Television channel frequencies

The following tables show the frequencies assigned to broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter designator for the system used. The frequencies shown are for the analogue video and audio carriers. The channel itself occupies several megahertz of bandwidth. For example, North American channel 2 occupies the spectrum from 54 to 60 MHz. See Broadcast television systems for a table of signal characteristics, including bandwidth, by ITU letter designator.

A plan showing frequency ranges for each television channel used on VHF.

VHF

Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan , Burma (Myanmar) and the Philippines

Channel 1 was finally withdrawn on June 14, 1948, and allocated to fixed and mobile services. In some countries using the standard, channels 5 and 6 are allocated to non-broadcast services. An international agreement provides for a unified television bandplan, with 6-MHz channels throughout ITU Region II for both VHF and UHF bands, except for French territories, Falkland Islands, and Greenland. Not all territories observe this bandplan.

During World War II the frequencies originally assigned as channels 13 to 18 were appropriated by the U.S. military, which still uses them. It was also decided to move the allocation for FM radio from the 42-50 MHz band to a larger 88-106 MHz band (later extended to the current 88-108 MHz FM band). This required a reassignment of the VHF channels to the plan currently in use.

North America, South America, Carribean, South Korea, Taiwan, Burma (Myanmar) the Philippines - assignments since February 25, 1946

Notes:

VHF low-band (band I)
ChannelLower edgeATSC pilotVideo carrierISDB-T/Tb centerAudio carrierUpper edge
14444.3145.2547.14285749.7550
25454.3155.2557.14285759.7560
36060.3161.2563.14285765.7566
46666.3167.2569.14285771.7572
57676.3177.2579.14285781.7582
68282.3183.2585.14285787.7588

Note: FM channel 200, 87.9 MHz, overlaps TV 6. This is used only by KSFH and K200AA. Channel 6A is only used in South Korea and the Philippines.
TV 6 analog audio can be heard on FM 87.75 on most broadcast radio receivers as well as on a European TV tuned to channel 4A or channel C, but at lower volume than wideband FM broadcast stations, because of the lower deviation. Channel 1 audio is the same as European Channel 2 audio and the video is the same as European Channel 2A. Channel 2 video is the same as European Channel 3 video.

VHF high-band (band III)
ChannelLower edgeATSC pilotVideo carrierISDB-T/Tb centerAudio carrierUpper edge
7174174.31175.25177.142857179.75180
8180180.31181.25183.142857185.75186
9186186.31187.25189.142857191.75192
10192192.31193.25195.142857197.75198
11198198.31199.25201.142857203.75204
12204204.31205.25207.142857209.75210
13210210.31211.25213.142857215.75216

Japan

Note: Basically, the frequency spacing for each channel is 6 MHz as the countries above, except between channels 7 and 8 (which overlap).

VHF low-band
ChannelLower edgeVideo carrierAudio carrierUpper edge
19091.2595.7596
29697.25101.75102
3102103.25107.75108
VHF high-band
ChannelLower edgeVideo carrierAudio carrierUpper edge
4170171.25175.75176
5176177.25181.75182
6182183.25187.75188
7188189.25193.75194
8192193.25197.75198
9198199.25203.75204
10204205.25209.75210
11210211.25215.75216
12216217.25221.75222

United Kingdom and most British Territories

System A 405 lines (discontinued in 1985)
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
145.0041.50
251.7548.25
356.7553.25
461.7558.25
566.7563.25
6179.75176.25
7184.75181.25
8189.75186.25
9194.75191.25
10199.75196.25
11204.75201.25
12209.75206.25
13214.75211.25

Republic of Ireland

System I 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
A45.7551.75
B53.7559.75
C61.7567.75
D175.25181.25
E183.25189.25
F191.25197.25
G199.25205.25
H207.25213.25
I215.25221.25
J223.25229.25

