Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa Ieyasu (德川家康, January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

In this Japanese name, the family name is Tokugawa.

Tokugawa Ieyasu
德川家康
Shōgun
In office 1603–1605
Monarch	Go-Yōzei
Preceded by	Sengoku period
Succeeded by	Tokugawa Hidetada
Personal details
Born	Matsudaira Takechiyo (松平 竹千代) January 31, 1543 Okazaki Castle, Mikawa (now Okazaki, Japan)
Died	June 1, 1616(1616-06-01) (aged 73) Sunpu, Tokugawa shogunate (now Shizuoka, Japan)
Spouse(s)	Lady Tsukiyama Asahi no kata
Children	Matsudaira Nobuyasu Kamehime Yūki Hideyasu Toku-hime Tokugawa Hidetada Matsudaira Tadayoshi Takeda Nobuyoshi Matsudaira Tadateru Matsudaira Matsuchiyo Matsudaira Senchiyo Tokugawa Yoshinao Tokugawa Yorinobu Tokugawa Yorifusa Furihime Matsuhime Ichihime Among others...
Mother	Odai no Kata
Father	Matsudaira Hirotada
Military service
Allegiance	Matsudaira clan Imagawa clan Oda clan Toyotomi clan Eastern Army Imperial House of Japan Tokugawa shogunate
Unit	Tokugawa clan
Battles/wars	Siege of Terabe Siege of Marune Siege of Kaminogō Castle Battle of Batogahara Siege of Kakegawa Battle of Anegawa Battle of Mikatagahara Battle of Nagashino Battle of Tenmokuzan Battle of Komaki and Nagakute Siege of Odawara Kunohe Rebellion Sekigahara Campaign Osaka Campaign see below
Japanese name
Kanji	德川 家康
Hiragana	とくがわ いえやす
Katakana	トクガワ イエヤス
Transcriptions Romanization Tokugawa Ieyasu

The Tokugawa clan crest

Son of a minor daimyo, Tokugawa once lived as a hostage, on behalf of his father, under another Daimyo.[1] He later succeeded as daimyo after his father's death, serving as vassal and general under Oda Nobunaga,[1] building up his strength.[2] After Oda's death, Tokugawa was briefly a rival of fellow Oda subordinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi, before declaring allegiance to Toyotomi and fighting on his behalf.[1] Under Toyotomi, Tokugawa was relocated to the Kanto plains in eastern Japan, away from the Toyotomi power base in Osaka.[1] He built his castle in the fishing village of Edo (now Tokyo).[1] He was to become the most powerful daimyo and the most senior officer under the Toyotomi regime.[2]

Tokugawa preserved his strength in Toyotomi's failed attempt to conquer Korea.[1] After Toyotomi's death, Ieyasu seized power in 1600, after the Battle of Sekigahara.[1] He received appointment as shōgun in 1603, and voluntarily abdicated from office in 1605, but remained in power until his death in 1616. He implemented a set of careful rules known as the bakuhan system, designed to keep the daimyos and samurai in check under the Tokugawa Shogunate.[1][2]

His given name is sometimes spelled Iyeyasu,[3][4] according to the historical pronunciation of the kana character we. Ieyasu was posthumously enshrined at Nikkō Tōshō-gū with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大權現).

Background

During the Muromachi period, the Matsudaira clan controlled a portion of Mikawa Province (the eastern half of modern Aichi Prefecture). Ieyasu's father, Matsudaira Hirotada, was a minor local warlord based at Okazaki Castle who controlled a portion of the Tōkaidō highway linking Kyoto with the eastern provinces. His territory was sandwiched between stronger and predatory neighbors, including the Imagawa clan based in Suruga Province to the east and the Oda clan to the west. Hirotada's main enemy was Oda Nobuhide, the father of Oda Nobunaga.[5]

Early life (1542–1556)

Tokugawa Ieyasu was born in Okazaki Castle on the 26th day of the twelfth month of the eleventh year of Tenbun, according to the Japanese calendar. Originally named Matsudaira Takechiyo (松平 竹千代), he was the son of Matsudaira Hirotada (松平 廣忠), the daimyō of Mikawa of the Matsudaira clan, and Odai no Kata (於大の方, Lady Odai), the daughter of a neighbouring samurai lord, Mizuno Tadamasa (水野 忠政). His mother and father were step-siblings. They were just 17 and 15 years old, respectively, when Ieyasu was born.[6]

In the year of Ieyasu's birth, the Matsudaira clan was split. In 1543, Hirotada's uncle, Matsudaira Nobutaka defected to the Oda clan. This gave Oda Nobuhide the confidence to attack Okazaki. Soon afterwards, Hirotada's father-in-law died, and his son Mizuno Nobumoto revived the clan's traditional enmity against the Matsudaira and declared for Oda Nobuhide as well. As a result, Hirotada divorced Odai-no-kata and sent her back to her family.[5] As both husband and wife remarried and both went on to have further children, Ieyasu eventually had 11 half-brothers and sisters.[6]

As Oda Nobuhide continued to attack Okazaki, in 1548 Hirotada turned to his powerful eastern neighbor, Imagawa Yoshimoto for assistance. Yoshimoto agreed to an alliance under the condition that Hirotada send his young heir to Sunpu Domain as a hostage.[5] Oda Nobuhide, learned of this arrangement and had Ieyasu abducted from his entourage en route to Sunpu.[7] Ieyasu was just five years old at the time.[8] Nobuhide threatened to execute Ieyasu unless his father severed all ties with the Imagawa clan; however, Hirotada refused, stating that sacrificing his own son would show his seriousness in his pact with the Imagawa. Despite this refusal, Nobuhide chose not to kill Ieyasu, but instead held him as a hostage for the next three years at the Bansho-ji Temple in Nagoya, (It is said that Ieyasu grew up at the temple from the age of six, met 13 years old Nobunaga here, until Ieyasu nine years old).

In 1549, when Ieyasu was 6,[8] his father Hirotada was murdered by his own vassals, who had been bribed by the Oda clan. At about the same time, Oda Nobuhide died during an epidemic. Nobuhide's death dealt a heavy blow to the Oda clan. In 1551, an army under the command of Imagawa Sessai laid siege to the castle where Oda Nobuhiro, Nobuhide's eldest son and the new head of the Oda, was living. Nobuhiro was trapped by the Imagawa clan, but was saved by Oda Nobunaga, Nobuhide's second son, through negotiation, Sessai offered a deal to Nobunaga, he give up the siege if Ieyasu was handed over to the Imagawa, Nobunaga agreed, and so Ieyasu (now nine) was taken as a hostage to Sunpu. At Sunpu, he remained a hostage, but was treated fairly well as a potentially useful future ally of the Imagawa clan until 1556 when he was 14 years old.[8]

Service under Imagawa (1556–1560)

Main articles: Siege of Terabe and Siege of Odaka

In 1556, Ieyasu officially came of age, with Imagawa Yoshimoto presiding over his genpuku ceremony. Following tradition, he changed his name from Matsudaira Takechiyo to Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu (松平 次郎三郎 元信). He was also briefly allowed to visit Okazaki to pay his respects to the tomb of his father, and receive the homage of his nominal retainers, led by the karō Torii Tadayoshi.[5]

One year later, at the age of 15 (according to East Asian age reckoning), he married his first wife, Lady Tsukiyama, a relative of Imagawa Yoshimoto, and changed his name again to Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu (松平 蔵人佐 元康). Allowed to return to his native Mikawa, the Imagawa then ordered him to fight the Oda clan in a series of battles.

Motoyasu fought his first battle in 1558 at the Siege of Terabe. The castellan of Terabe in western Mikawa, Suzuki Shigeteru, betrayed the Imagawa by defecting to Oda Nobunaga. This was nominally within Matsudaira territory, so Imagawa Yoshimoto entrusted the campaign to Ieyasu and his retainers from Okazaki. Ieyasu led the attack in person, but after taking the outer defences, grew fearful of a counterattack to the rear, so he burned the main castle and withdrew. As anticipated, the Oda forces attacked his rear lines, but Motoyasu was prepared and drove off the Oda army.[9]

He then succeeded in delivering supplies in the 1559 Siege of Odaka. Odaka was the only one of five disputed frontier forts under attack by the Oda which remained in Imagawa hands. Motoyasu launched diversionary attacks against the two neighboring forts, and when the garrisons of the other forts went to their assistance, Ieyasu's supply column was able to reach Odaka.[10]

Death of Yoshimoto

Main articles: Siege of Marune and Battle of Okehazama

By 1560 the leadership of the Oda clan had passed to the brilliant leader Oda Nobunaga. Imagawa Yoshimoto, leading a large army (perhaps 25,000 strong) invaded Oda clan territory. Motoyasu was assigned a separate mission to capture the stronghold of Marune. As a result, he and his men were not present at the Battle of Okehazama where Yoshimoto was killed in Nobunaga's surprise assault.[7]^:37

Unification of Mikawa (1560–1565)

Ukiyo-e of Tokugawa Ieyasu

Alliance with Nobunaga

With Yoshimoto dead, and the Imagawa clan in a state of confusion, Motoyasu used the opportunity to assert his independence and marched his men back into the abandoned Okazaki Castle and reclaimed his ancestral seat.[9] Motoyasu then decided to ally with the Oda Nobunaga.[11] A secret deal was needed because Motoyasu's wife, Lady Tsukiyama, and infant son, Nobuyasu, were held hostage in Sumpu by Imagawa Ujizane, Yoshimoto's heir.

