Stockholm metro

The Stockholm metro (Swedish: Stockholms tunnelbana, lit. 'Stockholm's tunnel rail') is a rapid transit system in Stockholm, Sweden. The first line opened in 1950, and today the system has 100 stations in use,[1] of which 47 are underground and 53 above ground. There are three coloured main lines on the tube maps. These do however form seven actual routes (with different termini). Routes numbered 17, 18 and 19 (belonging to the green main line), 13 and 14 (red main line) and 10 and 11 (blue main line) all go through Stockholm City Centre in a very centralized metro system. All seven actual lines use The T-Centralen hub station. Apart from this central station for the metro, there exists just one other interchange between lines, the Fridhemsplan station, although both the green and red lines are mutually accessible at the Slussen and Gamla Stan stations.

Stockholm metro

A C20 train on line 17 at Hötorget station
A C6 train on line 14 near Gamla stan
Overview
Native name	Stockholms tunnelbana
Owner	AB Storstockholms Lokaltrafik
Locale	Stockholm, Sweden
Transit type	Rapid transit
Number of lines	7
Number of stations	100[1]
Daily ridership	1,2 million (weekday, 2017)[2]
Annual ridership	353 million (2017)[3]
Website	SL Official Site (in English)
Operation
Began operation	30 September 1933 (as premetro) 1 October 1950 (as metro)
Operator(s)	MTR Nordic
Train length	140 metres (460 ft)
Technical
System length	105.7 km (65.7 mi)[1]
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in) (standard gauge)
Electrification	650 V DC third rail (line 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19) 750 V DC third rail (line 10 and 11)
Top speed	80 km/h (50 mph)
System map  10  Hjulsta Tensta Akalla  11  Rinkeby Husby Rissne Kista Duvbo Kymlinge Sundbybergs centrum Hallonbergen Solna strand Näckrosen Huvudsta Solna centrum  19  Hässelby strand Västra skogen Hässelby gård Stadshagen Johannelund Vällingby Mörby centrum  14  Råcksta Danderyds sjukhus Blackeberg Bergshamra Islandstorget Universitetet Ängbyplan Tekniska högskolan  17  Åkeshov Stadion Brommaplan Abrahamsberg Ropsten  13  Stora mossen Gärdet  18  Alvik Karlaplan Kristineberg Thorildsplan Östermalmstorg Fridhemsplan Sankt Eriksplan Odenplan Rådhuset Rådmansgatan Hötorget T-Centralen Kungsträdgården  10   11  Gamla stan Slussen Mariatorget Medborgarplatsen Zinkensdamm Skanstull Hornstull Gullmarsplan Liljeholmen Globen Midsommarkransen Enskede gård Telefonplan Sockenplan Hägerstensåsen Svedmyra Västertorp Stureby  14  Fruängen Bandhagen Högdalen Aspudden Rågsved Örnsberg Hagsätra  19  Axelsberg Mälarhöjden Skärmarbrink Bredäng Sätra Hammarbyhöjden Skärholmen Björkhagen Vårberg Kärrtorp Vårby gård Bagarmossen Masmo Skarpnäck  17  Fittja Alby Blåsut Hallunda Sandsborg  13  Norsborg Skogskyrkogården Tallkrogen Gubbängen Hökarängen Farsta Farsta strand  18

The metro is equipped with ticket gates. Single tickets must be bought in advance, typically in privately owned smaller shops, or at ticket machines that are available in all underground stations and on several tram, bus, or boat stops. Passengers can also buy tickets at the ticket booth, just by the gates to the metro.

Traffic in the metro moves on left-hand side, because cars and trams still drove on the left in Sweden when the metro system opened.

In 2017, the metro carried 353 million passengers,[3] which corresponds to 1,2 million in a normal weekday.[2] The 105.7-kilometre-long (65.7 mi) metro system[1] is owned by the Stockholm County Council through the company Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL). The operation has been contracted to MTR Nordic since 2 November 2009.

The Stockholm metro system has been called 'the world’s longest art gallery',[4] with more than 90 of the network's 100 stations decorated with sculptures, rock formations, mosaics, paintings, installations, engravings and reliefs by over 150 different artists.