Note: Channel A was never used terrestrially. The only System I Band I transmitter on Channel B was RTÉ One from the Maghera, Co. Clare transmitter during 1963–1999. Channel A was initially intended for use at Maghera but Channel B was used instead because of the risk of interference to (overspill) reception of BBC 405 line transmissions . It was moved to Channel E due to interference from distant transmitters on channel 3 and channel itA via certain atmospheric conditions and other reasons. Channel C was used by a relay transmitter in Glanmire, Co. Cork. Channel B video is the same as Italian Channel A video and Channel C audio is the same as Channel 4 audio). There are currently no Band I Channels used in Ireland (except on cable TV, and these have mostly been phased out for DOCSIS use) and no plans to resume using them. Most Irish Cable TV systems do not follow the above channel plan as their analogue (video) carriers are usually at multiples of 8 MHz (i.e. 176, 184, 192 MHz etc. in Band III)

Western Europe, Greenland and most countries in Asia, Africa and Oceania

System B 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)[1][2]Audio carrier (MHz)
141.2546.75
1A42.2547.75
248.2553.75
2A49.7555.25
355.2560.75
462.2567.75
4A82.2587.75
5175.25180.75
6182.25187.75
7189.25194.75
8196.25201.75
9203.25208.75
10210.25215.75
11217.25222.75
12224.25229.75
  • NOTE: Channels 1 and 1A were used for early experimental broadcasts and are no longer allocated.[3]
  • NOTE: Channels 15 and 16 are allocated for use in the African Broadcasting Area only.[4]
  • Channel 2A was only ever used in Austria for the Sendeturm Jauerling to avoid interferences with neighboring Eastern European TV stations.
  • Channel 12 was reserved by the military in some countries (like Germany (West Germany only)) so only relay transmitters operated on this frequency.
  • Channel 4A audio carrier's frequency is very close to US Channel 6 audio carrier and overlaps the FM band in Europe

France

System E 819 lines (discontinued in 1986)
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
146.0042.00
252.4041.25
356.1567.30
465.5554.40
5164.00175.15
6173.40162.25
7177.15188.30
8A185.25174.10
8186.55175.40
9190.30201.45
10199.70188.55
11203.45214.60
12212.85201.70
  • NOTE: Channel 1 used an earlier 441-line system and was discontinued in 1956.
System L 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
147.7541.25
255.7549.25
360.5054.00
463.7557.25
5176.00182.50
6184.00190.50
7192.00198.50
8200.00206.50
9208.00214.50
10216.00222.50

French overseas departments and territories and former French African colonies

System K 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
252.2558.75
360.2566.75
4175.25181.75
5183.25189.75
6191.25197.75
7199.25205.75
8207.25213.75
9215.25221.75
10223.25229.75

Italy

System B 625 lines (discontinued in 2012)
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
A53.7559.25
B62.2567.75
C82.2587.75
D175.25180.75
E183.75189.25
F192.25197.75
G201.25206.75
H210.25215.75
H1217.25222.75
H2224.25229.75

Channels A through H are indicated in many European TVs as Channels 13–20. Channels B through H2 are identical to Channel E4 and up. Channel A video carrier is the same as Channel E2 video carrier and thus it used to be common that the audio from a distant TV station on channel E2 received via Sporadic E interferes with Channel A video and vice versa.

Eastern Europe, North Korea

Original OIR assignments
System D 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
I41.7548.25
II49.7556.25
III59.2565.75
IV77.2583.75
1145.25151.75
2153.25159.75
3161.25167.75
4169.25175.75
5177.25183.75
6185.25191.75
7193.25199.75
8201.25207.75
9209.25215.75
Assignments since 1965
System D 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
149.7556.25
259.2565.75
377.2583.75
485.2591.75
593.2599.75
6175.25181.75
7183.25189.75
8191.25197.75
9199.25205.75
10207.25213.75
11215.25221.75
12223.25229.75

East Germany (once DDR)

In it is very early days DFF made some test transmissions using the D/K standard (6.5 MHz audio) before reverting (around 1957) to System B/G (5.5 MHz audio) but using some unique frequencies # .