In 1561, Motoyasu openly broke with the Imagawa and captured the fortress of Kaminogō. Kaminogō was held by Udono Nagamochi. Resorting to stealth, Motoyasu forces under Hattori Hanzō attacked under cover of darkness, setting fire to the castle, and capturing two of Udono's sons, whom he used as hostages to exchange for his wife and son.[10]^:216

In 1563, Nobuyasu the first son of Motoyasu was married to Nobunaga's daughter Tokuhime. In the same year in February, Motoyasu changed his name to Ieyasu.[12][13] For the next few years Ieyasu was occupied with reforming the Matsudaira clan and pacifying Mikawa. He also strengthened his key vassals by awarding them land and castles. These vassals included: Ōkubo Tadayo, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Kōriki Kiyonaga, Sakai Tadatsugu, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa and Hattori Hanzō.

During this period, the Matsudaira clan also faced a threat from a different source. Mikawa was a major center for the Ikkō-ikki movement, where peasants banded together with militant monks under the Jōdo Shinshū sect, and rejected the traditional feudal social order. Ieyasu undertook several battles to suppress this movement in his territories, including the Battle of Batogahara.[10]^:216

Battle of Batogahara

Main article: Battle of Azukizaka (1564)

An ukiyo-e print depicting the Battle of Batogahara. In his early days as daimyō of Mikawa Ieyasu had difficult relations with the Jōdō temples which escalated in 1563–64.

1 On January 15, 1564. Ieyasu had decided to concentrate his forces to attack and eliminating the Ikki from Mikawa. In the Ikki ranks were some of Ieyasu's vassals, like Honda Masanobu and Natsume Yoshinobu, who had turned over to the Ikki rebellion on religious sympathy.

Ieyasu was fighting in the front line and nearly killed when struck by several bullets which did not penetrate his armour. Both sides were using the new gunpowder weapons which the Portuguese had introduced to Japan just 20 years earlier. Ieyasu's brave conduct in the battle convinced many of the samurai in the Ikki to switch sides and the Ikki were defeated.

In 1565, Matsudaira Ieyasu captured Yoshida Castle (modern Toyohashi), the castle came under the control of Ieyasu, which made Ieyasu master of all of Mikawa Province, who named Sakai Tadatsugu as castellan.

Rise to Power (1565–1570)

Tokugawa clan

Main article: Tokugawa clan

Following in 1565, Matsudaira Ieyasu became master of all of Mikawa Province, in 1567 Ieyasu changed his name yet again and started the family name "Tokugawa", this time to Tokugawa Ieyasu. As he was a member of the Matsudaira clan, he claimed descent from the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. However, there was no proof the Matsudaira clan are descendants of Emperor Seiwa.[14] Yet, his surname was changed with the permission of the Imperial Court, after writing a petition, and he was bestowed the courtesy title Mikawa-no-kami and the court rank of Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (從五位下, ju go-i no ge). Though the Tokugawa could claim some modicum of freedom, they were very much subject to the requests of Oda Nobunaga. Ieyasu remained an ally of Nobunaga and his Mikawa soldiers were part of Nobunaga's army which captured Kyoto in 1568. At the same time, Ieyasu was eager to expand eastward to Tōtōmi province.

Tōtōmi campaign

Main article: Siege of Kakegawa

Ieyasu and Takeda Shingen, the head of the Takeda clan in Kai Province made an alliance for the purpose of conquering all the Imagawa territory.[15]^:279 In 1570, Ieyasu's troops penetrated into Tōtōmi Province. Meanwhile, Shingen's troops captured Suruga Province (including the Imagawa capital of Sunpu). Imagawa Ujizane fled to Kakegawa Castle, which Ieyasu placed Kakegawa castle under siege. Ieyasu then negotiated with Ujizane, promising that if he should surrender himself and the remainder of Tōtōmi, he would assist Ujizane in regaining Suruga. Ujizane had nothing left to lose, and Ieyasu immediately ended his alliance with Takeda, instead making a new alliance with Takeda's enemy to the north, Uesugi Kenshin of the Uesugi clan. Through these political manipulations, Ieyasu gained the support of the samurai of Tōtōmi Province.[9]

In 1570, Ieyasu established Hamamatsu as the capital of his territory, placing his son Nobuyasu in charge of Okazaki.[16]

Ieyasu and Nobunaga (1570-1582)

Battle of Anegawa

Main article: Battle of Anegawa

In 1570, Asai Nagamasa, brother in law of Oda Nobunaga, broke their alliance with the Oda clans. Soon Nobunaga was ready to punish Nagamasa for his treachery. Ieyasu led 5,000 of his men to support Nobunaga at the battle.[7]^:62 The Battle of Anegawa, occurred near Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province, Japan, between the allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, against the combined forces of the Azai clans and Asakura clans. It is notable as the first battle that involved the alliance between Nobunaga and Ieyasu, liberated the Oda clan from its unbalanced alliance with the Azai and Asakura clans, and saw Nobunaga's prodigious use of firearms.

Conflict with Takeda

Main articles: Battle of Mikatagahara, Battle of Nagashino, and Battle of Tenmokuzan

In October 1571, Takeda Shingen, now allied with the Odawara Hōjō clan, attacked the Tokugawa lands in Tōtōmi. Takeda Shingen's first objective in his campaign against Ieyasu is Futamata Castle. In 1572 he left the Siege of Futamata in the hands of his son and heir Takeda Katsuyori. Ieyasu asked for help from Nobunaga, who sent him some 3,000 troops. Early in 1572 the two armies met at the Battle of Mikatagahara. The considerably larger Takeda army, under the expert direction of Shingen, overwhelmed Ieyasu's troops and caused heavy casualties. Despite his initial reticence, Ieyasu was convinced by his generals to retreat.[17][16] The battle was a major defeat, but in the interests of maintaining the appearance of dignified withdrawal, Ieyasu brazenly ordered the men at his castle to light torches, sound drums, and leave the gates open, to properly receive the returning warriors. To the surprise and relief of the Tokugawa army, this spectacle made the Takeda generals suspicious of being led into a trap, so they did not besiege the castle and instead made camp for the night.[17] This error would allow a band of Tokugawa soldiers to raid the camp in the ensuing hours, further upsetting the already disoriented Takeda army, and ultimately resulting in Shingen's decision to call off the offensive altogether. Incidentally, Takeda Shingen would not get another chance to advance on Hamamatsu, much less Kyoto, since he would perish shortly after the Siege of Noda Castle a year later in 1573.[11]^:153–156

Shingen was succeeded by his less capable son Takeda Katsuyori. In 1574, Katsuyori took Takatenjin fortress; in 1575, during Takeda Katsuyori's raid through Mikawa province he attacked Yoshida castle and besieged Nagashino castle in Mikawa Province. Ieyasu appealed to Nobunaga for help and the result was that Nobunaga personally came at the head of a very large army (about 30,000 strong). The Oda-Tokugawa force of 38,000 won a great victory on June 28, 1575, at the Battle of Nagashino, though Takeda Katsuyori survived the battle and retreated back to Kai Province.[18]

For the next seven years, Ieyasu and Katsuyori fought a series of small battles, as the result of which Ieyasu's troops managed to wrest control of Suruga Province away from the Takeda clan.

In 1579, Lady Tsukiyama Ieyasu's wife, and his heir Nobuyasu, were accused by Nobunaga of conspiring with Takeda Katsuyori to assassinate Nobunaga, whose daughter Tokuhime was married to Nobuyasu. For this Ieyasu ordered his wife to be executed and forced his oldest son by her, Nobuyasu, to commit seppuku. Ieyasu then named his third son, Tokugawa Hidetada, as heir, since his second son was adopted by another rising power: the trusted Oda clan general Toyotomi Hideyoshi, soon to be the most powerful daimyō in Japan.

In 1580, Oda-Tokugawa forces launched the second siege of Takatenjin; the siege came only six years after Takeda Katsuyori took the fortress. This second siege lasted from 1580 until 22 March 1581, and ended with the deaths of 680 men in the Okabe Motonobu garrison. The end of the war with Takeda came in 1582 when a combined Oda-Tokugawa force attacked and conquered Kai Province. Takeda Katsuyori was defeated at the Battle of Tenmokuzan and then committed seppuku.[10]^:231

Death of Nobunaga

Main article: Honnō-ji Incident

In late June 1582, before the incident, Nobunaga invited Ieyasu to tour the Kansai region in celebration of the demise of the Takeda clan. When he learned that Nobunaga had been killed at the Honnō-ji Temple by Akechi Mitsuhide, Ieyasu was near Osaka and far from his own territory. Ieyasu managed the dangerous journey back to Mikawa. With the help of his retainer and ninja leader Hattori Hanzō, Ieyasu first through Sakai, then crossed the mountains of Iga Province, finally reaching the shore in Ise Province. He returned to his home Mikawa Province by sea. Ieyasu was mobilizing his army when he learned Hideyoshi had defeated Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki.[15]^:314–315

Ieyasu and Hideyoshi (1582-1598)

The death of Nobunaga meant that some provinces, ruled by Nobunaga's vassals, were ripe for conquest. The leader of Kai province made the mistake of killing one of Ieyasu's aides. Ieyasu promptly invaded Kai and took control. Hōjō Ujimasa, leader of the Hōjō clan responded by sending his much larger army into Shinano and then into Kai province. No battles were fought between Ieyasu's forces and the large Hōjō army and, after some negotiation, Ieyasu and the Hōjō agreed to a settlement which left Ieyasu in control of both Kai and Shinano Provinces, while the Hōjō took control of Kazusa Province (as well as bits of both Kai and Shinano Provinces).

