Telomerase RNA component

Telomerase RNA component, also known as TR, TER or TERC, is an ncRNA found in eukaryotes that is a component of telomerase, the enzyme used to extend telomeres.[2][3] TERC serves as a template for telomere replication (reverse transcription) by telomerase. Telomerase RNAs differ greatly in sequence and structure between vertebrates, ciliates and yeasts, but they share a 5' pseudoknot structure close to the template sequence. The vertebrate telomerase RNAs have a 3' H/ACA snoRNA-like domain.[4][5][6]

TERC
Identifiers
AliasesTERC, DKCA1, PFBMFT2, SCARNA19, TR, TRC3, hTR, Telomerase RNA component
External IDsOMIM: 602322 GeneCards: TERC
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

7012

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed search[1]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human
Vertebrate telomerase RNA
Identifiers
SymbolTelomerase-vert
RfamRF00024
Other data
RNA typeGene
Domain(s)Eukaryote; Virus
PDB structuresPDBe
Ciliate telomerase RNA
Identifiers
SymbolTelomerase-cil
RfamRF00025
Other data
RNA typeGene
Domain(s)Eukaryote
PDB structuresPDBe
Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase RNA
Identifiers
SymbolSacc_telomerase
RfamRF01050
Other data
RNA typeGene
Domain(s)Eukaryote
PDB structuresPDBe

Structure

TERC is a Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ranging in length from ~150nt in ciliates to 400-600nt in vertebrates, and 1,300nt in yeast (Alnafakh). Mature human TERC (hTR) is 451nt in length.[7] TERC has extensive secondary structural features over 4 principal conserved domains.[8] The core domain, the largest domain at the 5’ end of TERC, contains the CUAAC Telomere template sequence. Its secondary structure consists of a large loop containing the template sequence, a P1 loop-closing helix, and a P2/P3 pseudoknot.[9] The core domain and CR4/CR5 conserved domain associate with TERT, and are the only domains of TERC necessary for in vitro catalytic activity of telomerase.[10] The 3’ end of TERC consists of a conserved H/ACA domain,[9] a 2 hairpin structure connected by a single-stranded hinge and bordered on the 3’ end by a single-stranded ACA sequence.[7] The H/ACA domain binds Dyskerin, GAR1, NOP10, NHP2, to form an H/ACA RNP complex.[9] The conserved CR7 domain is also localized at the 3’ end of TERC, and contains a 3nt CAB (Cajal body Localisation) box which binds TCAB1.[9]

Illustration: hTR and associated proteins of Telomerase complex

Function

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein polymerase that maintains telomere ends by addition of the telomere repeat TTAGGG. This repeat does vary across eukaryotes (see the table on the telomere article for a complete list). The enzyme consists of a protein component (TERT) with reverse transcriptase activity, and an RNA component, encoded by this gene, that serves as a template for the telomere repeat. CCCUAA found near position 50 of the vertebrate TERC sequence acts as the template. Telomerase expression plays a role in cellular senescence, as it is normally repressed in postnatal somatic cells resulting in progressive shortening of telomeres. Deregulation of telomerase expression in somatic cells may be involved in oncogenesis. Studies in mice suggest that telomerase also participates in chromosomal repair, since de novo synthesis of telomere repeats may occur at double-stranded breaks.[11] Homologs of TERC can also be found in the Gallid herpes viruses.[12]

The core domain of TERC contains the RNA template from which TERT synthesizes TTAGGG telomeric repeats.[9] Unlike in other RNPs, in telomerase, the protein TERT is catalytic while the lncRNA TERC is structural, rather than acting as a ribozyme.[13] The core region of TERC and TERT are sufficient to reconstitute catalytic telomerase activity in vitro.[9][10] The H/ACA domain of TERC recruits the Dyskerin complex (DKC1, GAR1, NOP10, NHP2), which stabilises TERC, increasing telomerase complex formation and overall catalytic activity.[9] The CR7 domain binds TCAB1, which localizes telomerase to cajal bodies, further increasing telomerase catalytic activity.[9] TERC is ubiquitously expressed, even in cells lacking telomerase activity and TERT expression.[14] As a result, various TERT-independent functional roles of TERC have been proposed. 14 genes containing a TERC binding motif are directly transcriptionally regulated by TERC through RNA-DNA triplex formation-mediated increase of expression. TERC-mediated upregulation of Lin37, Trpg1l, tyrobp, Usp16 stimulates the NF-κB pathway, resulting in increased expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines.[15]