Channel Channel Limits (MHz) Vision Carrier (MHz) Main Sound Carrier (MHz)
1 (Pre 1957)41.00 - 49.0041.7548.25Identical to old OIR Ch I
2 (Pre 1957)58.50 - 66.5059.2565.75Identical to old OIR Ch III (Overlaps western channels E3 and E4)
3 (Pre 1957)99.15 - 107.1599.90106.40Overlaps part of Western FM radio broadcast band
4 (Pre 1957)144.50 - 152.50145.25151.75Overlaps 2m Amateur radio band
1 (1957-1960)58.00 - 65.0059.2564.75Same video freq as pre 1957 Ch 2 (but 5.5 MHz sound) Overlaps western channels E3 and E4
2 (1957-1960)144.00 - 151.00145.25150.75Overlaps 2m Amateur radio band
3 (1957-1960)154.00 - 161.00155.25160.75Overlaps Marine VHF radio band
E5174.00 - 181.00175.25180.75Identical to western Channel E5
E6181.00 - 188.00182.25187.75Identical to western Channel E6
E8195.00 - 202.00196.25201.75Identical to western Channel E8
E11216.00 - 223.00217.25222.75Identical to western Channel E11

# From 1960 onwards (West) European standard channels were adopted.

Morocco

System B 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
4163.25168.75
5171.25176.75
6179.25184.75
7187.25192.75
8195.25200.75
9203.25208.75
10211.25216.75

Australia

System B 625 lines (7 MHz / channel)
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
0*46.2551.75
1*57.2562.75
2*64.2569.75
3*86.2591.75
4*95.25100.75
5*102.25107.75
5A*138.25143.75
6175.25180.75
7182.25187.75
8189.25194.75
9196.25201.75
9A203.25208.75
10210.25215.75
11217.25222.75
12224.25229.75

Note

  • Channels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 5A are no longer used since the transition to Digital television.
  • With the introduction of digital TV in 2001, the last two channels were moved up by 1 MHz (some existing services affected - one example is AMV11 in the Upper Murray region of Victoria, Australia and VTV-11 in Western Victoria, due to the introduction of digital television at the time in regional Victoria) to allow a full 7 MHz for a new channel 9A and channel 12 was added following the new channel 11.

New Zealand

System B 625 lines (7 MHz / channel)
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
145.2550.75
255.2560.75
362.2567.75
4175.25180.75
5182.25187.75
6189.25194.75
7196.25201.75
8203.25208.75
9210.25215.75
10217.25222.75
11224.25229.75

VHF analog TV ceased in New Zealand on 1 December 2013.

  • NOTE: Channels 10 and 11 weren't added until the late 1980s.

Southern Africa

System I 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
143.2549.25
252.2558.25
360.2566.25
4175.25181.25Identical to Irish Channel D
5183.25189.25Identical to Irish Channel E
6191.25197.25Identical to Irish Channel F
7199.25205.25Identical to Irish Channel G
8207.25213.25Identical to Irish Channel H
9215.25221.25Identical to Irish Channel I
10223.25229.25Channels 10 to 13 are rarely used
11231.25237.25Channels 10 to 13 are rarely used
12239.25245.25Channels 10 to 13 are rarely used
13247.25253.25Channels 10 to 13 are rarely used

China (PRC)

System D 625 lines
ChannelFrequency range (MHz)Video carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)Center frequency (MHz)
Band I
148.5-56.549.7556.2552.5
256.5-64.557.7564.2560.5
364.5-72.565.7572.2568.5
476-8477.2583.7580
584-9285.2591.7588
Band III
6167-175168.25174.25171
7175-183176.25182.75179
8183-191184.25190.75187
9191-199192.25198.75195
10199-207200.25206.75203
11207-215208.25214.75211
12215-223216.25222.75219

UHF

Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan , Burma (Myanmar) and the Philippines

For frequencies used in the Americas (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines, refer to Pan-American television frequencies.

