Timeline of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual hurricane season in the north Atlantic Ocean. It as an above-average season for tropical cyclones for the third consecutive year. Though the season officially began on June 1, 2018 and ended November 30, 2018, dates adopted by convention and historically describe the period during each year when most tropical cyclones form,[1] it effectively started with the formation of Tropical Storm Alberto on May 25.[2] The season's final storm, Hurricane Oscar, dissipated on October 31.[3]

Main article: 2018 Atlantic hurricane season
Timeline of the
2018 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Season boundaries
First system formedMay 25, 2018
Last system dissipatedOctober 31, 2018
Strongest system
NameMichael
Maximum winds160 mph (260 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure919 mbar (hPa; 27.14 inHg)
Longest lasting system
NameFlorence
Duration17.75 days
Storm articles

The year produced sixteen tropical depressions, all but one of which further intensified into named tropical storms. Of the fifteen named storms, eight developed into hurricanes, and two further intensified into major hurricanes, which are rated Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. These two major hurricanes contributed to a majority of the season's severe destruction and loss of life, mainly in the United States.

Hurricane Florence formed near Cabo Verde on August 31, steered toward the west-northwest with little exception by a large area of high pressure to its north. The cyclone strengthened amid favorable environmental factors, becoming a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) at its peak, but weakening occurred before Florence struck the coastline of North Carolina near Wrightsville Beach on September 14, with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Florence dealt a devastating blow to the Carolinas as it meandered across the region. Catastrophic, record-breaking flooding contributed to a majority of the storm's $24 billion in damage and 52 deaths, though significant storm surge along the coastline as well as an inland tornado outbreak caused severe damage as well.[4] In early October, Hurricane Michael formed in the western Caribbean Sea, resulting in significant flooding across Central America and Cuba. However, the majority of the storm's impact was felt in the Florida Panhandle, where Michael struck the coastline near Mexico Beach as a Category 5 hurricane, with winds of 160 mph (260 km/h). This constituted the first landfall of a Category 5 hurricane in the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and only the fifth in recorded history, alongside "Labor Day", Camille, and "Okeechobee". In addition, Michael became the third deepest by atmospheric pressure, the fourth strongest by maximum winds, and the latest Category 5 hurricane to strike the United States on record. Michael killed 74 people and caused $25 billion in damage.[5]

This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.

By convention, meteorologists one time zone when issuing forecasts and making observations: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and also use the 24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).[6] In this time line, all information is listed by UTC first with the respective local time included in parentheses.

Timeline
Hurricane MichaelHurricane Leslie (2018)Tropical Storm Kirk (2018)Tropical Storm Gordon (2018)Hurricane FlorenceHurricane BerylTropical Storm Alberto (2018)Saffir–Simpson scale

May

May 25

May 26

  • 18:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. CDT) at 22.6°N 85.3°W / 22.6; -85.3 – The subtropical depression intensifies into Subtropical Storm Alberto roughly 60 miles (95 km) north-northwest of the western tip of Cuba.[2]
Storm path of Tropical Storm Alberto

May 28

May 29

May 31

June

June 1

  • The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season officially begins.[1]
  • No tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean during the month of June.

July

July 4

Hurricane Beryl on July 6

July 5

July 6

July 7

July 8

Chris as an intensifying Category 1 hurricane on July 10

July 10

  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 32.9°N 73.5°W / 32.9; -73.5 – Tropical Storm Chris intensifies into a Category 1 hurricane roughly 200 miles (320 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[8]

July 11

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT July 10) at 33.9°N 71.9°W / 33.9; -71.9 – Hurricane Chris rapidly intensifies into a Category 2 hurricane and simultaneously attains its peak intensity with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a pressure of 969 mbar (hPa; 28.62 inHg) approximately 240 miles (385 km) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[8]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 37.0°N 66.8°W / 37.0; -66.8 – Hurricane Chris weakens to a Category 1 hurricane about 340 miles (545 km) northwest of Bermuda.[8]

July 12

July 14

  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 35.6°N 66.2°W / 35.6; -66.2 – The remnants of Beryl regenerate into a subtropical storm about 245 miles (395 km) northwest of Bermuda.[7]

July 16

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST July 15) at 38.3°N 63.1°W / 38.3; -63.1 – Subtropical Storm Beryl degenerates to a remnant low roughly 430 miles (690 km) north of Bermuda.[7]

August
Storm path of Tropical Storm Debby

August 7

August 8

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST August 7) at 39.7°N 49.2°W / 39.7; -49.2 – Subtropical Storm Debby transitions into a tropical storm about 960 miles (1,545 km) west of the westernmost Azores.[9]