In 1583, a war for rule over Japan was fought between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Shibata Katsuie. Ieyasu did not take a side in this conflict, building on his reputation for both caution and wisdom. Hideyoshi defeated Katsuie at Battle of Shizugatake. With this victory, Hideyoshi became the single most powerful daimyō in Japan.[15]^:314

Conflict with Hideyoshi

Main article: Battle of Komaki and Nagakute

In 1584, Ieyasu decided to support Oda Nobukatsu, the eldest surviving son and heir of Oda Nobunaga, against Hideyoshi. This was a dangerous act and could have resulted in the annihilation of the Tokugawa.

Tokugawa troops took the traditional Oda stronghold of Owari; Hideyoshi responded by sending an army into Owari. The Komaki and Nagakute Campaign was the only time any of the great unifiers of Japan fought each other.

The Komaki and Nagakute campaign proved indecisive and after months of fruitless marches and feints, Hideyoshi settled the war through negotiation. First he made peace with Oda Nobukatsu, and then he offered a truce to Ieyasu. The deal was made at the end of the year; as part of the terms Ieyasu's second son, Ogimaru (also known as Yuki Hideyasu) became an adopted son of Hideyoshi.

Ieyasu's aide, Ishikawa Kazumasa, chose to join the pre-eminent daimyō and so he moved to Osaka to be with Hideyoshi. However, few other Tokugawa retainers followed this example.

Hideyoshi was understandably distrustful of Ieyasu, and five years passed before they fought as allies. The Tokugawa did not participate in Hideyoshi's successful Invasion of Shikoku (1585) and Kyūshū Campaign (1587).

Odawara campaign

Main article: Siege of Odawara (1590)

In 1590, Hideyoshi attacked the last independent daimyō in Japan, Hōjō Ujimasa. The Hōjō clan ruled the eight provinces of the Kantō region in eastern Japan. Hideyoshi ordered them to submit to his authority and they refused. Ieyasu, though a friend and occasional ally of Ujimasa, joined his large force of 30,000 samurai with Hideyoshi's enormous army of some 160,000. Hideyoshi attacked several castles on the borders of the Hōjō clan with most of his army laying siege to the castle at Odawara. Hideyoshi's and Ieyasu's army captured Odawara after six months (oddly for the time period, deaths on both sides were few). During this siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu a radical deal. He offered Ieyasu the eight Kantō provinces which they were about to take from the Hōjō in return for the five provinces that Ieyasu currently controlled (including Ieyasu's home province of Mikawa). Ieyasu accepted this proposal. Bowing to the overwhelming power of the Toyotomi army, the Hōjō accepted defeat, the top Hōjō leaders killed themselves and Ieyasu marched in and took control of their provinces, so ending the clan's reign of over 100 years.

Kunohe Rebellion

Main article: Kunohe Rebellion

The Sannohe faction led by Nanbu Nobunao organized a coalition of most of the Nanbu clans and pledged allegiance to Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the Siege of Odawara. In return, he was recognized as chieftain of the Nanbu clans, and confirmed as daimyō of his existing holdings in the northern districts of Mutsu Province. However, Kunohe Masazane, who felt that he had a stronger claim to the title of clan chieftain, immediately rise in rebellion. In 1591, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu took the Kunohe Rebellion as a personal affront to his authority and by mid-year organized a retaliatory army to retake northern Tōhoku and to restore the area to Nanbu Nobunao's control.

Ieyasu now gave up control of his five provinces (Mikawa, Tōtōmi, Suruga, Shinano, and Kai) and moved all his soldiers and vassals to the Kantō region. He himself occupied the castle town of Edo in Kantō. This was possibly the riskiest move Ieyasu ever made—to leave his home province and rely on the uncertain loyalty of the formerly Hōjō samurai in Kantō. In the end, it worked out brilliantly for Ieyasu. He reformed the Kantō provinces, controlled and pacified the Hōjō samurai and improved the underlying economic infrastructure of the lands. Also, because Kantō was somewhat isolated from the rest of Japan, Ieyasu was able to maintain a unique level of autonomy from Hideyoshi's rule. Within a few years, Ieyasu had become the second most powerful daimyō in Japan. There is a Japanese proverb which likely refers to this event: "Ieyasu won the Empire by retreating."[19]

Council of Five Elders

Main article: Council of Five Elders

In 1592, Hideyoshi invaded Korea as a prelude to his plan to attack China. The Tokugawa samurai never actually took part in this campaign, though in early 1593, Ieyasu himself was summoned to Hideyoshi's court in Nagoya (in Kyūshū, different from the similarly spelled city in Owari Province) as a military advisor and given command of a body of troops meant as reserves for the Korean campaign. He stayed in Nagoya off and on for the next five years.[15] Despite his frequent absences, Ieyasu's sons, loyal retainers and vassals were able to control and improve Edo and the other new Tokugawa lands.

In 1593, Hideyoshi fathered a son and heir, Toyotomi Hideyori.

In 1598, with his health clearly failing, Hideyoshi called a meeting that would determine the Council of Five Elders, who would be responsible for ruling on behalf of his son after his death. The five that were chosen as regents (tairō) for Hideyori were Maeda Toshiie, Mōri Terumoto, Ukita Hideie, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and Ieyasu himself, who was the most powerful of the five. This change in the pre-Sekigahara power structure became pivotal as Ieyasu turned his attention towards Kansai; and at the same time, other ambitious (albeit ultimately unrealized) plans, such as the Tokugawa initiative establishing official relations with New Spain (modern-day Mexico), continued to unfold and advance.[20][21]

Death of Hideyoshi

Hideyoshi, after three more months of increasing sickness, died on September 18, 1598. He was nominally succeeded by his young son Hideyori but as he was just five years old, real power was in the hands of the regents. Over the next two years Ieyasu made alliances with various daimyōs, especially those who had no love for Hideyoshi. Happily for Ieyasu, the oldest and most respected of the regents, Maeda Toshiie, died after just one year.

Unification of Japan (1598–1603)

The kabuto (helmet) of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Conflict with Mitsunari

Main articles: Siege of Shiroishi, Siege of Hasedō, Battle of Gifu Castle, Siege of Fushimi, and Siege of Ueda

With the death of Hideyoshi in 1598 and Toshiie in 1599, Ieyasu led an army to Fushimi and took over Osaka Castle, the residence of Hideyori. This angered the three remaining regents and plans were made on all sides for war.

Opposition to Ieyasu centered around Ishida Mitsunari, a powerful daimyō who was not one of the regents. Mitsunari plotted Ieyasu's death and news of this plot reached some of Ieyasu's generals. They attempted to kill Mitsunari but he fled and gained protection from none other than Ieyasu himself. It is not clear why Ieyasu protected a powerful enemy from his own men but Ieyasu was a master strategist and he may have concluded that he would be better off with Mitsunari leading the enemy army rather than one of the regents, who would have more legitimacy.[22]

Nearly all of Japan's daimyō and samurai now split into two factions—The Western Army (Mitsunari's group) and The Eastern Army (anti-Mitsunari Group). Ieyasu supported the anti-Mitsunari Group, and formed them as his potential allies. Ieyasu's allies were Katō Kiyomasa, Fukushima Masanori, Date Masamune, the Mogami clan, the Hosokawa clan and many daimyō from eastern Japan. Mitsunari allied himself with the three other regents: Ukita Hideie, Mōri Terumoto, and Uesugi Kagekatsu as well as Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Chosokabe clan, Shimazu clan and many daimyō from the western end of Honshū.

However, Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyoshi's appointed regents, defied Ieyasu by building up his military at Aizu. When Ieyasu officially condemned him and demanded that he come to Kyoto to explain himself, Kagekatsu's chief advisor, Naoe Kanetsugu responded with a counter-condemnation that mocked Ieyasu's abuses and violations of Hideyoshi's rules, and Ieyasu was infuriated.

In June 1600, Ieyasu and his allies moved their armies to defeat the Uesugi clan, which was accused of planning to revolt against Toyotomi administration. Before arriving at Uesugi's territory, Ieyasu received information that Mitsunari and his allies had moved their army against Ieyasu. Ieyasu held a meeting with the daimyōs, and they agreed to follow Ieyasu. He then led the majority of his army west towards Kyoto. In late summer, Ishida's forces captured Fushimi.

