cardinal Baronius speculated that Gelasius converted the Lupercalia into the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin (or Candlemas), changing one purification ceremony into another, and many noted authors have repeated this claim. Recent scholarship has refuted Baronius's assertion...there is no evidence that Gelasius advocated a celebration of Valentine's Day as a replacement for the Lupercalia. ... The letter by Gelasius to Andromachus criticizing the Lupercalia contains no reference to Valentine, or Valentine's Day, or any replacement observance.
  48. Jack B. Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February" Speculum 56.3 (July 1981:534–565)
  49. Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61.
  50. Meg Sullivan (February 1, 2001). "Henry Ansgar Kelly, Valentine's Day". UCLA Spotlight. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017.
  51. Kelly, Henry Ansgar, Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine (Brill Academic Publishers, 1997), ISBN 90-04-07849-5. Chapter 6 The Genoese St. Valentine, p. 80–83.
  52. "Take heart, Valentine's every other week". Independent Online. February 9, 2001. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2012. Kelly gives the saint's day of the Genoese Valentine as May 3 and also claims that Richard's engagement was announced on this day.
  53. "Chaucer: The Parliament of Fowls". Archived from the original on January 21, 2017., wsu.edu
  54. Oruch 1981:539.
  55. Ansgar, 1986, Chapter 5, Grandson, Pardo and Gower, pp. 64–76
  56. Ansgar, 1986, Chapter 8, The Hibermantino of the Mating Season, pp. 131–138
  57. Goodrich, Peter (1996) Law in the Courts of Love
  58. wikisource:Translation:A Farewell to Love in wikisource
  59. History Channel Archived October 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, historychannel.com.
  60. Davis, Norman. The Paston Letters: A Selection in Modern Spelling. Oxford University Press, 1983. pp. 233–5.
  61. Spenser, The Faery Queene iii, Canto 6, Stanza 6: on-line text Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  62. Gammer Gurton's Garland (London, 1784) in I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd ed., 1997), p. 375.
  63. Gammer Gurton's Garland , original 1810 version. Also 1810 version reprinted in 1866 Archived April 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine that uses more modern grammar like "should" instead of "shou'd".
  64. Vivian Krug Hotchkiss, Emotions Greeting Cards, VH Productions, mailbag@emotionscards.com (February 14, 1910). "Emotionscards.com". Emotionscards.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. "Valentine cards reveal Britain’s relationship history" Archived April 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Retrieved February 8, 2014
  66. Vincent, David. Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44, 45.
  67. Charles Panati (1987). Extraordinary origins of everyday things. p.57. Perennial Library, 1987
  68. "MMU Special Collections – Victorian Ephemera". Manchester Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  69. Laura Seddon (1996). Victorian Valentines: A Guide to the Laura Seddon Collection of Valentine Cards in Manchester Metropolitan University Library. Manchester Metropolitan University. ISBN 9780901276544. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  70. "Americans Valentine's Day" (PDF). U.S. Greeting Card Association. 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  71. Eve Devereux (2006). Love & Romance Facts, Figures & Fun (illustrated ed.). AAPPL Artists & Photographers Press. p. 28. ISBN 1-904332-33-1.
  72. Hobbies, Volume 52, Issues 7–12 p.18. Lightner Pub. Co., 1947
  73. Vivian Krug Hotchkiss, Emotions Greeting Cards, VH Productions, mailbag@emotionscards.com. "Esther Howland". Emotionscards.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. Dean, Dorothy (1990) On the Collectible Trail p.90. Discovery Publications, 1990
  75. Quoted in Schmidt 1993:209.
  76. Gaskell, Elizabeth Cranford and Selected Short Stories p. 258. Wordsworth Editions, 2006.
  77. "Valentine's Day spending set to top £1.9bn in United Kingdom". British Retail Consortium. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008.
  78. Leigh Eric Schmidt, "The Commercialization of the calendar: American holidays and the culture of consumption, 1870–1930" Journal of American History 78.3 (December 1991) pp 890–98.
  79. Mintz, Sidney (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 157.
  80. "Valentine's Day spending is global". Mast Media. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
  81. Lenz, Kristin (February 10, 2012). "On Valentine's Day, do we still need Hallmark?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  82. New Patterns for Worship. Church of England. 2002. p. 408. ISBN 0715120603.
  83. Teahan, Madeleine (February 12, 2016). "Bishops release novena for single Catholics ahead of St Valentine's Day". The Catholic Herald. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  84. Domingo, Ronnel. Among Asians, Filipinos dig Valentine's Day the most Archived October 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 14, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2008.