August 9

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST August 8) at 42.4°N 47.2°W / 42.4; -47.2 – Tropical Storm Debby attains its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a pressure of 998 mbar (hPa; 29.47 inHg) roughly 420 miles (675 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[9]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 45.1°N 42.0°W / 45.1; -42.0 – Tropical Storm Debby degenerates to a remnant low approximately 545 miles (875 km) east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[9]

August 15

  • 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 37.4°N 45.7°W / 37.4; -45.7 – Subtropical Depression Five develops about 745 miles (1,200 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[10]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 37.8°N 45.9°W / 37.8; -45.9 – Subtropical Depression Five intensifies into Subtropical Storm Ernesto roughly 710 miles (1,145 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[10]
Storm path of Tropical Storm Ernesto

August 16

  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 41.5°N 43.8°W / 41.5; -43.8 – Subtropical Storm Ernesto attains peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) approximately 585 miles (940 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[10]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 42.4°N 42.1°W / 42.4; -42.1 – Subtropical Storm Ernesto transitions into a tropical storm about 615 miles (990 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[10]

August 17

  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 48.3°N 31.8°W / 48.3; -31.8 – Tropical Storm Ernesto attains a minimum pressure of 1003 mbar (hPa; 29.62 inHg) roughly 1,000 miles (1,610 km) east-northeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[10]

August 18

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST August 17) at 49.8°N 27.7°W / 49.8; -27.7 – Tropical Storm Ernesto degenerates to a remnant low approximately 805 miles (1,295 km) north-northeast of the Azores.[10]

August 31

September
Gordon shortly before landfall on September 4.

September 1

  • 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 14.3°N 26.1°W / 14.3; -26.1 – Tropical Depression Six intensifies into Tropical Storm Florence roughly 125 miles (205 km) west-southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde archipelago.[4]

September 3

September 4

September 5

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 4) at 20.4°N 43.4°W / 20.4; -43.4 – Hurricane Florence intensifies into a Category 2 hurricane approximately 1,190 miles (1,915 km) east-northeast of the Lesser Antilles.[4]
  • 03:15 UTC (10:15 p.m. CDT September 4) at 30.4°N 88.5°W / 30.4; -88.5 – Tropical Storm Gordon attains its peak intensity with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a pressure of 996 mbar (hPa; 29.42 inHg), simultaneously making its second and final landfall just west of the Alabama–Mississippi border.[11]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 21.7°N 45.2°W / 21.7; -45.2 – Hurricane Florence rapidly intensifies into a Category 3 hurricane about 1,095 miles (1,760 km) northeast of the Lesser Antilles.[4]
  • 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) at 31.9°N 89.8°W / 31.9; -89.8 – Tropical Storm Gordon weakens to a tropical depression roughly 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Jackson, Mississippi.[11]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 22.4°N 46.2°W / 22.4; -46.2 – Hurricane Florence rapidly intensifies into a Category 4 hurricane approximately 1,380 miles (2,220 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[4]

September 6

September 7

Hurricane Helene on September 11

September 8

September 9

Storm path of Hurricane Isaac

September 10

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 9) at 14.5°N 41.0°W / 14.5; -41.0 – Tropical Storm Isaac intensifies into a Category 1 hurricane, attaining its peak intensity with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a pressure of 995 mbar (hPa; 29.39 inHg), approximately 1,085 miles (1,745 km) west of Cabo Verde.[13]
  • 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 24.7°N 58.4°W / 24.7; -58.4 – Hurricane Florence re-intensifies into a Category 2 hurricane about 650 miles (1,045 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[4]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 24.9°N 59.5°W / 24.9; -59.5 – Hurricane Florence re-intensifies into a Category 3 hurricane roughly 600 miles (965 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[4]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 14.4°N 29.4°W / 14.4; -29.4 – Hurricane Helene intensifies into a Category 2 hurricane approximately 395 miles (635 km) west of Praia, Cabo Verde.[12]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 25.2°N 60.6°W / 25.2; -60.6 – Hurricane Florence re-intensifies into a Category 4 hurricane about 550 miles (885 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[4]
Hurricane Florence at peak strength on September 11.