Ieyasu and his allies marched along the Tōkaidō, while his son Hidetada went along the Nakasendō with 38,000 soldiers. A battle against Sanada Masayuki in Shinano Province delayed Hidetada's forces, and they did not arrive in time for the main Battle of Sekigahara.

Battle of Sekigahara

Main article: Battle of Sekigahara

Battle of Sekigahara fought near Sekigahara, was the biggest and one of the most important battles in Japanese feudal history. It began on October 21, 1600. Initially, the Eastern Army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu had 75,000 men, while the Western Army numbered 120,000 men under Ishida Mitsunari. Ieyasu had also sneaked in a supply of arquebuses. Knowing that the Tokugawa forces were heading towards Osaka, Mitsunari decided to abandon his positions and marched to Sekigahara. Even though the Western army had tremendous tactical advantages, Ieyasu had already been in contact with many of the daimyō in the Western Army for months, promising them land and leniency after the battle should they switch sides. With a total of 170,000 soldiers facing each other, the Battle of Sekigahara ensued and ended with a complete Tokugawa victory.[23] The Western bloc was crushed and over the next few days Ishida Mitsunari and many other western nobles were captured and killed. Tokugawa Ieyasu was now the de facto ruler of Japan.

Immediately after the victory at Sekigahara, Ieyasu redistributed land to the vassals who had served him. Ieyasu left some western daimyōs unharmed, such as the Shimazu clan, but others were completely destroyed. Toyotomi Hideyori (the son of Hideyoshi) lost most of his territory which were under management of western daimyōs, and he was degraded to an ordinary daimyō, not a ruler of Japan. In later years the vassals who had pledged allegiance to Ieyasu before Sekigahara became known as the fudai daimyō, while those who pledged allegiance to him after the battle (in other words, after his power was unquestioned) were known as tozama daimyō. Tozama daimyō were considered inferior to fudai daimyōs.

Shōgun (1603–1605)

Main article: Tokugawa shogunate

Tokugawa Ieyasu as shōgun

On March 24, 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yōzei.[24] Ieyasu was 60 years old. He had outlasted all the other great men of his times: Nobunaga, Shingen, Hideyoshi, and Kenshin. As shōgun, he used his remaining years to create and solidify the Tokugawa shogunate, which ushered in the Edo period, and was the third shogunal government (after the Kamakura (Minamoto) and the Ashikaga). He claimed descent from the Minamoto clan, by way of the Nitta clan. His descendants would marry into the Taira clan and the Fujiwara clan. The Tokugawa shogunate would rule Japan for the next 260 years.[1]

Following a well established Japanese pattern, Ieyasu abdicated his official position as shōgun in 1605. His successor was his son and heir, Tokugawa Hidetada. There may have been several factors that contributed to his decision, including his desire to avoid being tied up in ceremonial duties, to make it harder for his enemies to attack the real power center, and to secure a smoother succession of his son.[25] The abdication of Ieyasu had no effect on the practical extent of his powers or his rule; but Hidetada nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the shogunal bureaucracy.

Ōgosho (1605–1616)

Edo Castle from a 17th-century painting

Construction of Edo castle

Main article: Edo Castle

Ieyasu, acting as the retired shōgun (大御所, ōgosho), remained the effective ruler of Japan until his death. Ieyasu retired to Sunpu Castle in Sunpu, but he also supervised the building of Edo Castle, a massive construction project which lasted for the rest of Ieyasu's life. The result was the largest castle in all of Japan, the costs for building the castle being borne by all the other daimyōs, while Ieyasu reaped all the benefits. The central donjon, or tenshu, burned in the 1657 Meireki fire. Today, the Imperial Palace stands on the site of the castle.

In 1611, Ieyasu, at the head of 50,000 men, visited Kyoto to witness the enthronement of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. In Kyoto, Ieyasu ordered the remodeling of the Imperial court and buildings, and forced the remaining western daimyōs to sign an oath of fealty to him.

In 1613, he composed the Kuge Shohatto (公家諸法度), a document which put the court daimyōs under strict supervision, leaving them as mere ceremonial figureheads.

In 1615, Ieyasu prepared the Buke shohatto (武家諸法度), a document setting out the future of the Tokugawa regime.[26]

Relations with foreign powers

Letter from King James VI and I of England to Ogosho Ieyasu in 1613

As Ōgosho, Ieyasu also supervised diplomatic affairs with the Netherlands, Spain, and England. Ieyasu chose to distance Japan from European influence starting in 1609, although the shogunate did still grant preferential trading rights to the Dutch East India Company and permitted them to maintain a "factory" for trading purposes.

From 1605 until his death, Ieyasu frequently consulted English shipwright and pilot, William Adams.[27] Adams, fluent in Japanese, assisted the shogunate in negotiating trading relations, but was cited by members of the competing Jesuit and Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders as an obstacle to improved relations between Ieyasu and the Roman Catholic Church.[28][29][30]

Significant attempts to curtail the influence of Christian missionaries in Japan date to 1587 during the shogunate of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, in 1614, Ieyasu was sufficiently concerned about Spanish territorial ambitions that he signed a Christian Expulsion Edict. The edict banned the practice of Christianity and led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries. Although some smaller Dutch trading operations remained in Nagasaki, this edict dramatically curtailed foreign trade and marked the end of open Christian witness in Japan until the 1870s.[31] The immediate cause of the prohibition was the Okamoto Daihachi incident, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic vavasor, but the shogunate was also concerned about a possible invasion by the Iberian colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines.

Conflict with Hideyori

Grave of Ieyasu in Nikkō Tōshō-gū

The last remaining threat to Ieyasu's rule was Toyotomi Hideyori, the son and rightful heir to Hideyoshi.[1] He was now a young daimyō living in Osaka Castle. Many samurai who opposed Ieyasu rallied around Hideyori, claiming that he was the rightful ruler of Japan. Ieyasu found fault with the opening ceremony of a temple built by Hideyori; it was as if he prayed for Ieyasu's death and the ruin of the Tokugawa clan. Ieyasu ordered Hideyori to leave Osaka Castle, but those in the castle refused and summoned samurai to gather within the castle. Then in 1614, Tokugawa besieged the Osaka Castle against Hideyori.

Siege of Osaka

Main article: Siege of Osaka

The Tokugawa forces, with a huge army led by Ieyasu and shōgun Hidetada, laid Siege of Osaka castle in what is now known as "the Winter Siege of Osaka". Eventually, Tokugawa was able to precipitate negotiations and an armistice after directed cannon fire threatened Hideyori's mother, Yodo-dono. However, once the treaty was agreed, Tokugawa filled the castle's outer moats with sand so his troops could walk across. Through this ploy, Tokugawa gained a huge tract of land through negotiation and deception that he could not through siege and combat. Ieyasu returned to Sunpu Castle once, but after Toyotomi refused another order to leave Osaka, he and his allied army of 155,000 soldiers attacked Osaka Castle again in "the Summer Siege of Osaka".

Finally, in late 1615, Osaka Castle fell and nearly all the defenders were killed including Hideyori, his mother (Hideyoshi's widow, Yodo-dono), and his infant son. His wife, Senhime (a granddaughter of Ieyasu), pleaded to save Hideyori and Yodo-dono's lives. Ieyasu refused and either required them to commit ritual suicide, or killed both of them. Eventually, Senhime was sent back to Tokugawa alive. After killing two people at Kamakura, who have escaped from Osaka Castle. With the Toyotomi line finally extinguished, no threats remained to the Tokugawa clan's domination of Japan.

Death

The tomb of Tokugawa Ieyasu in Nikkō Tōshō-gū

In 1616, Ieyasu died at age 73.[8] The cause of death is thought to have been cancer or syphilis. The first Tokugawa shōgun was posthumously deified with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大權現), the "Great Gongen, Light of the East". (A Gongen is believed to be a buddha who has appeared on Earth in the shape of a kami to save sentient beings). In life, Ieyasu had expressed the wish to be deified after his death to protect his descendants from evil. His remains were buried at the Gongens' mausoleum at Kunōzan, Kunōzan Tōshō-gū (久能山東照宮). As a common view, many people believe that "after the first anniversary of his death, his remains were reburied at Nikkō Shrine, Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮). His remains are still there." Neither shrine has offered to open the graves, so the location of Ieyasu's physical remains are still a mystery. The mausoleum's architectural style became known as gongen-zukuri, that is gongen-style.[32] He was first given the Buddhist name Tosho Dai-Gongen (東照大權現), then after his death it was changed to Hogo Onkokuin (法號安國院).

Era of Ieyasu's rule

Ieyasu ruled directly as shōgun or indirectly as Ōgosho (大御所) during the Keichō era (1596–1615).

Ieyasu's character

Handprint of Ieyasu at Kunōzan Tōshō-gū

Precepts on the secret of success in life drafted by Tokugawa Ieyasu from the collection of Nikkō Tōshō-gū.

Ieyasu had a number of qualities that enabled him to rise to power. He was both careful and bold—at the right times, and in the right places. Calculating and subtle, Ieyasu switched alliances when he thought he would benefit from the change. He allied with the Late Hōjō clan; then he joined Hideyoshi's army of conquest, which destroyed the Hōjō; and he himself took over their lands. In this he was like other daimyōs of his time. This was an era of violence, sudden death, and betrayal. He was not very well liked nor personally popular, but he was feared and he was respected for his leadership and his cunning. For example, he wisely kept his soldiers out of Hideyoshi's campaign in Korea.