  85. Alexander Sanchez C. (February 12, 2010). "El cine transpiraamores y desamores". La Nación. La Nación (San José). Archived from the original on February 15, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  86. Notimex. "Realizará GDF cuarta feria por Día del Amor y la Amistad". El Universal. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014.
  87. enamorado Archived August 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Oxford Dictionaies. Retrieved: February 14, 2015.
  88. Levine, Deborah A. (2012). Love Miscellany: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about the Many Ways We Celebrate Romance and Passion. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781616083861. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  89. "Para quererte". El Periódico de Guatemala. February 10, 2010. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
  90. Benton, Emilia (February 13, 2018). "Organize a Game of Amigo Secreto". POPSUGAR Latina. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  91. História do Dia dos Namorados no Brasil e no mundo, São Valentim, data 12 de junho, tradição Archived April 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine suapesquisa.com – Datas Comemorativas
  92. The Psychology of Carnaval Archived August 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, TIME Magazine, February 14, 1969
  93. "7 Best Cities for Singles". usnews.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
  94. "Día del Amor y la Amistad". Santillana. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  95. "Colombia hypes up for love and friendship". Colombia Reports. September 16, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  96. John Roach (February 12, 2010). "Valentine's Day Facts: Gifts, History, and Love Science". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  97. Andreano, Caterina; Shapiro, Emily (February 14, 2017). "Valentine's Day by the numbers". ABC News. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  98. Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima (February 14, 2019). "A Valentine in Uncertain Times: 'I Kiss You Amid the Taliban'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  99. Schomp, Virginia (2009). The ancient Chinese. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7614-4216-5.
  100. "White Day Triggers Consumption Enthusiasm". china.org.cn. China Internet Information Center. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  101. Rana, Vijay (February 14, 2002). "India's fascination with Valentine's Day". BBC. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014.
  102. Basu, Tanya (November 18, 2014). "The Politics of PDA in India". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  103. Steve Derné (2008). "7. Globalizing gender culture. Transnational cultural flows and the intensification of male dominance in India". In Kathy E. Ferguson; Monique Mironesco (eds.). Gender and globalization in Asia and the Pacific: method, practice, theory. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 127–129. ISBN 978-0-8248-3241-4. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015.
  104. George Monger (2004). Marriage customs of the world: from henna to honeymoons (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-987-4. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015.
  105. Anil Mathew Varughese (2003). "Globalization versus cultural authenticity? Valentine's Day and Hindu values". In Richard Sandbrook (ed.). Civilizing globalization: a survival guide. SUNY series in radical social and political theory (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7914-5667-5. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015.
  106. "Hindu and Muslim anger at Valentine's". BBC. February 11, 2003. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  107. Sharma, Satya (1996). "The cultural costs of a globalized economy for India". Dialectical Anthropology. 21 (3–4): 299–316. doi:10.1007/BF00245771.
  108. Mankekar, Purnima (1999). Screening, Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood Nation in Postcolonial India. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2390-7.
  109. As quoted in ‘India Today: Pot Pourri Generation’ September 15 issue, 2005
  110. "Valentine's Day: Fear stalks couples on day of love". The Times of India. February 14, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  111. "Bajrang Dal threat keeps couples at bay on V-Day". The Times of India. February 15, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  112. "ولنتاین تهاجم یا تهدید فرهنگی". ISNA News Agency. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  113. "راه درست برخورد با ولنتاین" (in Persian). fararunews. February 19, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  114. "ولنتاین غیررسمی‌ترین جشنی که با خواب مسئولان رسمی شد" (in Persian). TABNAK professional news site. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  115. Iran shops banned from selling Valentine gifts Archived May 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, AFP January 2, 2010
  116. "Iran Valentine's Day Snub". The Huffington Post. January 2, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  117. "Iran, Indonesia ban Valentine's Day celebrations". France 24. February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  118. "Iran bans production of Valentine's Day gifts". reuters. February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  119. "Valentine's Day is now a crime in Iran". New York Post. February 13, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  120. "7 countries that refuse to celebrate Valentine's day". wedded wonderland. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  121. "Esfandegan to Replace Valentine" (PDF). Iran Daily. December 31, 2008. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2011., nitc.co.ir
  122. Binyamin Kagedan (February 8, 2012). "Evolution of Tu Be'av into Jewish Valentine's Day". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013.
  123. Gordenker, Alice (March 21, 2006). "White Day". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2007.
  124. Katherine Rupp (2003). Gift-giving in Japan: cash, connections, cosmologies (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. pp. 149–151. ISBN 0-8047-4704-0.
  125. Chris Yeager (February 13, 2009). "Valentine's Day in Japan". Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia (JASGP). Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  126. Risa Yoshimura (February 14, 2006). "No matter where you're from, Valentine's Day still means the same". The Pacer. 78 (18). Archived from the original on April 27, 2006.