September 11

September 12

September 13

  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT) at 33.1°N 75.1°W / 33.1; -75.1 – Hurricane Florence weakens to a Category 2 hurricane approximately 175 miles (280 km) southeast of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina.[4]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 24.1°N 37.4°W / 24.1; -37.4 – Hurricane Helene weakens to a tropical storm about 1,105 miles (1,780 km) northwest of Praia, Cabo Verde.[12]

September 14

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 13) at 33.1°N 44.4°W / 33.1; -44.4 – Subtropical Storm Joyce transitions into a tropical storm roughly 850 miles (1,370 km) southwest of the Azores.[14]
  • 11:15 UTC (7:15 a.m. EDT) at 34.2°N 77.8°W / 34.2; -77.8 – Hurricane Florence weakens to a Category 1 hurricane while making landfall near Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).[4]
Storm path of Tropical Storm Joyce

September 15

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT September 14) at 33.9°N 78.8°W / 33.9; -78.8 – Hurricane Florence weakens to a tropical storm approximately 10 miles (15 km) northwest of North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[4]
  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 14) at 15.4°N 69.0°W / 15.4; -69.0 – Tropical Storm Isaac weakens to a tropical depression about 215 miles (345 km) south-southeast of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.[13]
  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 14) – Tropical Storm Joyce attains its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a pressure of 995 mbar (hPa; 29.39 inHg) roughly 900 miles (1,450 km) south-southwest of the Azores.[14]
  • 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) – Tropical Depression Isaac dissipates approximately 230 miles (370 km) south-southwest of the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico.[13]

September 16

September 17

September 19

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 18) at 30.4°N 27.9°W / 30.4; -27.9 – Tropical Depression Joyce degenerates to a remnant area of low pressure roughly 475 miles (765 km) south of the Azores.[14]
Storm path of Tropical Depression Eleven

September 21

September 22

September 23

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 22) – Tropical Depression Eleven dissipates about 345 miles (555 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[15]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 9.2°N 29.3°W / 9.2; -29.3 – Tropical Storm Kirk degenerates to a tropical wave roughly 555 miles (890 km) southwest of Praia, Cabo Verde.[16]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 33.2°N 46.5°W / 33.2; -46.5 – Subtropical Storm Leslie develops approximately 945 miles (1,520 km) southwest of the Azores.[17]

September 25

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 24) at 32.7°N 47.2°W / 32.7; -47.2 – Subtropical Storm Leslie weakens to a subtropical depression about 1,000 miles (1,610 km) southwest of the Azores.[17]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 31.7°N 45.2°W / 31.7; -45.2 – Subtropical Depression Leslie transitions into an extratropical cyclone roughly 940 miles (1,515 km) southwest of the Azores.[17]
Tropical Storm Kirk near peak intensity on September 26.

September 26

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 25) at 11.5°N 50.3°W / 11.5; -50.3 – The remnants of Kirk regenerate into a tropical storm approximately 520 miles (835 km) east-southeast of Barbados.[16]
  • 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 12.1°N 53.6°W / 12.1; -53.6& – Tropical Storm Kirk attains peak winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) about 405 miles (650 km) east-southeast of Barbados.[16]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 12.5°N 55.0°W / 12.5; -55.0 – Tropical Storm Kirk attains a minimum pressure of 998 mbar (hPa; 29.47 inHg) roughly 305 miles (490 km) east-southeast of Barbados.[16]

September 28

September 29

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST September 28) – Tropical Storm Kirk degenerates to a tropical wave a few hundred miles south of the United States Virgin Islands.[16]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 34.3°N 51.3°W / 34.3; -51.3 – Subtropical Storm Leslie transitions into a tropical storm about 1,160 miles (1,865 km) southwest of the Azores.[17]

October
Storm path of Hurricane Leslie

October 3

  • 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 29.6°N 56.8°W / 29.6; -56.8 – Tropical Storm Leslie intensifies into a Category 1 hurricane roughly 510 miles (820 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[17]

October 4

October 7

October 8

  • 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT) at 20.9°N 85.1°W / 20.9; -85.1 – Tropical Storm Michael intensifies into a Category 1 hurricane approximately 65 miles (100 km) south of the western tip of Cuba.[5]