History

Construction of a section of the metro just north of T-Centralen in 1957

The 1965 Metropolitan Railway Plan for Stockholm which follows the current route alignments closely

The decision to build a metro was made in 1941. The following years, and in some cases earlier, some routes were built with near metro standard but operated with trams. These included Kristineberg-Islandstorget, Slussen–Blåsut (including the oldest tunnel Slussen–Skanstull from 1933) and Telefonplan–Hägerstensåsen. The first part of the metro was opened on 1 October 1950, from Slussen to Hökarängen, having been converted from tram to metro operation. In 1951, a second line from Slussen to Stureby was opened (which was also tram operated until then). In 1952, a second system, from Hötorget to the western suburbs was opened. In 1957, the two parts were connected via the Central station (at T-Centralen) and the Old Town (at Gamla stan metro station), forming the Green Line. During the period 1950–1960, the Green Line was extended piece by piece.

The Red Line was opened in 1964, from T-Centralen over Liljeholmen ending in Fruängen and Örnsberg, both in the Southwest.[5] It was extended piece by piece until 1978, when it reached Mörby centrum via a bridge over Stocksundet sea strait. The third and final system, the Blue Line, was opened in 1975, with two lines running northwest from the city center. As the construction requirements have become more strict over the years, newer segments have more tunnels than older ones, and the Blue Line is almost entirely tunnelled. The latest addition to the whole network, Skarpnäck station, was opened in 1994.

Network

Stations

See also: List of Stockholm metro stations

Escalators at Rådhuset station on the blue line

There are 100 stations in use in the Stockholm metro (of which 47% are underground). One station, Kymlinge, was built but never put into use. One station has been taken out of use and demolished. The old surface station at Bagarmossen was demolished and replaced with a new underground station, this being prior to the metro extension to the Skarpnäck metro station.

The Stockholm metro is well known for the decoration of its stations; it has been called the longest art gallery in the world.[6] Several of the stations (especially on the Blue Line) are left with the bedrock exposed, crude and unfinished, or as part of the decorations. At Rissne, an informative wall fresco about the history of Earth's civilizations runs along both sides of the platform.

Lines

In the tunnels

Near-geographically accurate map of the Stockholm metro

The following details relate to the present network. The designations "Blue line", etc., have only been used since the late 1970s, and officially only since the 1990s. They originated from the fact that the "blue line" tended to operate newer train stock painted blue, while the "Green line" had older stock in the original green livery. There was never any red painted stock, though, but red (or originally orange) was chosen to differentiate this line from the other two networks on route maps.

• The Green line (officially Tunnelbana 1, or "Metro 1") has three routes and 49 stations: 12 underground (nine concrete, three rock) and 37 above ground stations. It is 41.256 kilometres (25.635 mi) long. It was opened on 1 October 1950 (between Slussen and Hökarängen stations) and is used by 451,000 passengers per workday or 146 million per year (2005).
• The Red line (Tunnelbana 2) has two routes and 36 stations: 20 underground (four concrete, 16 rock) and 15 above ground stations. It is 41.238 kilometres (25.624 mi) long (only 18 metres (59 ft) shorter than the Green line), and was opened on 5 April 1964. It is used by 394,000 passengers per workday or 128 million per year (2005).
• The Blue line (Tunnelbana 3) has two routes and 20 stations: 19 underground (all rock) and one elevated station. It is 25.516 kilometres (15.855 mi) long. It was opened on 31 August 1975 and is used by 171,000 passengers per workday or 55 million per year (2005).

Trains operate from 05:00 to 01:00, with extended all night service on Fridays and Saturdays. All lines have trains every 10 minutes during the day, reduced to every 15 minutes in early mornings and late evenings, and every 30 minutes at night. Additional trains during peak hours gives a train every 5–6 minutes on most stations, with 2–3 minutes between trains on the central parts of the network.

The metro contains four interchanges (T-Centralen, Slussen, Gamla Stan and Fridhemsplan) and lacks any kind of circular or partly circular line (although Stockholm has a semi-circular light rail line, Tvärbanan). A wide majority of the metro stations are located in suburbs, but the network is centred on T-Centralen where all trains in the entire network pass.

In the past, there have been additional route numbers in use for trains operated on part of a line, or during peak hours only. For example, route 23 was used for a peak relief train for route 13, which in the 1970s was operated between Sätra and Östermalmstorg and during the 1990s between Norsborg and Mörby Centrum.