He was capable of great loyalty: once he allied with Oda Nobunaga, he never went against him, and both leaders profited from their long alliance. He was known for being loyal towards his personal friends and vassals, whom he rewarded. He was said to have a close friendship with his vassal Hattori Hanzō. However, he also remembered those who had wronged him in the past. It is said that Ieyasu executed a man who came into his power because he had insulted him when Ieyasu was young.[33]

Ieyasu protected many former Takeda retainers from the wrath of Oda Nobunaga, who was known to harbour a bitter grudge towards the Takeda. He managed successfully to transform many of the retainers of the Takeda, Hōjō, and Imagawa clans—all whom he had defeated himself or helped to defeat—into loyal followers. At the same time, he could be ruthless when crossed. For example, he ordered the executions of his first wife and his eldest son—a son-in-law of Oda Nobunaga; Oda was also an uncle of Hidetada's wife Oeyo.[34]

He was cruel, relentless and merciless in the elimination of Toyotomi survivors after Osaka. For days, dozens and dozens of men and women were hunted down and executed, including an eight-year-old son of Hideyori by a concubine, who was beheaded.[35]

Unlike Hideyoshi, he did not harbor any desires to conquer outside Japan—he only wanted to bring order and an end to open warfare, and to rule Japan.[36]

While at first tolerant of Christianity,[37] his attitude changed after 1613 and the executions of Christians sharply increased.[38]

Ieyasu's favorite pastime was falconry. He regarded it as excellent training for a warrior. "When you go into the country hawking, you learn to understand the military spirit and also the hard life of the lower classes. You exercise your muscles and train your limbs. You have any amount of walking and running and become quite indifferent to heat and cold, and so you are little likely to suffer from any illness.".[39] Ieyasu swam often; even late in his life he is reported to have swum in the moat of Edo Castle.

Later in life he took to scholarship and religion, patronizing scholars like Hayashi Razan.[40]

Two of his famous quotes:

Life is like unto a long journey with a heavy burden. Let thy step be slow and steady, that thou stumble not. Persuade thyself that imperfection and inconvenience are the lot of natural mortals, and there will be no room for discontent, neither for despair. When ambitious desires arise in thy heart, recall the days of extremity thou hast passed through. Forbearance is the root of all quietness and assurance forever. Look upon the wrath of thy enemy. If thou only knowest what it is to conquer, and knowest not what it is to be defeated; woe unto thee, it will fare ill with thee. Find fault with thyself rather than with others.[41]

The strong manly ones in life are those who understand the meaning of the word patience. Patience means restraining one's inclinations. There are seven emotions: joy, anger, anxiety, adoration, grief, fear, and hate, and if a man does not give way to these he can be called patient. I am not as strong as I might be, but I have long known and practiced patience. And if my descendants wish to be as I am, they must study patience.[42][43]

He said that he fought, as a warrior or a general, in 90 battles.

He was interested in various kenjutsu skills, was a patron of the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū school, and also had them as his personal sword instructors.

Honours

• Senior First Rank (April 14, 1617; posthumous)

Parents and Siblings

Parents

Status	Image	Name	Posthumous Name	Birth	Death	Parents
Father		Matsudaira Hirotada	Oseidokantokoji	June 9, 1526	April 3, 1549	Matsudaira Kiyoyasu Aoki family's daughter
Mother		Odai no Kata	Denzu-in	1528	October 13, 1602	Mizuno Tadamasa Otomi-no-Kata

Siblings

Mother Side

Image	Name	Posthumous Name	Birth	Death	Father	Marriage	Issue
	Matsudaira Yasumoto of Sekiyado Domain	Daiko-in-dono sugurudensoeidaikoji	1552	September 19, 1603	Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587)		Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1582–1624) of Ōgaki Domain Matsudaira Masayoshi Matsudaira Yasuhisa Matsudaira Nobusuke (d.1655) Dōsen-in married Okabe Nagamori (1568–1632) of Ōgaki Domain Ryuko-in married Suganuma Sadayori (1576–1605) of Nagashima Domain Matehime (1598–1638) married Fukushima Masayuki (1858–1602) later married Tsugaru Nobuhira of Hirosaki Domain Tsubakihime married Tanaka Tadamasa (1585–1620) of Yanagawa Domain later married Matsudaira Narishige (1594–1633) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain Shoshitsu’in married Osuga Tadamasa (1581–1607) of Yokosuka Domain later married Suganuma Sadayoshi (1587–1643) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain Jomyo-in married Nakamura Kazutada (1590–1609) of Yonogo Domain later married Mōri Hidemoto of Chofu Domain
	Matsudaira Yasutoshi		1552	April 2, 1586	Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587)		Daughter married Matsudaira Katsumasa
	Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain	Sogen-in-dono denyonshinatsugishoukugaentodaikoji	1560	May 1, 1624	Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587)	Okudaira Tatsu, Okudaira Sadatomo (d.1585)’s daughter	Matsudaira Sadayoshi (1585–1603) Matsudaira Sadayuki (1587–1668) of Kuwana Domain Matsudaira Sadatsuna (1592–1625) of Kuwana Domain Matsudaira Sadazane (1597–1632) Matsudaira Sadafusa (1604–1676) of Imabari Domain Matsudaira Sadamasa (1610–1673) of Kariya Domain Matsuohime married Hattori Masanari Kumahime (1595–1632) married Yamauchi Tadayoshi (1592–1665) of Tosa Domain Daughter married Nakagawa Hisanori (1594–1653) of Oka Domain Kikuhime married Sakai Tadayuki (1599–1636) of Maebashi Domain Shōjuin Married Abe Shigetsugu (1598–1651) of Iwatsuki Domain Tamako married Ikeda Tsunemoto (1611–1671) of Yamasaki Domain
	Take-hime	Chogen-in	1553	July 28, 1618	Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587)	First: Matsudaira Tadamasa (1543–1577) of Sakurai-Matsudaira clan Second: Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1559–1582) of Sakurai-Matsudaira clan Third: Hoshina Masanao	By First: Matsudaira Iehiro (1577–1601) of Musashi-Matsuyama Domain By Second: Matsudaira Nobuyoshi (1580–1620) of Sasayama Domain Matsudaira Tadayori of Hamamatsu Domain By Third: Hoshina Masasada of Iino Domain Hojo Ujishige (1595–1658) of Kakegawa Domain Seigen’in married Anbe Nobumori (1584–1674) of Okabe Domain Yōhime (1591–1664) married Koide Yoshihide (1587–1666) of Izushi Domain Eihime (1585–1635) married Kuroda Nagamasa of Fukuoka Domain Kōun-in married Kato Akinari (1592–1661) of Aizu Domain
	Matsuhime				Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587)	Matsudaira Yasunaga (1562–1633) of Matsumoto Domain	Matsudaira Nagakane (1580–1619) Matsudaira Tadamitsu (1562–1633) Matsudaira Yasunao (1617–1634) of Akashi Domain
		Tenkeiin			Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587)	Matsudaira Iekiyo of Yoshida Domain	Matsudaira Tadakiyo (1585–1612) of Yoshida Domain

Wives and Concubines

Status	Image	Name	Posthumous Name	Birth	Death	Parents	Issue
First Wife		Tsukiyama-dono	Shoge-in	-	September 19, 1579	Sekiguchi Chikanaga (1518–1562) Ii Naohira’s daughter	Matsudaira Nobuyasu Kamehime married Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain
Second Wife		Asahi no kata	Nanmeiin	1543	February 18, 1590	Chikuami Ōmandokoro
Concubine		Nishigori no Tsubone	Rensho-in		June 19, 1606	Udono Nagamochi (1513–1557)	Tokuhime (Tokugawa) married Hojo Ujinao later to Ikeda Terumasa of Himeji Domain
Concubine		Shimoyama-dono	Moshin’in	1564	November 21, 1591	Akiyama Torayasu	Takeda Nobuyoshi of Mito Domain
Concubine		Kageyama-dono	Youjuin	1580	October 13, 1653	Masaki Yoritada (1551–1622) Hojo Ujitaka (d.1609)’s daughter	Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain Tokugawa Yorifusa of Mito Domain
Concubine		Kotoku-no-Tsubone	Chōshō-in	1548	January 10, 1620	Nagami Sadahide	Yuki Hideyasu of Fukui Domain
Concubine		Saigō-no-Tsubone	Hōdaiin	1552	July 1, 1589	Tozuka Tadaharu Saigo Masakatsu's daughter	Tokugawa Hidetada Matsudaira Tadayoshi of Kiyosu Domain
Concubine		Otake no Kata	Ryōun-in	1555	April 7, 1637	Ichikawa Masanaga	Furi-hime (1580–1617) married Gamō Hideyuki of Aizu Domain later to Asano Nagaakira of Hiroshima Domain
Concubine		Chaa-no-Tsubone	Chokoin		July 30, 1621		Matsudaira Tadateru of Takada Domain Matsudaira Matsuchiyo of Fukaya Domain
Concubine		Onatsu no Kata	Seiun’in	1581	October 24, 1660	Hasegawa Fujinao
Concubine		Okaji no Kata	Eishō-in	December 7, 1578	September 17, 1642	Ota Yasusuke (1531–1581)	Ichihime (1607–1610)
Concubine		Oume no Kata	Renge-in	1586	October 8, 1647	Aoki Kazunori (d.1600)
Concubine		Acha no Tsubone	Unkoin	Maret 16, 1555	February 16, 1637	Ida Naomasa
Concubine		Omusu no Kata	Shōei-in		July 26, 1692	Mitsui Yoshimasa	Stillborn (1592)
Concubine		Okame no Kata	Sōōin	1573	October 9, 1642	Shimizu Munekiyo	Matsudaira Senchiyo (1595–1600) Tokugawa Yoshinao of Owari Domain
Concubine		Osen no Kata	Taiei-in		November 30, 1619	Miyazaki Yasukage
Concubine		Oroku no Kata	Yōgen'in	1597	May 4, 1625	Kuroda Naojin
Concubine		Ohisa no Kata	Fushōin		March 24, 1617	Mamiya Yasutoshi (1518–1590)	Matsuhime (1595–1598)
Concubine		Tomiko	Shinju-in		August 7, 1628	Yamada clan
Concubine		Omatsu no Kata	Hōkōin
Concubine						Sanjo Clan
Concubine						Matsudaira Shigetoshi (1498–1589)