October 9

Michael minutes before moving ashore as a Category 5 hurricane on October 10

October 10

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST October 9) at 29.8°N 42.7°W / 29.8; -42.7 – Tropical Storm Leslie re-intensifies into a Category 1 hurricane roughly 1,320 miles (2,125 km) east of Bermuda.[17]
  • 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 11.8°N 30.9°W / 11.8; -30.9 – Tropical Storm Nadine attains its peak intensity with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 995 mbar (hPa; 29.39 inHg) approximately 540 miles (870 km) southwest of Praia, Cabo Verde.[18]
  • 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. CDT) at 27.7°N 86.6°W / 27.7; -86.6 – Hurricane Michael intensifies into a Category 4 hurricane about 235 miles (380 km) southwest of Tallahassee, Florida.[5]
  • 17:30 UTC (12:30 p.m. CDT) at 30.0°N 85.5°W / 30.0; -85.5 – Hurricane Michael intensifies into a Category 5 hurricane and simultaneously attains its peak intensity with maximum winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 919 mbar (hPa; 27.14 inHg). At this time, the powerful cyclone also makes landfall near Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida, becoming the fourth strongest, third deepest, and latest Category 5 hurricane to strike the United States in recorded history.[5]
  • 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) at 30.2°N 85.4°W / 30.2; -85.4 – Hurricane Michael weakens to a Category 4 hurricane roughly 15 miles (25 km) northeast of Panama City, Florida.[5]
Storm path of Tropical Storm Nadine

October 11

October 12

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST October 11) at 30.4°N 35.2°W / 30.4; -35.2 – Hurricane Leslie attains its peak intensity with maximum winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (hPa; 28.59 inHg) roughly 670 miles (1,080 km) southwest of the Azores.[17]
  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT October 11) at 36.5°N 77.7°W / 36.5; -77.7 – Tropical Storm Michael transitions into an extratropical cyclone approximately 15 miles (25 km) southwest of Emporia, Virginia.[5]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 16.2°N 37.0°W / 16.2; -37.0 – Tropical Storm Nadine weakens to a tropical depression about 900 miles (1,450 km) west of Praia, Cabo Verde.[18]

October 13

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST October 12) – Tropical Depression Nadine degenerates to a tropical wave roughly 865 miles (1,320 km) west of Cabo Verde.[18]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 39.3°N 10.5°W / 39.3; -10.5 – Hurricane Leslie transitions into an extratropical cyclone approximately 85 miles (140 km) west-northwest of Libson, Portugal.[17]

October 26

October 27

  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 27.1°N 49.9°W / 27.1; -49.9 – Subtropical Storm Oscar transitions into a tropical storm roughly 1,365 miles (2,195 km) southwest of the Azores.[3]
Oscar as an intensifying hurricane on October 29

October 28

  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 25.7°N 54.8°W / 25.7; -54.8 – Tropical Storm Oscar intensifies into a Category 1 hurricane approximately 1,655 miles (2,665 km) southwest of the Azores.[3]

October 29

  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 26.2°N 58.5°W / 26.2; -58.5 – Hurricane Oscar intensifies into a Category 2 hurricane about 565 miles (910 km) southeast of Bermuda.[3]

October 30

  • 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST October 29) at 27.0°N 58.5°W / 27.0; -58.5 – Hurricane Oscar attains its peak intensity with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 966 mbar (hPa; 28.53 inHg) roughly 520 miles (835 km) southeast of Bermuda.[3]
  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 30.3°N 57.3°W / 30.3; -57.3 – Hurricane Oscar weakens to a Category 1 hurricane approximately 465 miles (750 km) east-southeast of Bermuda.[3]

October 31

  • 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 38.0°N 50.5°W / 38.0; -50.5 – Hurricane Oscar transitions into an extratropical cyclone about 905 miles (1,455 km) northeast of Bermuda.[3]

November
  • No tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean during the month of November.

November 30

  • The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season officially ends.[1]
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See also

References
  1. Dorst, Neal (June 1, 2018). "Hurricane Season Information". Frequently Asked Questions About Hurricanes. Miami, Florida: NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  2. Berg, Robbie (October 18, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Alberto (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  3. Brown, Daniel (February 19, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Oscar (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  4. Stewart, Stacy; Berg, Robbie (May 3, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Florence (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  5. Beven, John; Berg, Robbie; Hagen, Andrew (April 19, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  6. "Understanding the Date/Time Stamps". miami, Florida: NOAA National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  7. Avila, Lixion; Fritz, Cody (September 20, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Beryl (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
  8. Blake, Eric (December 14, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Chris (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 21, 2019.
  9. Pasch, Richard (March 28, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Debby (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  10. Beven, John (April 2, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Ernesto (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  11. Brown, Daniel; Latto, Andrew; Berg, Robbie (February 19, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Gordon (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  12. Cangialosi, John (December 13, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Helene (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  13. Zelinsky, David (January 30, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isaac (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  14. Berg, Robbie (January 30, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Joyce (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  15. Avila, Lixion (November 9, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Depression Eleven (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  16. Blake, Eric (January 29, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Kirk (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  17. Pasch, Richard; Roberts, David (March 29, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Leslie (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  18. Stewart, Stacy (March 22, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Nadine (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 5, 2019.

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