Line	Stretch	Travel time[7]	Length	Stations (in "innerstan")
10	Kungsträdgården – Hjulsta	23 min	15.1 km (9.4 mi)	14, (5)
11	Kungsträdgården – Akalla	22 min	15.6 km (9.7 mi)	12, (5)
13	Norsborg – Ropsten	44 min	26.6 km (16.5 mi)	25, (10)
14	Fruängen – Mörby centrum	33 min	19.5 km (12.1 mi)	19, (9)
17	Skarpnäck – Åkeshov	43 min	19.6 km (12.2 mi)	24, (12)
18	Farsta strand – Alvik	37 min	18.4 km (11.4 mi)	23, (12)
19	Hagsätra – Hässelby strand	55 min	28.6 km (17.8 mi)	35, (12)
Entire metro network			108 km (67 mi)	100, (25)

There is a connection to the main rail network, which is used for deliveries of new trains and some other purposes. In this case trains are pulled by locomotives since the electrical and other standards are different.[8] This connection consists of a track to Tvärbanan at the Globen station and a rail track from the Liljeholmen Tvärbanan station to the Älvsjö railway station.

Map

Technology

Preserved C2 carriage, February 2005

A train of older stock, type C4. All C4s were retired from service in 2003

C20, popularly called "Vagn 2000", the newest train type

Rolling stock

There are three main types of cars in the Stockholm metro: the newer C20 and C30 stocks, and the older C1–C15 stocks, which are collectively referred to as the Cx stock. A train typically consists of two or three cars of the C20 stock connected in double or triple configuration (six or nine cars), two cars of the C30 stock connected in double configuration (8 cars), or six or eight cars of the Cx stock. A full length train—three C20 cars, two C30 cars, or eight Cx cars—is about 140 metres (460 ft) in length, and takes about 1,250 passengers, of which about 380 can be seated.[9][10][11][12][13][14] The Blue Line—as well as the Red Line (from Stadion to Mörby Centrum)—was built with longer platforms to allow running trains consisting of ten Cx cars. When the C20 was introduced, it appeared that trains consisting of four C20 cars would not fit completely on these platforms. However ten car Cx trains have only been used in service on the blue line, where except for the platforms at Husby, all platforms are built to fit ten car trains. As most of the red line platforms can only accommodate eight car trains, the ten car trains would only be able to run a distance of 6 stations between Stadion and Mörby Centrum, and therefore ten car trains have not been used in service on the red line.

There are 271 cars of the C20 stock, and around 250 Cx stock cars. The green line only uses the new cars, and they are used most of the time on the Red and Blue Lines. However, during rush hours, especially on shortened services, older cars are commonly seen. Of the older cars the stocks C6, C14 and C15 are still in use, with the C6's operating on the red line and the C14/C15's on the blue line. C14/C15 trains may occasionally show up on the red line as well. All trains are based at Hammarby, Högdalen and Vällingby depots on line 17, 18 and 19, Norsborg depot and Nyboda depot on line 13 and 14, and Rissne depot on line 10 and 11.

Historically the metro is converted from a tramway and the older sections were run as tramway for a few years. The naming convention for rolling stock comes from this, where A are motorised trams, B are unmotorised trams (trailers) and C are metro cars.

Former rolling stock (including prototypes)

Interior of a preserved and restored C2 car that is part of a vintage train

Class	Introduced	Withdrawn	Notes
C1	1950	1984	Some units were rebuilt to C2 and C3 units
C2	1950	1999	The type with the most units produced (348 in total)
C3	1957	1999	Were not equipped with complete drivers cabs, could only run in the middle of trains
C4	1960	2003	Were the first units to feature a driver's cab in only one end of the unit
C5	1963	1996	Silverpilen Prototype cars, had an unpainted aluminium exterior
C7	1972	2004	Prototype cars
C8/C8H	1974	2004	Four units were rebuilt for service on Saltsjöbanan in the year 2000
C9	1976	2009
C12	1977	1995	Were built using old technology from the C1, C2 and C3 types
C13/C13H	1982	2003	Some units were rebuilt into C13H stock in 1995–1997.
C14z	1987	1999	Prototype cars which were used as testbeds for technology that would later be used on the C20 trains. Only 4 cars (a half length train) were ever built.

Cx stock cars

Interior of a C6H type car

The name Cx collectively refers to all the older types C1–C15. The only cars of the Cx stock still in use are C6, C14 and C15. They are 17.32 m (56.8 ft) to 17.62 m (57.8 ft) in length, 2.8 m (9.2 ft) in width, 3.70 m (12.1 ft) to 3.78 m (12.4 ft) in height, and weigh 23 to 29 metric tons. The cars take 48 seated passengers, and 108 to 110 standing passengers. The C6, C14 and C15 trains were built in the 1970s and 1980s.[9][10][11][12]