Biosynthesis

Unlike most lncRNAs which are assembled from introns by the spliceosome, hTR is directly transcribed from a dedicated promoter site[7] located at genomic locus 3q26.2[16] by RNA polymerase II.[7] Mature hTR is 451nt in length, but approximately 1/3 of cellular hTR transcripts at steady state have ~10nt genomically encoded 3’ tails. The majority of those extended hTR species have additional oligo-A 3’ extension.[7] Processing of immature 3’-tailed hTR to mature 451nt hTR can be accomplished by direct 3’-5’ exoribonucleolytic degradation or by an indirect pathway of oligoadenylation by PAPD5, removal of 3’ oligo-A tail by the 3’-5’ RNA exonuclease PARN, and subsequent 3’-5’ exoribonucleolytic degradation.[7] Extended hTR transcripts are also degraded by the RNA exosome.[7]

The 5’ ends of hTR transcripts are also additionally processed. TGS-1 hypermethylation the 5'-methylguanosine cap to an N2,2,7 trimethylguanosine (TMG) cap, which inhibits hTR maturation.[17] Binding of the Dyskerin complex to transcribed H/ACA domains of hTR during transcription promotes termination of transcription.[7] Control of the relative rates of these various competing pathways that activate or inhibit hTR maturation is a crucial element of regulation of overall telomerase activity.

Clinical Significance

Loss of function mutations in the TERC genomic locus have been associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. Mutations in TERC have been associated with dyskeratosis congenita,[18] idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,[19] aplastic anemia, and myelodysplasia.[9] Overexpression and improper regulation of TERC have been associated with a variety of cancers. Upregulation of hTR is widely observed in patients with precancerous cervical phenotype as a result of HPV infection.[20] Overexpression of TERC enhances MDV-mediated oncogenesis,[21] and is observed in gastric carcinoma.[22] Overexpression of TERC is also observed in inflammatory conditions such as Type II diabetes and multiple sclerosis, due to TERC-mediated activation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway.[15]

TERC has been implicated as protective in osteoporosis, with its increased expression arresting the rate of osteogenesis.[23] Due to its overexpression in a range of cancer phenotypes, TERC has been investigated as a potential cancer biomarker. It was found to be an effective biomarker of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC).[24]