Children

Image	Name	Posthumous Name	Birth	Death	Mother	Marriage	Issue
	Matsudaira Nobuyasu	Toun-in-dono ryugenchokookyoshiseiroji-dono densanshutegensensudaikoji	April 13, 1559	October 5, 1579	Tsukiyama-dono	Tokuhime (Oda)	Tokuhime (1576–1607) married Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569–1615) of Matsumoto domain Kamehime (1577–1626) married Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain By Concubine: Banchiyo
	Kamehime	Seitokuin	July 27, 1560	August 1, 1625	Tsukiyama-dono	Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain	Okudaira Iemasa (1577–1614) of Utsunomiya Domain Matsudaira Ieharu (1579–1592) Matsudaira Tadaaki of Himeji Domain Okudaira Tadamasa of Kano Domain daughter married Okubo Tadatsune (1580–1611) of Kisai Domain
	Toku-hime	Ryōshō-in	1565	March 3, 1615	Nishigori no Tsubone	First: Hojo Ujinao Second: Ikeda Terumasa of Himeji Domain	by First: Manshuin-dono (1593) Manhime (d.1602) Senhime (b.1596) married Kyokogu Takahiro (1599–1677) of Miyazu Domain By Second: Ikeda Tadatsugu (1599–1615) of Okayama Domain Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602–1632) of Okayama Domain Ikeda Teruzumi (1604–1662) of Shikano Domain Ikeda Masatsuna (1605–1631) Of Akō Domain Furihime (1607–1659) married Date Tadamune of Sendai Domain Ikeda Teruoki (1611–1647) Of Akō Domain
	Yuki Hideyasu of Fukui Domain	Jokoin-dono shingendoyounseidaikoji	March 1, 1574	June 2, 1607	Kotoku-no-Tsubone	Tsuruko, Edo Shigemichi's daughter	by Concubines: Matsudaira Tadanao of Fukui Domain Matsudaira Tadamasa of Fukui Domain Hisahime (1598–1655) married Mōri Hidenari Of Choshu Domain Matsudaira Naomasa (1601–1666) of Matsue Domain Matsudaira Naomoto (1604–1648) of Himeji Domain Matsudaira Naoyoshi (1605–1678) of Ōno Domain
	2nd Shogun, Tokugawa Hidetada	Daitoku-in	May 2, 1579	March 14, 1632	Saigō-no-Tsubone	First: O-hime(1585–1591), Oda Nobukatsu’s daughter Second: Azai Oeyo	By second: Senhime married Toyotomi Hideyori later to Honda Tadatoki of Himeji Domain Tama-hime (1599–1622) married Maeda Toshitsune of Kaga Domain Katsu-hime (1601–1672) married Matsudaira Tadanao of Fukui Domain Hatsu-hime (1602–1630) married Kyōgoku Tadataka of Matsue Domain 3rd Shogun, Tokugawa Iemitsu Tokugawa Tadanaga of Sunpu Domain Kazuhime married Emperor Go-Mizunoo By Concubines: Chomaru (1601–1602) Hoshina Masayuki of Aizu Domain
	Matsudaira Tadayoshi of Kiyosu Domain	Shokoin-dono keneigenmodaikoji	October 18, 1580	April 1, 1607	Saigō-no-Tsubone	Masako, Ii Naomasa of Hikone Domain’s daughter	Umesada Daidoji (1597)
	Furi-hime	Shōsei-in	1580	September 27, 1617	Otake no Kata	First: Gamō Hideyuki of Aizu Domain Second: Asano Nagaakira of Hiroshima Domain	By first: Gamō Tadasato (1602–1627) of Aizu Domain Gamō Tadatomo (1604–1634) of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain Yorihime (1602–1656) married Kato Tadahiro (1601–1653) of Dewa-Maruoka Domain By Second: Asano Mitsuakira of Hiroshima Domain
	Takeda Nobuyoshi of Mito Domain	Joken-in-dono eiyozenkyozugendaizenjomon	October 18, 1583	October 15, 1603	Shimoyama-dono	Tenshoin, Kinoshita Katsutoshi's daughter
	Matsudaira Tadateru of Takada Domain	Shorin-in-dono shinyokisogesendaikoji	February 16, 1592	August 24, 1683	Chaa-no-Tsubone	Irohahime	By Concubine: Tokumatsu (1614–1632) Gotakehime
	Matsudaira Matsuchiyo of Fukaya Domain	Eishoin-dono	1594	February 7, 1599	Chaa-no-Tsubone
	Matsudaira Senchiyo	Kogakuin-dono kesoiyodaidoji	April 22, 1595	March 21, 1600	Okame no Kata
	Matsuhime		1595	1598	Ohisa no Kata
	Tokugawa Yoshinao of Owari Domain		January 2, 1601	June 5, 1650	Okame no Kata	Haruhime (1693–1637), Asano Yoshinaga of Wakayama Domain’s daughter	By Concubines: Tokugawa Mitsutomo of Owari Domain Kyōhime (1626–1674) married Hirohata Tadayuki (1624–1669)
	Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain	Nanryuin-dono nihonzeneaiyotenkotakoji	April 28, 1602	February 19, 1671	Kageyama-dono	Yasohime (1601–1666), Katō Kiyomasa of Kumamoto Domain’s daughter	by Concubines: Tokugawa Mitsusada of Kishu Domain Shuri Matsudaira Yorizumi (1641–1711) of Saijō Domain Inabahime (1631–1709) married Ikeda Mitsunaka (1630–1693) of Tottori Domain Matsuhime married Matsudaira Nobuhira (1636–1689) of Takatsukasa-Matsudaira Clan
	Tokugawa Yorifusa of Mito Domain		September 15, 1603	August 23, 1661	Kageyama-dono		By Concubines: Matsudaira Yorishige of Takamatsu Domain Tokugawa Mitsukuni of Mito Domain Michiko (1624–1664) Kamemaru (1625–1628) Manhime (1627–1689) married Ota Sukemasa Kikuhime (1628–1706) married Matsudaira Yasuhiro Matsudaira Yoritomo (1629–1693) Of Nukada Domain Matsudaira Yorio (1630–1697) Of Shishido Domain Senhime (1635–1681) married Maki Kagenobu Matsuhime Ki-hime Koyan-hime (1628–1717) Matsudaira Yoritaka (1629–1707) Of Hitachi-Fuchū Domain Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1631–1717) Ritsuhime (1632–1711) married Yamanobe Yoshikata (1615–1669) Suzuki Shigeyoshi (1634–1668) Ohime (1627–1656) married Maeda Mitsutaka of Kaga Domain Matsudaira Yoritoshi (1630–1674) Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1631–1664) Matsudaira Fusatoki (1633–1682) Furihime (1633–1667) married Honda Masatoshi (1641–1707) of Ōkubo Domain Takehime (1636–1637) Umehime (1638–1697) married Utsunomiya Takatsuna (1627–1700) Inuhime (1634–1675) married Hosokawa Tsunatoshi (1641–1721) of Kumamoto Domain Ichihime (1639–1690) married Sakai Tadaharu Kumahime (1649–1709) married Ito Tomotsugu (1594–1655)
	Ichi-hime	Seiun’in	January 28, 1607	March 7, 1610	Okaji no Kata

