Union Movement

The Union Movement (UM) was a far-right political party founded in Britain by Oswald Mosley. While before the war Mosley's British Union of Fascists (BUF) wanted to concentrate trade within the Empire, the Union Movement attempted to stress the importance of developing a European nationalism rather than a narrower country-based nationalism. The UM has therefore been characterised as an attempt by Mosley to start again in his political life by embracing more democratic and international policies, than those with which he had previously been associated. The UM has been described as post-fascist by former members such as Robert Edwards, the founder of the pro-Mosley European Action UK pressure group.[1]

Union Movement
FounderSir Oswald Mosley
Founded1948
Dissolved1973
Preceded byBritish Union of Fascists
Succeeded byAction Party
IdeologyEurope a Nation
Pan-European nationalism
Political positionFar-right
European Parliament groupEuropean Social Movement (1951-1960s)
National Party of Europe (1960s)
ColoursFlash and Circle
Party flag
  • Politics of United Kingdom
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  • Elections
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Mosley's post-war activity

Having been the leader of the BUF in the 1930s, it was expected that Mosley would return to lead the far right afterwards. However Mosley remained out of the immediate post-war political arena, instead turning to writing, publishing his first work, My Answer (1946), in which he argued that he had been a patriot who had been unjustly punished by his internment under Defence Regulation 18B. In this and his 1947 follow up, The Alternative, Mosley began to argue for a much closer integration between the nations of Europe, the beginning of his 'Europe a Nation' campaign that sought a strong united Europe as a counterbalance to the growing power of the US and USSR.

Europe a Nation

Mosley perceived a linear growth within British history and he saw Europe a Nation as the culmination of this destiny. Therefore, he argued that it was "part of an organic process of British history", as Britain had united into one nation, and that it was Britain's national destiny to unite the whole continent.[2]

He further envisaged a three-tiered system of government headed by an elected European government, to organise defence and the corporatist economy. The continuation of national governments, and a collection of local governments was still seen as necessary, for the sake of independent identities.

Mosley's ideas were not as such new, as concepts of a Nation Europa and Eurafrika (the same idea only with parts of north Africa included as natural sectors of Europe's traditional sphere of influence, an idea that Mosley himself felt had some merit) were already growing in Germany's post-War underground, whilst Benito Mussolini’s 1944 Italian Social Republic had returned to fascism's roots with an attempt at a corporatist economic system during its brief existence. Nonetheless Mosley was the first to express the ideas in English and it came as no surprise when he returned to proper political activism in 1948. These plans were to form the basis for the policy programme of the Union Movement.

Formation of the Union Movement
A flowchart showing the history of the early British fascist movement

Following the release of interned fascists at the end of World War II a number of far-right groups had been formed. These were often virulently anti-semitic and tried to capitalise on the violent events taking place in Mandatory Palestine.[3] Large meetings were organised in Jewish areas of east London and elsewhere which were often violently broken up by anti-fascist groups such as the 43 Group.[4] Fifty-one separate groups were united under Mosley's leadership in the Union Movement (UM), launched at a meeting in Farringdon Hall, London, in 1948. However the four main groups were Jeffrey Hamm's British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, Anthony Gannon's Imperial Defence League, Victor Burgess's Union of British Freedom and Horace Gowing and Tommy Moran's Sons of St George, all groups led by ex-BUF men.[5] Another early member was Francis Parker Yockey, who had come to England to seek Mosley's help with publishing his written work. Yockey briefly headed up the UM European Contact Section, although he was gone fairly quickly after a fall-out with Mosley.

The Union Movement was also known for its attempts to recruit Irish people living in Britain and Mosley wrote a pamphlet in 1948 entitled Ireland's Right to Unite when entering European Union.[6] There were also links between the UM and the Irish nationalist and pro-fascist party Ailtirí na hAiséirghe (Architects of the Resurrection) and Mosley wrote articles for their newspaper Aiséirghe.[7][8]

Mosley remained a critic of liberal democracy, and the UM instead extolled a strong executive that people could endorse or reject through regular referendums, with an independent judiciary in place to appoint replacements in the event of a rejection.[9] The party marched 1,500 supporters through Camden that same year and went on to contest the following year's local elections in London. However, outside of Stepney and Bethnal Green where there was some support, the UM performed very poorly at the polls and secured no representation. After this, the Union Movement ceased to be a significant political party and attendance at meetings dwindled until it was negligible.[10] Disillusioned by the stern opposition that the UM faced, and with his style of street politics being exposed as somewhat passé, Mosley went into self-imposed exile in Ireland, leaving the UM to languish.

Union Movement member F.B. Price-Heywood was elected as a councillor in Grasmere, Lake District, Cumbria during the 1953 Municipal Elections but this was a rare success for the party, and UM gained no parliamentary seats.[11][12]

The Union Movement published several weekly newspapers and monthly magazines including Union, Action (also the title of the pre-war weekly newspaper of the New Party and the British Union of Fascists), Attack, Alternative, East London Blackshirt, The European and National European.

Racial tensions and the return of the Union Movement

After the British Nationality Act 1948 there was a great increase in immigration, particularly from the Commonwealth and the colonies. In the early 1950s immigration was estimated at 8,000–10,000 per year, but this had grown to 35,000 per year by 1957. Perceptions of the new migrant workers were frequently oppositional and stereotypical, although the Conservative Party, despite the private opinions of some of its members, was loath to make a political issue out of it, for fear of being seen as gutter politicians. Disturbances occurred in 1958 in Notting Hill (following a Mosley rally) and Nottingham with clashes between racial groups, a new phenomenon in Britain.[13]

The new uncertainties revitalised the UM and Mosley re-emerged to stand as a candidate in the 1959 election in Kensington North (which included Notting Hill), his first parliamentary election since 1931. Mosley made immigration his campaign issue, combining calls for assisted repatriation with stories regarding criminality and sexual deviance of black people, a common theme of the time.[14] The 8.1% share of the vote[15] he secured was a personal humiliation for a man who still hoped that he would be called to serve as Prime Minister some day, although the UM as a whole was buoyed by the immigration problem, which it saw as the next big issue in British politics.