Notes
  • The frequencies used by UHF channels 70 through 83 were reallocated to the Land Mobile Radio System (Public Safety and Trunked Radio) and mobile phones in a CCIR worldwide convention in 1982, and thus were never used for digital TV but are listed here for theoretical use.
  • In certain metropolitan areas of the United States, Channels 14 through 20 have been allocated to Land Mobile Radio (LMR) use.
  • Channels 52 through 69 in the United States have been reallocated now that conversion to digital TV was completed on June 12, 2009. Channels 70 through 83 in the United States and Canada were re-allocated to AMPS cellular phone use in 1983.
  • On August 22, 2011, the United States' Federal Communications Commission announced a freeze on all future applications for broadcast stations requesting to use channel 51,[5] to prevent adjacent-channel interference to the A-Block of the 700 MHz band. Later that year (on December 16, 2011), Industry Canada and the CRTC followed suit in placing a moratorium on future television stations using Channel 51 for broadcast use, to prevent adjacent-channel interference to the A-Block of the 700 MHz band.[6]
  • Not all countries listed use ATSC, which has a single VSB carrier wave. Other countries use COFDM modulation for DVB-T (Taiwan, Colombia) or ISDB-Tb (Philippines and Latin America), which has dozens of carriers within the channel.
  • Channel 37 is reserved for radio astronomy in the United States, Canada, Bermuda, Belize, and the Bahamas, thus there are no television stations assigned to it. Mexico also informally observes a ban on transmitters using this channel.
  • Due to the FCC Repack in the United States, all TV stations that are currently broadcasting on Channel 38 to 51, are required to be moved on or below Channel 36 by July 3rd, 2020.[7] Frequencies on Channel 38-51 would soon be used by U.S. mobile carriers like T-Mobile on Band 71.[8]


System M 525 lines (most countries in the Americas and Caribbean,
South Korea, Burma (Myanmar) Taiwan and the Philippines)
System N 625 lines (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)
ChannelLower edgeATSC pilotVideo carrierISDB-T/Tb centerAudio carrierUpper edge
14470470.31471.25473.142857475.75476
15476476.31477.25479.142857481.75482
16482482.31483.25485.142857487.75488
17488488.31489.25491.142857493.75494
18494494.31495.25497.142857499.75500
500 MHz band
19500500.31501.25503.142857505.75506
20506506.31507.25509.142857511.75512
21512512.31513.25515.142857517.75518
22518518.31519.25521.142857523.75524
23524524.31525.25527.142857529.75530
24530530.31531.25533.142857535.75536
25536536.31537.25539.142857541.75542
26542542.31543.25545.142857547.75548
27548548.31549.25551.142857553.75554
28554554.31555.25557.142857559.75560
29560560.31561.25563.142857565.75566
30566566.31567.25569.142857571.75572
31572572.31573.25575.142857577.75578
32578578.31579.25581.142857583.75584
33584584.31585.25587.142857589.75590
34590590.31591.25593.142857595.75596
600 MHz band
35596596.31597.25599.142857601.75602
36602602.31603.25605.142857607.75608
37608608.31609.25611.142857613.75614
38614614.31615.25617.142857619.75620
39620620.31621.25623.142857625.75626
40626626.31627.25629.142857631.75632
41632632.31633.25635.142857637.75638
42638638.31639.25641.142857643.75644
43644644.31645.25647.142857649.75650
44650650.31651.25653.142857655.75656
45656656.31657.25659.142857661.75662
46662662.31663.25665.142857667.75668
47668668.31669.25671.142857673.75674
48674674.31675.25677.142857679.75680
49680680.31681.25683.142857685.75686
50686686.31687.25689.142857691.75692
51692692.31693.25695.142857697.75698[5][6]
700 MHz band
52698698.31699.25701.142857703.75704
53704704.31705.25707.142857709.75710
54710710.31711.25713.142857715.75716
55716716.31717.25719.142857721.75722
56722722.31723.25725.142857727.75728
57728728.31729.25731.142857733.75734
58734734.31735.25737.142857739.75740
59740740.31741.25743.142857745.75746
60746746.31747.25749.142857751.75752
61752752.31753.25755.142857757.75758
62758758.31759.25761.142857763.75764
63764764.31765.25767.142857769.75770
64770770.31771.25773.142857775.75776
65776776.31777.25779.142857781.75782
66782782.31783.25785.142857787.75788
67788788.31789.25791.142857793.75794
68794794.31795.25797.142857799.75800
69800800.31801.25803.142857805.75806
800 MHz band
70806806.31807.25809.142857811.75812
71812812.31813.25815.142857817.75818
72818818.31819.25821.142857823.75824
73824824.31825.25827.142857829.75830
74830830.31831.25833.142857835.75836
75836836.31837.25839.142857841.75842
76842842.31843.25845.142857847.75848
77848848.31849.25851.142857853.75854
78854854.31855.25857.142857859.75860
79860860.31861.25863.142857865.75866
80866866.31867.25869.142857871.75872
81872872.31873.25875.142857877.75878
82878878.31879.25881.142857883.75884
83884884.31885.25887.142857889.75890

Japan

Note: Channels 13-62 are used for analog and digital TV broadcasting.