C20 stock cars

Main article: SL C20

Interior of a C20 car

The C20 car is double-articulated, 46.5 metres (153 ft) in length, 2.9 metres (9.5 ft) in width, 3.8 metres (12 ft) in height, and weighs 67 tonnes (66 long tons; 74 short tons). It uses only four bogies, two under the middle part, and one under each end part of car. The car takes 126 seated passengers, and 288 standing passengers. Three such units normally form a train. The C20 stock cars were built between 1997 and 2004 and first entered service in 1998.[13]

A single prototype car designated C20F stock is in use. Built on Bombardier Transportation's FICAS technology,[15] it has a lighter body, much thinner side walls, and more space compared to the regular C20, by using a sandwich-like composite construction of the body. It also has air-conditioning for passenger area, whereas standard C20 has air-conditioning only for the driver's cab. However only the last 70 C20 units produced (2200-2270) are equipped with air conditioning in the drivers cab. All other C20 units completely lack air conditioning. Therefore units lacking air conditioning are usually placed in the middle of trains and moved to the blue line during the summer, where the air conditioning is the least needed. The C20F weighs 65 tonnes (64 long tons; 72 short tons), other exterior measurements are the same as for the C20. The C20F has the same number of seats as the C20, but has space for 323 standing passengers.[14]

C30 stock cars

The C30 is a future articulated train type manufactured by Bombardier Transportation which is delivered since 2018 for use on the red line. The 96 cars under the C30 type are planned to be put in service from the end of 2020 on.[16] These cars revert to a non-articulated design with two bogies under each car. They will be formed in semi-permanent four car units with open gangways between cars. Two such units will normally form a train. Compared to previous stock, the cars will have fewer seats for increased capacity.[17] The C30 trains will be the first full Stockholm metro train type to feature air-conditioning in both the passenger compartments and driver's cabs and are expected to cost 5 billion kronor.[18]

Infrastructure and safety

A train on the way between Liljeholmen metro station and Nyboda depot.

The Stockholm metro runs electrically using a third rail with a nominal operating voltage of 650 V DC on line 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19; and 750 V DC on lines 10 and 11.

The maximum speed is 80 km/h (50 mph) on the Red and Blue Lines, 70 km/h (43 mph) on the Green Line (50 km/h (31 mph) at the platforms). Maximum acceleration and deceleration is 0.8 m/s². The reason for the lower speed limit on the Green Line is due to tighter curves than on the other lines, because the Green Line was built by cut and cover under streets in the inner city, while the other lines are bored at greater depth. Two safety systems exist on the metro: the older system manufactured by Union Switch & Signal in use on the Red and Blue Lines and a modern automatic train operation (ATO) system in use on the Green Line manufactured by Siemens Mobility.

To allow close-running trains with a high level of safety, the metro uses a continuous signal safety system that sends information continually to the train's safety system. The signal is picked up from the rail tracks through two antennas placed in front of the first wheel axle and compared with data about the train's speed. Automatic braking is triggered if the train exceeds the maximum permitted speed at any time. The driver is given information about the speed limit through a display in the driver's cabin; in C20 stock, and in Cx stock outfitted for operation with the new signal system installed on the Green Line, this is a speedometer with a red maximum speed indicator (needle), while the traditional display in the Cx stock is a set of three lights indicating one of three permitted speeds (high, medium, low). The system allows two trains to come close to each other but prevents collisions occurring at speeds greater than 15 kilometres per hour (9.3 mph). More modern systems also ensure that stop signals are not passed.

Another possibility is automatic train operation, which helps the driver by driving the train automatically. However, the driver still operates the door controls and allows the train to start. ATO is as of 2020 only available on the Green line, where a new signal system was installed in the late-1990s. This signal system, together with the C20 rolling stock, permits the use of ATO. The signalling system on the Red Line was supposed to be replaced with a Communications-based train control (CBTC) system manufactured by Ansaldo STS under a contract awarded by SL in 2010, however SL cancelled said contract in 2017, reportedly after repeated delays in project implementation.[19][20]

Graffiti

Graffiti at the Karlaplan metro station, on the red line

Since the mid-1980s, the Stockholm metro has been seriously affected by graffiti. Previously a train on which graffiti had been painted could remain in service for weeks and graffiti could remain in place at stations for months if not for years. Nowadays, however, trains with graffiti are taken out of service immediately and graffiti at stations is regularly cleaned up within a few days. The cost of graffiti and vandalism has been calculated at approximately SEK 100 million per year.[21]

During the 1990s, the Stockholm Transit System (SL) started outsourcing security to private security firms, some of which have been accused of using unlawful methods, such as the use of plainclothes guards and heavy-handed treatment of vandals arrested, and even heavy-handed treatment of ticketless passengers trying to escape. Since 2005, the Stockholm Police have assigned a special task force (Klotterkommissionen) to address these issues. The mainstay among the private security contractors in the fight against graffiti is the Commuter Security Group.