In April 1965, Mosley attempted to prove that he and the UM were not racist by forming an "Associate Movement" for ethnic minorities who agreed with his policies, including the financially assisted repatriation of immigrants to their homelands of origin. The group was led by an Indian solicitor and an African airline pilot but was short-lived.[16][17]

European dimension

Alongside his domestic politics Mosley continued to work towards his goal of 'Europe-a-Nation' and in 1962 attended a conference in Venice where he helped to form a National Party of Europe along with Germany's Reichspartei, the Mouvement d'Action Civique, and Jeune Europe' of Belgium and the Italian Social Movement (MSI).[18] Adopting the slogan "Progress - Solidarity - Unity", the movement aimed to work closely for a closer unity of European states, although in the end little came of it as only the MSI enjoyed any success domestically. This group replaced the earlier European Social Movement in which Mosley had also been involved. The Union Movement itself did not play an active role on the European stage, although it did help to set in motion co-operation between like-minded groups across Europe, which continues to this day with the European National Front.

Final days of the Union Movement

Mosley stood again in the 1966 election, this time in the Shoreditch and Finsbury constituency. However, capturing only 4.6% of the vote, Mosley lost interest thereafter and effectively departed the scene, despite still officially being UM leader until 1973.[19] The increasingly marginalised UM carried on into the 1970s, still advocating Europe A Nation, but had no real influence and failed to capture support with its fairly unusual policies.

Union Movement post-Mosley

A brief revival looked possible after the UM was renamed the Action Party in 1973, under which name it fought six seats at the Greater London Council election. Under the leadership of Jeffrey Hamm, the party hoped for something of a revival, although it was damaged severely in 1974 when leading member Keith Thompson and his followers split to form the League of Saint George, a non-party movement which they claimed was the true continuation of Mosley's ideas. With a sizeable chunk of its membership long since lost to the National Front, the Action Party gave up electoral politics and, in 1978, became the Action Society, which acted as a publishing house rather than a political party.[20] The group continued until Hamm's death in 1994, after which the funding of Mosley's widow Diana Mitford was withdrawn. The Action Society was quietly wound up, representing the final end of the Union Movement.

Election results

House of Commons
Election year # of seats
contested		 # of total votes % of overall vote # of seats won Rank
1959 1[21] 2,821 0.00% 0 13
1966 4[22] 4,075 0.00% 0 14

The 1980s ITV television series Shine on Harvey Moon features members of Mosley's Union Movement. It was created by the writers Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran who would later produce the Channel 4 mini-series Mosley broadcast in 1998.

gollark: I had to disable a bunch of the color correction.
gollark: Well, I *am* using a significant amount of the processing power of your monitor's internal processors to simulate bee neurons.
gollark: Because it still uses the list monad, which does unfathomable things.
gollark: No, it means it is... in a monad, somehow?
gollark: ```haskellimport Data.Listpermutations [1,2,3,4]```allegedly.

See also

Well-known members

References
  1. "Oswald Mosley".
  2. Row, R. Oswald Mosley, Briton, Fascist, European Archived 2 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Archive Hour, BBC Radio 4, first broadcast 19 April 2008.
  4. Archive Hour, BBC Radio 4, first broadcast 19 April 2008.
  5. Dorril, Stephen. Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley & British Fascism, Penguin Books, 2007, p. 566
  6. https://www.oswaldmosley.com/irelands-right-to-unite/
  7. Douglas, R.M., Architects of the Resurrection - Ailtirí na hAiséirghe and the fascist 'new order' in Ireland pp. 276-277, Manchester University Press 2009
  8. Aiséirghe, 20 June 1948, January 1950
  9. Thurlow, R. Fascism in Britain London: IB Tauris, 1998, p. 214.
  10. Archive Hour, BBC Radio 4, first broadcast 19 April 2008.
  11. Bartlett, Roger Comrade Newsletter of the Friends of Oswald Mosley When Mosley Men Won Elections (November 2014)
  12. Bean, John Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain's Far Right Ostara Publications 2011, pp. 79-80
  13. Taylor, S. The National Front in English Politics, London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 12
  14. Mosley, Oswald. My Life, London: Nelson, 1970, pp. 447-452
  15. UK General Election results October 1959
  16. https://www.oswaldmosley.com/top-10-lies-about-oswald-mosley/
  17. Macklin, Graham. Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism after 1945, London: I.B. Tauris, 2007, pp. 75-76
  18. Taylor, S. The National Front in English Politics London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 15
  19. Taylor, S. The National Front in English Politics London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 17
  20. Boothroyd, D. The History of British Political Parties Politico's Publishing: 2001, p. 3
  21. Parliamentary seat contested in 1959: Kensington North.
  22. Parliamentary seats contested in 1966: Birmingham Handsworth; Islington S.W.; Manchester Ardwick; Shoreditch and Finsbury.

Bibliography
  • Eatwell, R. (2003) Fascism: A History, Pimlico
  • Mosley, Oswald (1970) My Life, Nelson Press
  • Mosley, Oswald (1958) Europe: Faith and Plan, Euphorion Books
  • Skidelsky, Robert (1975) Oswald Mosley, Macmillan
  • Thurlow, R. (1998) Fascism in Britain, I.B. Tauris
  • Macklin, Graham (2007) Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism after 1945, I.B. Tauris


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