  127. Yuko Ogasawara (1998). University of California Press (ed.). Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies (illustrated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 98–113, 142–154, 156, 163. ISBN 0-520-21044-1.
  128. Ron Huza (he was an ESL in Japan for 11 years) (February 14, 2007). "Lost in translation: The cultural divide over Valentine's Day". The Gazette. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  129. "Malaysian Muslims warned against Valentine's Day". The Straits Times. February 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011.
  130. "Malaysia Warns Muslims of Valentine's Day Trap". BBC News. February 13, 2011. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016.
  131. "Malaysia Arrests 100 Muslim Couples for Celebrating Lovers' Day". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  132. "[Tazkirah] Kemungkaran 'Valentine Day'" (PDF). Sabah State Mosque Da'wah (in Malay). Sabah.org.my. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  133. "Too much power surrendered to Imams and Muftis". Daily Express. January 18, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  134. PU Chien (February 12, 2012). "Romantic Valentine's Day roses". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  135. "Valentine's Day on weekday brings more sales: Florists". Daily Express. February 14, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  136. "Banknote flowers a popular Valentine's gift in Sibu". The Borneo Post. February 14, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  137. "Flower sellers await Valentine's Day". The Nation. February 8, 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011.
  138. "Pakistan: Valentine's Day celebrations banned in Peshawar" Archived October 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine February 13, 2016
  139. Islamabad High Court bans Valentine's day celebrations in public places Archived February 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  140. "Flower prices double ahead of Valentine's Day". Philippine Star. February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  141. Springer, Kate (February 13, 2012). "Valentine's Day Traditions Around the World". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  142. "Hundreds wed each year on Valentine's Day in Philippines". Pacific Daily News. February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  143. "Cooling the ardour of Valentine's Day". BBC News. February 3, 2002. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
  144. "Saudis clamp down on valentines". BBC News. February 11, 2008. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016.
  145. Lutz, Meris (February 13, 2010). "Saudi officials put the squeeze on Valentine's Day". LA Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
  146. BBC (February 15, 2012). "Religious police swoop on Valentine's Day lovers". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.
  147. Fatima Muhammad & Mariam Nihal (February 14, 2013). "Police, Hai'a deny special Valentine's Day crackdowns". Saudi Gazette. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  148. Raialyoum.com, February 13, 2014.
  149. "Saudis Sentenced To Prison, Flogging For Celebrating Valentine's Day." Archived January 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine MEMRI.org. May 20, 2014.
  150. ""Un-forbidden love: Saudis enjoy second 'religious police-free' Valentine's Day"". Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  151. "Korea rivals U.S. in romantic holidays". Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link), Centre Daily Times, February 14, 2009.
  152. "Last Valentine's Day I was in a relationship. This year I'm single - and I know I'll enjoy it". The Independent. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  153. "7 things you probably didn't know about St Dwynwen's Day". Wales Online. January 25, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  154. "Valentine's Day 2016: Jane Austen tops poll to find most romantic line from literature, film and TV". The Independent. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  155. "Love-seekers show up at St. Valentine's resting place in Dublin". IrishCentral. February 10, 2017. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  156. Hecker, Jurgen (February 11, 2010). "Irish priests keep a candle for Saint Valentine". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. A book in the church is filled with countless wishes addressed to the patron saint of lovers, while a steady stream of locals and visitors alike pray here for help in their amorous quests. "God has someone in mind for me, and I obviously haven't met him yet. So I just hope that Saint Valentine will assist me, that I will find him," said one female visitor. Another added: "We just prayed to find the right one, and I believe I will be led to him when the time is right."
  157. "BERTA – Eesti rahvakalendri tähtpäevade andmebaas". folklore.ee. Archived from the original on February 19, 2016.
  158. "Traditions in france for valentine's day celebration". Culture x Tourism. January 23, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  159. "Agios Yakinthos". Crete Gazette. February 1, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  160. "Young Greeks celebrate Valentine's Day at home". GR Reporter. February 14, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  161. Poelzl, Volker (October 15, 2009). CultureShock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 174. ISBN 9789814435628. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  162. "Valentine's Day versus Dragobete". Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2007.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link), cultura.ro (in Romanian)
  163. "Dragobete 's Day – Celebrating love in the Romanian style". Romania Tours. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  164. Cuza, Elena. "dragobeteeng". Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  165. Ripa, Ellen (February 6, 2017). "Valentine's Day the Scandinavian way". Skandiblog. Skandihome. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  166. "Sweden: Valentine's Day celebration traditions by gender 2016". Statista. Retrieved February 13, 2018.

Bibliography
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.