Frequency spacing for each channel in Japan is the same as in the countries listed above, but the channel numbers are 1 lower than in those countries; for example, channel 13 in Japan is on the same frequency as channel 14 in North and South America (most countries), South Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines.

United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Macau, Falkland Islands and Southern Africa

System I 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
21471.25477.25
22479.25485.25
23487.25493.25
24495.25501.25
25503.25509.25
26511.25517.25
27519.25525.25
28527.25533.25
29535.25541.25
30543.25549.25
31551.25557.25
32559.25565.25
33567.25573.25
34575.25581.25
35583.25589.25
36591.25597.25
37599.25605.25
38607.25613.25
39615.25621.25
40623.25629.25
41631.25637.25
42639.25645.25
43647.25653.25
44655.25661.25
45663.25669.25
46671.25677.25
47679.25685.25
48687.25693.25
49695.25701.25
50703.25709.25
51711.25717.25
52719.25725.25
53727.25733.25
54735.25741.25
55743.25749.25
56751.25757.25
57759.25765.25
58767.25773.25
59775.25781.25
60783.25789.25
61791.25797.25
62799.25805.25
63807.25813.25
64815.25821.25
65823.25829.25
66831.25837.25
67839.25845.25
68847.25853.25
69855.25861.25

NOTE: Channels 21 to 60 used for DVB-T Digital TV broadcasting in the UK, with the exception of Channel 38, which is used by PMSE. Channels 61 to 69 used for 4G LTE.
NOTE: Channel 69 was not used for TV broadcasting in the UK, used by MOD and until 2012 by PMSE.
NOTE: PAL I was withdrawn from broadcasting use in the UK during 2012 and 2013.

Western Europe, Greenland, most countries in Asia and Africa, and most of Oceania

System G/H 625 lines (8 MHz / channel)
UHF band
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
21471.25476.75
22479.25484.75
23487.25492.75
24495.25500.75
25503.25508.75
26511.25516.75
27519.25524.75
28527.25532.75
29535.25540.75
30543.25548.75
31551.25556.75
32559.25564.75
33567.25572.75
34575.25580.75
35583.25588.75
36591.25596.75
37599.25604.75
38607.25612.75
39615.25620.75
40623.25628.75
41631.25636.75
42639.25644.75
43647.25652.75
44655.25660.75
45663.25668.75
46671.25676.75
47679.25684.75
48687.25692.75
49695.25700.75
50703.25708.75
51711.25716.75
52719.25724.75
53727.25732.75
54735.25740.75
55743.25748.75
56751.25756.75
57759.25764.75
58767.25772.75
59775.25780.75
60783.25788.75
61791.25796.75
62799.25804.75
63807.25812.75
64815.25820.75
65823.25828.75
66831.25836.75
67839.25844.75
68847.25852.75
69855.25860.75
70863.25868.75
71871.25876.75
72879.25884.75
73887.25892.75
74895.25900.75
75903.25908.75
76911.25916.75
77919.25924.75
78927.25932.75
79935.25940.75
80943.25948.75
81951.25956.75
  • NOTE: Former channels 14 to 18 renumbered as 21 to 25 in 1961.[9]
  • NOTE: Channels 70 to 81 no longer allocated to television. They were only used in Italy.