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References
  1. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. Feng J, Funk WD, Wang SS, Weinrich SL, Avilion AA, Chiu CP, et al. (September 1995). "The RNA component of human telomerase". Science. 269 (5228): 1236–41. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1236F. doi:10.1126/science.7544491. PMID 7544491.
  3. Jády BE, Richard P, Bertrand E, Kiss T (February 2006). "Cell cycle-dependent recruitment of telomerase RNA and Cajal bodies to human telomeres". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 17 (2): 944–54. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-09-0904. PMC 1356602. PMID 16319170.
  4. McCormick-Graham M, Romero DP (April 1995). "Ciliate telomerase RNA structural features". Nucleic Acids Research. 23 (7): 1091–7. doi:10.1093/nar/23.7.1091. PMC 306816. PMID 7739888.
  5. Lingner J, Hendrick LL, Cech TR (August 1994). "Telomerase RNAs of different ciliates have a common secondary structure and a permuted template". Genes & Development. 8 (16): 1984–98. doi:10.1101/gad.8.16.1984. PMID 7958872.
  6. Theimer CA, Feigon J (June 2006). "Structure and function of telomerase RNA". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 16 (3): 307–18. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2006.05.005. PMID 16713250.
  7. Roake CM, Chen L, Chakravarthy AL, Ferrell JE, Raffa GD, Artandi SE (May 2019). "Disruption of Telomerase RNA Maturation Kinetics Precipitates Disease". Molecular Cell. 74 (4): 688–700.e3. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.033. PMC 6525023. PMID 30930056.
  8. Alnafakh RA, Adishesh M, Button L, Saretzki G, Hapangama DK (2019). "Telomerase and Telomeres in Endometrial Cancer". Frontiers in Oncology. 9: 344. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00344. PMC 6533802. PMID 31157162.
  9. Zhang Q, Kim NK, Feigon J (December 2011). "Architecture of human telomerase RNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (51): 20325–32. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820325Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100279108. PMC 3251123. PMID 21844345.
  10. Webb CJ, Zakian VA (August 2016). "Telomerase RNA is more than a DNA template". RNA Biology. 13 (8): 683–9. doi:10.1080/15476286.2016.1191725. PMC 4993324. PMID 27245259.
  11. "Entrez Gene: TERC telomerase RNA component".
  12. Fragnet L, Kut E, Rasschaert D (June 2005). "Comparative functional study of the viral telomerase RNA based on natural mutations". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (25): 23502–15. doi:10.1074/jbc.M501163200. PMID 15811851.
  13. Wang Y, Sušac L, Feigon J (December 2019). "Structural Biology of Telomerase". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 11 (12): a032383. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a032383. PMC 6886448. PMID 31451513.
  14. Shay JW, Wright WE (May 2019). "Telomeres and telomerase: three decades of progress". Nature Reviews Genetics. 20 (5): 299–309. doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0099-1. PMID 30760854.
  15. Liu H, Yang Y, Ge Y, Liu J, Zhao Y (September 2019). "TERC promotes cellular inflammatory response independent of telomerase". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (15): 8084–8095. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz584. PMC 6735767. PMID 31294790.
  16. "OMIM Entry - * 602322 - TELOMERASE RNA COMPONENT; TERC". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  17. Chen L, Roake CM, Galati A, Bavasso F, Micheli E, Saggio I, et al. (February 2020). "Loss of Human TGS1 Hypermethylase Promotes Increased Telomerase RNA and Telomere Elongation". Cell Reports. 30 (5): 1358–1372.e5. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.004. PMC 7156301. PMID 32023455.
  18. Rich RR (2018-01-13). Clinical immunology : principles and practice (Fifth ed.). [St. Louis, Mo.] ISBN 978-0-7020-7039-6. OCLC 1023865227.
  19. Swigris JJ, Brown KK (2018-07-25). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. St. Louis. ISBN 978-0-323-54432-0. OCLC 1053744041.
  20. Liu Y, Fan P, Yang Y, Xu C, Huang Y, Li D, et al. (November 2019). "Human papillomavirus and human telomerase RNA component gene in cervical cancer progression". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15926. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915926L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52195-5. PMC 6828729. PMID 31685833.
  21. Kheimar A, Trimpert J, Groenke N, Kaufer BB (March 2019). "Overexpression of cellular telomerase RNA enhances virus-induced cancer formation". Oncogene. 38 (10): 1778–1786. doi:10.1038/s41388-018-0544-1. PMID 30846849.
  22. Heine B, Hummel M, Demel G, Stein H (June 1998). "Demonstration of constant upregulation of the telomerase RNA component in human gastric carcinomas using in situ hybridization". The Journal of Pathology. 185 (2): 139–44. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199806)185:2<139::AID-PATH79>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 9713339.
  23. Gao GC, Yang DW, Liu W (January 2020). "LncRNA TERC alleviates the progression of osteoporosis by absorbing miRNA-217 to upregulate RUNX2". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 24 (2): 526–534. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202001_20029. PMID 32016954.
  24. Storti CB, de Oliveira RA, de Carvalho M, Hasimoto EN, Cataneo DC, Cataneo AJ, et al. (February 2020). "Telomere-associated genes and telomeric lncRNAs are biomarker candidates in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC)". Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 112: 104354. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104354. PMID 31837325.

Further reading
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