Speculated Children

Image	Name	Pusthomous Name	Birth	Death	Mother	Marriage	Issue
	Suzuki Ichizo		September 10, 1556		Daughter of Hatago of post station in Totoumi Province
	Nagami Sadachika		March 1, 1574	January 5, 1605	Kotoku-no-Tsubone	Nagami clan's daughter	Nagami Sadayasu
	Matsudaira Minbu		1582	1616	Omatsu-no-Kata
	Ogasawara Gonnojō		1589	May 7, 1615	Sanjo Clan	Kondo Hidemochi (1547–1631) of Iinoya Domain's daughter	Son Daughter married Mamiya Nobukatsu Daughter married Nakagawa Tadayuki
	Ii Naotaka of Hikone Domain	Kyūshō-in-dono Gōtokuten'eidaikoji	March 16, 1590	August 16, 1659		Akihime, Hachisuka Iemasa’s daughter	by concubines: Ii Naoshige (1612–1661) Ii Naozumi (1625–1676) of Hikone Domain Ii Naotsuna (1622–1658) Matsuchiyo Ii Naohiro
	Doi Toshikatsu of Koga Domain	Hōchiin-dono denshuhoonyotaiokyogendaikoji	April 19, 1573	August 12, 1644		Matsudaira Chikakiyo’s daughter	By concubines: Doi Toshitaka (1619–1685) of Koga Domain Doi Katsumasa Doi Toshinaga (1631–1696) of Nishio Domain Doi Toshifusa (1631–1683) of Ōno Domain Doi Toshinao (1637–1677) of Ōwa Domain Katsuhime married Ikoma Takatoshi of Yashima Domain Kazuhime married Hori Naotsugu (1614–1638) of Murakami Domain Katsuhime married Matsudaira Yorishige of Takamatsu Domain Inuhime married Inoue Yoshimasa Kahime married Nasu Sukemitsu (1628–1687) of Karasuyama Domain
	Goto Hiroyo		Juny 24, 1606	March 14, 1680	Ohashi-no-Tsubone, Aoyama Masanaga’s daughter
	Tokugawa Iemitsu, 3rd Shogun	Daiyūin-dono zosho	August 12, 1604	June 8, 1651	Lady Kasuga	Takako (1622–1683), Takatsukasa Nobufusa’s daughter	By concubines: Chiyohime (1637–1699) married Tokugawa Mitsutomo of Owari Domain Tokugawa Ietsuna, 4th Shogun Kamematsu (1643–1647) Tokugawa Tsunashige of Kofu Domain Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, 5th Shogun Tsurumatsu (1647–1648)

Adopted children

Image	Name	Posthumous Name	Birth	Death	Parents	Marriage	Issue
	Matsudaira Ieharu	Torin’in dokaisosakudaizenzomon	1579	April 15, 1592	Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain Kamehime
	Okudaira Tadamasa of Kanō Domain	Oyamahoei Kokoku-in	1580	August 7, 1614	Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain Kamehime	Yoshun’in-dono, Satomi Yoshiyori (1543–1587)’s daughter	Okudaira Tadataka (1608–1632) of Kano Domain
	Matsudaira Tadaaki of Himeji Domain	Tenshoin shingangentetsudaikoji	1583	May 1, 1644	Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain Kamehime	first: Oda Nobukane of Kaibara Domain's daughter Second: Koide Yoshimasa (1565–1613) of Izushi Domain's daughter	From Concubines: Matsudaira Tadahiro (1631–1700) of Yamagata Domain Matsudaira Kiyomichi (1634–1645) of Himejishinden Domain Murihime married Nabeshima Tadanao (1613–1635) later married Nabeshima Naozumi of Hasunoike Domain daughter married Okubo Tadamoto (1604–1670) of Karatsu Domain daughter married Kyogoku Takatomo (1623–1674) of Mineyama Domain daughter married Shijo Takasube (1611–1647) daughter married Sakakibara Kiyoteru daughter married Osawa Naochika (1624–1681)
	Matehime	Yojuin	1589	May 5, 1638	Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain	First: Fukushima Masayuki (1858–1608) Second: Tsugaru Nobuhira of Hirosaki Domain	By First: Daidōji Naohide II (1606–1636) By Second: Tsugaru Nobufusa (1620–1662) of Kuroishi Domain
	Ei-hime	Dairyō-in	1585	March 1, 1635	Hoshina Masanao Takehime (1553–1618; ieyasu's half-sister)	Kuroda Nagamasa of Fukuoka Domain	Kuroda Tadayuki (1602–1654) of Fukuoka Domain Tokuko married Sakakibara Tadatsugu (1605–1665) of Himeji Domain Kuroda Nagaoki (1610–1665) of Akizuki Domain Kuroda Takamasa (1612–1639) of Torenji Domain Kameko married Ikeda Teruoki (1611–1647) of Ako Domain
	Kumahime	Kōshō-in	1595	April 12, 1632	Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain Tatsu (Okudaira Sadatomo {d.1585}’s daughter)	Yamauchi Tadayoshi (1592–1665) of Tosa Domain	Yamauchi Tadatoyo of Tosa Domain Yamauchi Tadanao of Tosa-Nakamura Domain Kiyohime married Matsushita Nagatsuna (1610–1658) of Miharu Domain
	Renhime	Chōju-in	1582	August 24, 1652	Matsudaira Yasunao (1569–1593) of Fukaya Domain Honda Hirotaka’s daughter	Arima Toyouji (1569–1642) of Kurume Domain	Arima Tadayori (1603–1655) of Kurume Domain Arima Nobukata Arima Yoritsugu (1611–1649)
	Kunihime	Eijuin	1595	April 10, 1649	Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain Kumahime (1577–1626; Matsudaira Nobuyasu’s daughter)	First: Hori Tadatoshi (1596–1622) of Takada Domain Second: Arima Naozumi of Nobeaka Domain	by Second: Arima Yasuzumi (1613–1692) of Nobeaka Domain Arima Zumimasa daughter married Honda Masakatsu (1614–1671) of Koriyama Domain Daughter adopted by Honda Masakatsu daughter married Akimoto Tomitomo (1610–1657) of Yamura Domain
	Kamehime	Enshō-in	1597	November 29, 1643	Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain Kumahime (1577–1626; Matsudaira Nobuyasu’s daughter)	First: Ogawara Tadanaga (1595–1615) Second: Ogasawara Tadazane of Kokura Domain	By First: Shigehime (d.1655) married Hachisuka Tadateru of Tokushima Domain Ogasawara Nagatsugu (1615–1666) of Nakatsu Domain By second: Ogasawara Nagayasu (1618–1667) Ichimatsuhime (b.1627) married Kuroda Mitsuyuki (1628–1707) of Fukuoka Domain Ogasawara Naganobu (1631–1663) Tomohime married Matsudaira Yorimoto (1629–1693) of Nukada Domain Daughter
	Manhime	Kyōdaiin	1592	February 7, 1666	Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569–1615) of Matsumoto Domain Tokuhime (1576–1607; Matsudaira Nobuyasu’s daughter)	Hachisuka Yoshishige of Tokushima Domain	Hachisuka Tadateru of Tokushima Domain Mihohime (1603–1632) married Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602–1632) of Okayama Domain Manhime (1614–1683) married Mizuno Narisada (1603–1650)
	Tsubakihime	Kyusho-in			Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain	First: Tanaka Tadamasa (1585–1620) of Yanagawa Domain Second: Matsudaira Narishige (1594–1633) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain
		Jomyo-in			Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain	First: Nakamura Kazutada (1590–1609) of Yonogo Domain Second: Mōri Hidemoto of Chofu Domain
	Hanahime	Tobai-in		August 2, 1639	Matsudaira Yasuchika (1521–1683), Ebara Masahide's daughter	Ii Naomasa of Hikone Domain	Ii Naokatsu of Annaka Domain Masako married Matsudaira Tadayoshi of Oshi Domain Kotoko’in married Date Hidemune of Uwajima Domain
		Ryuko-in			Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain	Suganuma Sadayori (1576–1605) of Nagashima Domain
	Kikuhime	Kogen’in	1588	October 28, 1661	Abe Nagamori (1568–1632) of Ogaki Domain Matsudaira Kiyomune (1538–1605) of Hachiman'yama Domain's daughter	Nabeshima Katsushige of Saga Domain	Ichihime married Uesugi Sadakatsu (1604–1645) of Yonezawa Domain Tsuruhime married Takeu Shigetoki (1608–1669) Mitsuchiyo Nabeshima Tadanao (1613–1635) Nabeshima Naozumi of Hasunoike Domain Hojoin married Isahaya Shigetoshi (1608–1652) Nabeshima Naohiro (1618–1661) of Shiroishi-Nabeshima clan daughter married Kakomi Tsunatoshi Nabeshima Naotomo (1622–1709) of Kashima Domain Priest Kyōkō daughter married Nabeshima Naohiro Kakomi Naonaga
	Kanahime	Shōjō-in	1582	November 3, 1656	Mizuno Tadashige	Katō Kiyomasa of Kumamoto Domain	Yasohime (1601–1666) married Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain
	Yōhime	Teishō-in	1591	August 10, 1664	Hoshina Masanao Takehime (1553–1618, Ieyasu's half-sister)	Koide Yoshihide (1587–1666) of Izushi Domain	Taitō Daughter Married Miura Katsushige (1605–1631) of Shimōsa-Miura Domain later Yamauchi Katsutada Koide Yoshishige (1607–1674) of Izushi Domain Daughter Daughter Hoshina Masahide (1611–1678) Koide Hidemoto Koide Hidenobu Kogaku-in married Tachibana Tanenaga (1625–1711) of Miike Domain Daughter Married Matsudaira Nobuyuki (1631–1686) of Koga Domain
		Seigen'in			Hoshina Masanao Takehime (1553–1618, Ieyasu's half-sister)	Anbe Nobumori (1584–1674) of Okabe Domain	Anbe Nobuyuki (1604–1683) of Okabe Domain
		Shosen'in		1642	Makino Yasunari (1555–1610) of Ogo Domain	Fukushima Masanori of Hiroshima Domain	daughter married Minase Kanetoshi daughter married Ono Inuoemon
					Matsudaira Iekiyo of Yoshida Domain	Asano Nagashige (1588–1632) of Kasama Domain	Asano Naganao of Ako Domain daughter married Asano Nagaharu (1614–1675) of Miyoshi Domain daughter married Matsudaira Tadatake
		Shoshitsu'in			Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain	First: Osuga Tadamasa (1581–1607) of Yokosuka Domain Second: Suganuma Sadayoshi (1587–1643) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain	by First: Sakakibara (Osuga) Tadatsugu (1605–1665) of Himeji Domain By Second: Suganuma Sadaakira (1625–1647) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain daughter married Ogasawara Naganori (1624–1678) of Yoshida Domain
		Dōsen-in			Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain	Okabe Nagamori (1568–1632) of Ōgaki Domain	Okabe Nobukatsu (1597–1668) of Kishiwada Domain
					Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain Tatsu (Okudaira Sadatomo {d.1585}’s daughter)	Nakagawa Hisanori (1594–1653) of Oka Domain	Nakagawa Hisakiyo (1615–1681) of Oka Domain
	Komatsuhime	Dairen-in	1573	March 27, 1620	Honda Tadakatsu of Kuwana Domain	Sanada Nobuyuki of Matsushiro Domain	Manhime married Koriki Tadafusa of Shimabara Domain Masahime married Sakuma Katsumune (1589–1616) Sanada Nobumasa (1597–1658) of Matsushiro Domain Sanada Nobushige (1599–1648) of Hashina Domain

