José de Diego
José de Diego (April 16, 1866 – July 16, 1918), was a statesman, journalist, poet, lawyer, and advocate for Puerto Rico's independence from Spain and from the United States who was referred to by his peers as "The Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement"[1]
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José de Diego | |
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 Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement | |
| Born | José de Diego y Martínez April 16, 1866 Aguadilla, Puerto Rico |
| Died | July 16, 1918 (aged 52) New York City, United States |
| Resting place | Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery |
| Occupation | Statesman, poet, attorney, legislator, journalist |
| Language | Spanish |
| Nationality | Spanish - Puerto Rican Province |
| Education | Polytechnic College of Logroño |
| Alma mater | University of Barcelona JD University of Habana (1891) |
| Home town | Mayagüez, Puerto Rico |
| Period | 1881–1918 |
| Notable works | A Laura |
| Spouse | Georgina Blanes |
| Children | José, Elisa Estrella, Georgina |
| Signature |  |
Early years
De Diego, (birth name: José de Diego y Martínez [note 1]) was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. He was the son of Felipe de Diego Parajón, a Spanish Army Officer from Asturias, Spain, and Elisa Martínez Muñiz, a native of Puerto Rico. De Diego studied at the Aguadilla Elementary School before being sent to Spain to finish his education at the Instituto Politecnico de Logroño. While in Spain, de Diego attended the University of Barcelona to study law and collaborated with the newspaper El Progreso (Progress), founded by fellow Puerto Rican José Julián Acosta y Blanco, which attacked the political situation in Puerto Rico; this led to various arrests causing to him being distinguished from the University of Barcelona and eventually forced to leave Spain to return to the island. During his return to La Hablana he finished his degree in law.
Poetry
In 1886, de Diego had an unhappy love affair with Carmen Echavarría which led him to write one of his most acclaimed poems, "A Laura" ("To Laura"). This poem became very popular among the romantics of that time. He became known as the "Father" of the "Modern Puerto Rican Poetry Movement". Among his most noted poetry books are:[2]
- Pomarrosas;
- Jovillos;
- Cantos de Rebeldía;
- Cantos del Pitirre.
Confederation of the Spanish-speaking islands in the Caribbean
De Diego returned to Spain and studied law in Barcelona. However, he did not finish his studies there and transferred to the University of Habana in 1891, where he received his degree the following year. He then returned to Puerto Rico to advocate for its autonomy from Spain. The 1876 Spanish Constitution created a centralized state, and ended the ancient system of Autonomies and commonwealth kingdoms. Many in the wealthier regions such as Catalonia, Galicia, the Basque Provinces, Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico sought to reinstate it. It coincided with the growth of the republican sentiments.[3] De Diego set up his law practice in Arecibo and was the founder of the newspaper La República (The Republic). Together with Román Baldorioty de Castro, de Diego founded the Autonomist Party in 1887. Luis Muñoz Rivera and Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, who were members of the party, formed a committee which ultimately convinced the Spanish governor in the island Práxedes Mateo Sagasta to support the idea of autonomy for Puerto Rico within the Spanish kingdom. De Diego did not accompany Muñoz Rivera and Matienzo Cintrón because he was a republican: believed that Spain should be a Federal Republic and Mateo Sagasta's party followed the ideals of the monarchy. De Diego envisioned the establishment of a Confederation of the Spanish-speaking islands in the Caribbean which would include the Dominican Republic and Cuba, known as the Antillean Confederation. In 1897, the Spanish Parliament granted the Charter of Autonomy to Puerto Rico, pursuant to Art. 82 of the Constitution of Spain acknowledged, after Gov. Mateo Sagasta's election as Prime Minister. Puerto Rico became the first Spanish Autonomous Region,-today there are 20. Muñoz-Rivera became the president of the Autonomous province and De Diego celebrated Muñoz Rivera's accomplishment and was named Sub-Secretary of Justice and Government. Puerto Rico's autonomy, however was short-lived,[2] being subsequently invaded by the United States.