France, Eastern Europe, Former Soviet Union, French overseas territories and former French colonies in Africa, North Korea, Vietnam

System K 625 lines
System L 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
21471.25477.75
22479.25485.75
23487.25493.75
24495.25501.75
25503.25509.75
26511.25517.75
27519.25525.75
28527.25533.75
29535.25541.75
30543.25549.75
31551.25557.75
32559.25565.75
33567.25573.75
34575.25581.75
35583.25589.75
36591.25597.75
37599.25605.75
38607.25613.75
39615.25621.75
40623.25629.75
41631.25637.75
42639.25645.75
43647.25653.75
44655.25661.75
45663.25669.75
46671.25677.75
47679.25685.75
48687.25693.75
49695.25701.75
50703.25709.75
51711.25717.75
52719.25725.75
53727.25733.75
54735.25741.75
55743.25749.75
56751.25757.75
57759.25765.75
58767.25773.75
59775.25781.75
60783.25789.75
61791.25797.75
62799.25805.75
63807.25813.75
64815.25821.75
65823.25829.75
66831.25837.75
67839.25845.75
68847.25853.75
69855.25861.75

Australia

System B 625 lines
ChannelVideo carrier (MHz)Audio carrier (MHz)
28527.25532.75
29534.25539.75
30541.25546.75
31548.25553.75
32555.25560.75
33562.25567.75
34569.25574.75
35576.25581.75
36583.25588.75
37590.25595.75
38597.25602.75
39604.25609.75
40611.25616.75
41618.25623.75
42625.25630.75
43632.25637.75
44639.25644.75
45646.25651.75
46653.25658.75
47660.25665.75
48667.25672.75
49674.25679.75
50681.25686.75
51688.25693.75
52695.25700.75
53702.25707.75
54709.25714.75
55716.25721.75
56723.25728.75
57730.25735.75
58737.25742.75
59744.25749.75
60751.25756.75
61758.25763.75
62765.25770.75
63772.25777.75
64779.25784.75
65786.25791.75
66793.25798.75
67800.25805.75
68807.25812.75
69814.25819.75

Channels above C52 are being progressively phased out since the introduction of digital television and rationalisation of the spectrum

People's Republic of China

System D 625 lines
ChVideo (MHz)Audio (MHz)
13471.25477.75
14479.25485.75
15487.25493.75
16495.25501.75
17503.25509.75
18511.25517.75
19519.25525.75
20527.25533.75
21535.25541.75
22543.25549.75
23551.25557.75
24559.25565.75
25605.25611.75
26613.25619.75
27621.25627.75
28629.25635.75
29637.25643.75
30645.25651.75
31653.25659.75
32661.25667.75
33669.25675.75
34677.25683.75
35685.25691.75
36693.25699.75
37701.25707.75
38709.25715.75
39717.25723.75
40725.25731.75
41733.25739.75
42741.25747.75
43749.25755.75
44757.25763.75
45765.25771.75
46773.25779.75
47781.25787.75
48789.25795.75
49797.25803.75
50805.25811.75
51813.25819.75
52821.25827.75
53829.25835.75
54837.25843.75
55845.25851.75
56853.25859.75
57861.25867.75
58871.25877.75
59879.25885.75
60887.25893.75
61895.25901.75
62903.25909.75

NOTE: The original assignments of Channels 25 to 57 were 2 MHz higher in frequency until c.1984. Channels 58 to 62 were deleted at this time.

gollark: I have an EXTREMELY gaming Microsoft keyboard.
gollark: This is not* horribly spammy whatsoever.
gollark: osmarks.net actually had a power failure at night, it seems, so we had problems.
gollark: I was spying on team 2 earlier, see.
gollark: Greetings, beeoid.

See also

References

  1. A. G. Sennitt (ed.), World Radio and TV Handbook Volume 49 1995, Billboard Books, 1995 pages 381-382
  2. O. Lund Johansen (ed.), World Radio-Television Handbook 9th Edition 1955, 1955 page 138
  3. http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/Transmission-Systems.html#E1 Archived 2012-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ITU, Final Acts of the Regional Administrative Conference for the planning of VHF/UHF Television Broadcasting in the African Broadcasting Area and Neighbouring Countries 1989, ITU, 1990 page 60
  5. FCC Public Notice DA-11-1428A1:
  6. Industry Canada Advisory Letter - Moratorium on the Use of Television Channel 51
  7. "Transition Schedule". Federal Communications Commission. 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  8. "FCC says 600 MHz clearing is ahead of schedule". RCR Wireless News. 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  9. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Broadcasting Stations of the World (Part IV) 16th Edition 1960, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960 pages 97-98
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