Ancestry

Ancestors of Tokugawa Ieyasu[44]
8. Matsudaira Nobutada (1490–1531) 4. Matsudaira Kiyoyasu (1511–1535) 9. Mizuno 2. Matsudaira Hirotada (1526–1549) 5. Aoki 1. Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1st Tokugawa Shōgun 12. Mizuno Kiyotada (d. 1509) 6. Mizuno Tadamasa (1493–1543) 3. O-dainokata (1528–1602) 7. Keyōin (1492–1560)

Ieyasu in popular culture

See also: People of the Sengoku period in popular culture

In James Clavell's historical-novel Shōgun, Tokugawa served as basis for the character of "Toranaga". Toranaga was portrayed by Toshiro Mifune in the 1980 TV mini-series adaptation.

Hyouge Mono (へうげもの) is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Yamada. It was adapted into an anime series in 2011, and includes a fictional depiction of Tokugawa's life...

In Sengoku Basara game and anime series, he was shown with Honda Tadakatsu. In earlier games, he was armed with spears and led countless warriors, in later ones, he discards the spear and fights with his fists (similar to Boxing fighting style) and wants Japan united under the force of bonds.

Tokugawa is the leader of Japan in Sid Meier's Civilization IV. He is an aggressive and organized leader with an emphasis on mercantilism.

Honnōji theory

Among the many conspiracies surrounding the Honnō-ji Incident is Ieyasu's role in the event. Historically, Ieyasu was away from his lord at the time and, when he heard that Nobunaga was in danger, he wanted to rush to his lord's rescue in spite of the small number of attendants with him. However, Tadakatsu advised for his lord to avoid the risk and urged for a quick retreat to Mikawa. Masanari led the way through Iga and they returned home by boat.

However, skeptics think otherwise. While they usually accept the historically known facts about Ieyasu's actions during Mitsuhide's betrayal, theorists tend to pay more attention to the events before. Ever since Ieyasu lost his wife and son due to Nobunaga's orders, they reason, he held a secret resentment against his lord. Generally, there is some belief that he privately goaded Mitsuhide to take action when the two warlords were together in Azuchi Castle. Together, they planned when to attack and went their separate ways. When the deed was done, Ieyasu turned a blind eye to Mitsuhide's schemes and fled the scene to feign innocence. A variation of the concept states that Ieyasu was well aware of Mitsuhide's feelings regarding Nobunaga and simply chose to do nothing for his own benefit.

See also

• Shitennō (Tokugawa clan)
• East Asian age reckoning
• List of Tōshō-gū
• Testament of Ieyasu

Notes

1. Perez, Louis G. (1998). The history of Japan. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-00793-4. OCLC 51689128.
2. "Japan - The bakuhan system". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
3. "Iyeyasu". Encyclopedia.com.
4. "Iyeyasu". Merriam-Webster.
5. Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Osprey Publishing. pp. 5–9. ISBN 9781849085748.
6. McLynn, Frank (November 10, 2009). Heroes & Villains: Inside the minds of the greatest warriors in history. Random House. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-4090-7034-4.
7. Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. Arms and Armour Press. p. 35. ISBN 0853688265.
8. Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1720-X, pp. 85, 234; n.b., Screech explains

   Minamoto-no-Ieyasu was born in Tenbun 11, on the 26th day of the 12th month (1542) and he died in Genna 2, on the 17th day of the 4th month (1616); and thus, his contemporaries would have said that he lived 75 years. In this period, children were considered one year old at birth and became two the following New Year's Day; and all people advanced a year that day, not on their actual birthday.

9. Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Osprey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781849085748.
10. Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 215. ISBN 1854095234.
11. Turnbull, Stephen R. (1977). The Samurai: A Military History. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. p. 144.
12. Pitelka, Morgan (2015). Spectacular Accumulation: Material Culture, Tokugawa Ieyasu, and Samurai Sociability. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824851576.
13. Brinkley, Frank & Kikuchi (1912). A History of the Japanese People From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-1304-5.
14. Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1720-X, p. 82.
15. Sansom, Sir George Bailey (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 353. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.
16. Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battle of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 67–78. ISBN 0853688265.
17. Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. pp. 222–223. ISBN 1854095234.
18. Turnbull, Stephen (August 20, 2012). Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the barricades. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-78200-229-1.
19. Sadler, p. 164.
20. Nutall, Zelia. (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan, p. 2
21. "Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King". The New York Times, November 3, 1930, p. 6.
22. Sadler, p. 187
23. Titsingh, Isaac (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 405.
24. Titsingh, Isaac (1822). Illustrations of Japan. London: Ackerman, p. 409.
25. Van Wolferen, Karel (1990). The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation. New York: Vintage Books. p. 28. ISBN 0-679-72802-3.
26. "Japan – The bakuhan system". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
27. Milton, Giles. Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003.
28. Nutail, Zelia (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 6–45.
29. Milton, Giles. Samurai William : the Englishman Who Opened Japan. p. 265. Quoting Le P. Valentin Carvalho, S.J.
30. Murdoch, James; Yamagata, Isoh (1903). A History of Japan. Kelly & Walsh. p. 500.
31. Mullins, Mark R. (1990). "Japanese Pentecostalism and the World of the Dead: a Study of Cultural Adaptation in Iesu no Mitama Kyokai". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 17 (4): 353–374.
32. JAANUS / Gongen-zukuri 權現造
33. Goethals, George R.; Sorenson, Georgia (March 19, 2004). Encyclopedia of leadership: A-E. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-2597-2.
34. "Jyoukouji:The silk coloured portrait of wife of Takatsugu Kyogoku". May 6, 2011. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
35. Sansom, George, A History of Japan, 1615–1867, Stanford University Press. 1960, p. 9
36. Frederic, Louis, Daily Live in Japan at the Time of the Samurai, 1185–1603, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc., Rutland, Vermont, 1973, p. 180
37. Leonard, Jonathan, Early Japan, Time-Life Books, New York, c1968, p.162
38. Sansom, G. B., The Western World and Japan, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland and Tokyo, 1950, p. 132
39. Sadler, p. 344.
40. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794–1969, p. 418.
41. OldTokyo.com: Tōshō-gū Shrine; American Forum for Global Education, JapanProject Archived 2012-12-31 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 2012-11-1.
42. Storry, Richard. (1982). A History of Modern Japan, p. 60
43. Thomas, J. E. (1996). Modern Japan: a social history since 1868, ISBN 0582259614, p. 4.
44. "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). Retrieved December 17, 2017.

Bibliography

• Sadler, A. L. (1937). The Maker of Modern Japan.

Further reading

• Bolitho, Harold (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0. OCLC 185685588.
• McClain, James (1991). The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• McLynn, Frank (2008). The Greatest Shogun, BBC History Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp 52–53.
• あおもりの文化財 徳川家康自筆日課念仏 – 青森県庁ホームページ
• Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.
• Totman, Conrad D. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 279623.

External links

• The Christian Century in Japan, by Charles Boxer
• Media related to Tokugawa Ieyasu at Wikimedia Commons

Military offices
Preceded by Sengoku period	Shōgun: Tokugawa Ieyasu 1603–1605	Succeeded by Tokugawa Hidetada