Future

In 2013, it was announced that agreement had been reached on the future of several extensions. Preliminary planning started in 2016[22] and revenue service on the first sections is projected to begin in the mid 2020s.[23] In 2017, another agreement was reached regarding several public transportation projects in Stockholm, including a fifth metro line.[24]

Altogether, this amounts to the following new constructions:[25]

• Extension of the Blue Line southwards from Kungsträdgården. There will be a new station at Sofia on Södermalm, after which the line splits with one branch continuing to Nacka (with three new intermediate stations), and the other to new underground platforms at Gullmarsplan after which it will take over the current Green line branch to Hagsätra. This allows higher frequencies on the Green Line branches to Farsta strand and Skarpnäck which are currently limited by the fact that three branches pass the bottleneck at T-Centralen.
• Extension of the Blue Line north-west from Akalla to Barkarby railway station via one new station.[26]
• Construction of a new fourth metro line, initially consisting of a short three-station line running north from Odenplan via the new development at Hagastaden, Södra Hagalund and ending in Arenastaden (roughly around the vicinity of the Friends Arena and Westfield Mall of Scandinavia), with construction of this segment expected to finish in 2025. This is planned for eventual extension to Danderyd and Täby in the north-east, interchanging with the existing Red Line to Mörby centrum. In 2014, this line was given the colour yellow, after a contest was held by Stockholm County Council to determine the colour for the new line.[27][28]
• Another new line between Fridhemsplan and Älvsjö via Liljeholmen, Årstaberg, Årstafältet and Östberga.[29]

See also

• List of metro systems

References

1. "SL Annual Report 2006" (PDF). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL). 21 June 2007. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
2. "Årsrapport 2017" (PDF). Stockholm County Council. 2018. p. 130. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
3. "Hållbarhetsredovisning 2017, året i korthet" (in Swedish). MTR Nordic. 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
4. "Stockholm Metro: The World's Longest Art Gallery". twistedsifter.com. 7 May 2012.
5. See "Technical Description of the Stockholm Underground Railway 1964," published by Stockholm's Public Works Department and the Stockholm Passenger Transport Co. At that time, the lines were known as Line 1 and Line 2.
6. "Art and architecture in the Metro". Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. Archived from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
7. Stockholm metro timetables. Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. 2007. 10 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 11 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 13 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 14 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 17 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 18 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 19 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
8. Tunnelbanevagn C30 nu påväg
9. "SL class C6". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
10. "SL class C9". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
11. "SL class C14". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
12. "SL class C15". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
13. "SL class C20". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
14. "SL class C20F". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
15. "C20 and FICAS on the Bombardier site". Bombardier Inc.
16. "Nya tunnelbanetåg på Röda linjen", sll.se, Swedish, accessed on 7 April 2019
17. "Stockholm seeks metro car builders". Railway Gazette International. 14 April 2009.
18. "Här är nya tunnelbanetåget - premiärtur på röda linjen", svt.se, Swedish, accessed on 19 November 2019
19. https://www.railwaygazette.com/infrastructure/stockholm-metro-resignalling-contract-terminated/45449.article
20. https://www.railjournal.com/signalling/stockholm-red-line-resignalling-contract-cancelled/
21. "SL Annual Report 2006" (PDF). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL). 21 June 2007. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
22. "Historisk överenskommelse ger stockholmarna ny tunnelbana". Stockholms läns landsting. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
23. "The New Metro", sll.se, accessed 7 April 2019
24. Sundström, Anders; Gustafsson, Anna (30 March 2017). "Spårsatsning för 30 miljarder ger 100.000 nya bostäder". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 April 2017.
25. "Nya tunnelbanan", ssl.se, Swedish, accessed 7 April 2019
26. "Blå linje till Barkarby", ssl.se, Swedish, accessed 7 April 2019
27. "Stockholm holds colour contest for new metro". thelocal.se. 30 July 2014.
28. "Gul linje till Arenastaden", ssl.se, Swedish, accessed 7 April 2019
29. "Historisk satsning på utbyggd kollektivtrafik i länet", sll.se, Swedish, 30 March 2017, accessed 7 April 2019

External links

• Official website (in Swedish)
• Stockholm Metro at UrbanRail.net
• Tunnelbana I Stockholm
• Stockholm Metro MetroMates.com
• Stockholm Metro Map