Politician
José de Diego, together with many republican intellectuals, initially saw the American occupation with a positive attitude. They thought they would become American citizens with the same rights as the citizens in the mainland. He even wrote poems about the idea. However, after the American occupation began in October 1898, the racist attitude of the US military made him rethink his ideals. On June 5, 1900, President William McKinley named de Diego, together with Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón, José Celso Barbosa, Manuel Camuñas, and Andrés Crosas to an Executive Cabinet under U.S.-appointed Governor Charles H. Allen. The Executive Cabinet also included six American members.[4] De Diego resigned from the position in order to pursue the island's right to govern itself. In 1904, he co-founded the Unionist Party along with Luis Muñoz Rivera, Eduardo Georgetti, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón and Antonio R. Barceló.[3]
De Diego was then elected to the House of Delegates, the only locally elected body of government allowed by the U.S.. De Diego presided the house from 1904 to 1917. The House of Delegates was subject to the U.S. President's veto power and voted for the island's right to independence and self-government and against the imposition of U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans, among other resolutions passed. None of these requests were honored by newly developing US hemispheric expansionism. In 1914, Barceló, Muñoz Rivera and de Diego were members of an executive council that attempted to form an alliance between the Union and Republican Parties. In 1917, after Luis Muñoz Rivera died, Barceló became the leading force behind the liberal ideas of the island. Barceló and De Diego were against the creation of the Jones-Shafroth Act which would impose United States citizenship upon the citizens of Puerto Rico because the act represented an impediment to Puerto Rican independence as a final status solution and because the judicial and executive branches would still be controlled by the United States. The Jones-Shafroth Act, however was approved by the United States and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917. The Union Party under Barceló's leadership then resolved to adopt a different stance and to seek more autonomy which he believed would finally lead to independence. This move prompted de Diego's, who was a strong independence advocate, to have great differences with the majority of his party members. De Diego became known as the "Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement".[2] He was considered by Puerto Rican Socialist Party founder Juan Marí Bras to be the bridge between the two "great ideological pillar[s] for independence" Ramón Emeterio Betances and Pedro Albizu Campus, in the 19th and 20th Centuries, respectively.
Later years
In 1892 he was married to Doña Petra de la Torre Berríos at the Catedral de San Felipe Apóstol, in her hometown of Arecibo.[5] This marriage was later annulled by the Roman Catholic Church.[6] On 10 November 1900 he married Goergina Blanes in Mayagüez, with whom he had three children.[6]
De Diego founded the "Colegio de Agricultura y Artes Mecánicas de Mayagüez" now known as "University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez".;[7] he travelled throughout the Caribbean and Spain seeking the support from what he called "Los hermanos de la misma raza" (Brothers of the same race) for Puerto Rico's independence. After giving a speech in Barcelona in to such a request, he became known as the "Caballero de la Raza" (The Gentleman of the Race).[3] José de Diego's left leg developed gangrene, due to him suffering from filariasis (round worms) and was amputated in 1916. He died in New York City on July 16, 1918 of endocarditis. His remains were returned to Puerto Rico and are buried in the "Cementerio Antiguo de San Juan" (Santa Maria Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery), in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[2]
Legacy
José de Diego's memory has been honored in Puerto Rico by having his birthdate observed as an official holiday as well as the naming of schools, avenues, and a highway after him. The plaza in his hometown of Aguadilla, the Plaza José de Diego, is named in his honor plus there are schools in Chicago, Illinois, Brooklyn, New York, and Miami, Florida named after him.[3]
Partial bibliography
- Pomarrosas. Barcelona: Imprenta de Henrich y Ca. en Comandita, 1904.
- El caso de Puerto Rico y el Bill de tarifas. San Juan: Puerto Rico Progress Publishing, 1913.
- Jovillos. Barcelona: Editorial Maucci, 1916.
- Cantos de pitirre. Palma de Mallorca: Imprenta Mosen Alcóver, 1950.
- Cantos de rebeldía. Barcelona: Editorial Maucci, 1916.
- Obras Completas. Nuevas Campañas, el Plebiscito. San Juan de Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña,
- Obras Completas. Poesía. Vol. 2. San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1973.
- Antología Poética. Palma de Mallorca: Ripoll, 1977.
- La obra literaria de José de Diego, San Juan: Margot Arce De Vázquez, Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1967
Further reading
- Jose de Diego el legislador, San Juan; by: Dr. Delma S. Arrigoitia; Publisher: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena,1991; LCCN: 93114065; LC: F1978.D54 A77 1991
See also
Notes
- This article uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is de Diego and the second or maternal family name is Martínez.
References
- "José de Diego". Biografias y Noticias de Famosos (in Spanish). External link in
|website=(help) - "Cartas de amor de José de Diego a Carmita Echavarría". Puerto Rico en breve (in Spanish). External link in
|website=(help) - "José de Diego". The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. June 22, 2011. External link in
|publisher=, |work=(help) - "Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War". The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. June 22, 2011. External link in
|publisher=, |work=(help) - http://www.norteycentro.com/lugar_detalle.php?id=315&mun=2
- Moreno, Víctor (2018-12-24). "Biografía de José de Diego" [Biography of José de Diego]. Buscabiografias.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
- Hechevarría, Mónica (February 24, 2008). "El más viejo del RUM" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Día. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Francisco P. Acuña y Paniagua |
Speaker of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives 1907–1918 |
Succeeded by Juan Bernardo Huyke |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by None |
Associate Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court 1898–1899 |
Succeeded by Angel Acosta Quintero |
External links
- Works by or about José de Diego at Internet Archive
- Works by José de Diego at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
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