Śakra (Buddhism)

Śakra (Sanskrit: शक्र Śakra; Pali: सक्क Sakka) is the ruler of the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven according to Buddhist cosmology. He is also referred to by the title "Śakra, Lord of the Devas" (Sanskrit: Śakro devānām indraḥ; Pali: Sakka devānaṃ inda).[1] The name Śakra ("powerful") as an epithet of Indra is found in several verses of the Rigveda.

Śakra
Śakra (left) and Brahmā (right)
Sanskritशक्र
Śakra
Pāliसक्क
Sakka
Burmeseသိကြား
(Da-gyar)
Chinese帝釋天
(Pinyin: '’Dì shì tiān)
釋提桓因
(Pinyin: '’Shìtí Huányīn)
Japanese帝釈天（たいしゃくてん）
(romaji: Taishakuten)
釋提桓因（しゃくだいかんいん）
(romaji: Shakudai Kan'in)
Khmerសក្ក
(Sakkak)
Korean제석천 (帝釋天)
(RR: Jeseok Cheon)
제석환인 (釋提桓因)
(RR: Jeseok Hwan'in)
Mongolianсакра
ᠭᠠᠯᠤᠰᠵᠴᠠᠮᠺᠳᠪᠨ
or
ᠭᠣᠰᠹᠵᠬᠬᠺᠹᠬᠺᠮᠭᠰᠠᠺᠷᠣᠳ
or
ᠭᠠᠳᠭᠹᠭᠭᠦᠭ
Sinhalaශක්‍ර
(Shakra)
Thaiท้าวสักกะ
Tibetanབརྒྱ་སྦྱིན་
Wylie: brgya sbyin
THL: da ö gya jin
དབང་པོ་
Wylie: dbang po
THL: wangpo
Vietnamese帝釋天
Đế Thích Thiên
釋提桓因
Thích Đề Hoàn Nhân
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In East Asian traditions, Śakra is known as Dìshìtiān (帝釋天) or Shìtí Huányīn (釋提桓因) in Chinese, as Taishakuten (帝釈天) in Japan, as Jeseokcheon (제석천) in Korea. In China, Śakra is sometimes identified with the Taoist Jade Emperor (Yùhuáng Dàdì 玉皇大帝, often simplified to Yùhuáng 玉皇); both share a birthday on the ninth day of the first lunar month of the Chinese calendar (usually in February).

The Trāyastriṃśa heaven in which Śakra rules is located on the top of Mount Meru, imagined to be the polar center of the physical world, around which the Sun and Moon revolve. Trāyastriṃśa is the highest of the heavens in direct contact with humankind. Like all deities, Śakra is long-lived but mortal. When one Śakra dies, his place is taken by another deity who becomes the new Śakra. Several stories about Śakra are found in the Jataka tales, as well as several suttas.

Śakra is married to Sujā,[2] daughter of the chief of the asuras, Vemacitrin (Pāli Vepacitti). Despite this relationship, a state of war generally exists between the thirty-three gods and the asuras, which Śakra manages to resolve with minimal violence and no loss of life.

Śakra is often depicted in literature as a being who consults the Buddha on matters of morality. Together with Brahmā, he is considered a dharmapala, a protector of Buddhism.　

Etymology

"Śakra" is a Sanskrit word meaning "mighty" or "powerful," and is used as an epithet of Indra in hymn 5.34 of the Rigveda. This seems to have been the standard name carried over into Buddhist tradition.

Names

Śakra is known by several names in Buddhist texts. Some of these include:

  • Indra (Sanskrit; Chinese: 因陀羅; pinyin: Yīn tuó luó; Japanese: Indara, Tib. དབང་པོ་ dbang po)
  • Mahendranīla (Sanskrit; lit. "Great Indra the Dark")
  • Sahassākkha (Chinese: 娑婆婆; pinyin: Suō pópo; Japanese: Sababa; or 婆婆; pinyin: Pópo; Japanese: Baba).
  • Sahasrekṣaṇa (Sanskrit; Chinese: 千眼; pinyin: Qiān yǎn; lit. "Thousand Eyes")
  • (Chinese: 天主; pinyin: Tiānzhǔ; lit. "Lord of Heaven")

Theravāda

Sakka's mythology and character is expounded upon in the Pali Canon, particularly in the Sakka Saṃyutta of the Saṃyutta Nikāya.

Sakka plays a significant role in several of the Jātaka tales.

The commentator Buddhaghoṣa has identified Sakka as being identical to Vajrapāṇi.

In the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta (DN 16), Sakka speaks the following verse, which has become standard in Buddhist funeral rites:

Aniccā vata saṅkhārā, uppādavayadhammino.Uppajjitvā nirujjhanti, tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho.

"Impermanent, alas, are compounded things. It is the nature of things to arise and pass away. Having come into existence they cease. Their appeasement is the highest bliss."

Mahāyāna

In the Book of Equanimity, Śakra plays a central role in the fourth koan.

In the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, Śakra utters a stanza in response to the Buddha's death as a recognition of the Four Noble Truths. It is identical to the Pali formula found in the corresponding sutta.:[3]

Anitya vata saṃskārā utpādvyayadharmiṇaḥ utpadya hi nirudhyante teṣāṃ vyupashamaḥ sukham.

"Impermanent indeed are all formations; their nature consists of arising and disappearing; having arisen, they cease; their calming is happiness."

He is recognized as one of the Twelve Guardian Devas.

Iconography

In Southeast Asia, primarily among Theravada communities, Śakra is depicted with blue or black skin. The color blue tends to signify a dark complexion in South Asian art.

Folk belief

Śakra is equated with Haneullim in Korean folk religion. According to the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, it is believed that Śakra is Hwanung's father.

In Chinese tradition, he is equated with the Jade Emperor.

The ceremonial name of Bangkok alludes to Śakra:[4]

Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit

กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์

This name is composed of both Pāli and Sanskrit, prefaced with the only one Thai word, Krung, which means 'capital'. It can thus be written as: "Krung-dēvamahānagara amararatanakosindra mahindrāyudhyā mahātilakabhava navaratanarājadhānī purīramya uttamarājanivēsana mahāsthāna amaravimāna avatārasthitya shakrasdattiya vishnukarmaprasiddhi."

Śakra makes several appearances in popular culture, especially Japanese anime and manga.

  • He is a character in the mobile game Monster Strike.
  • He appears as a villain in the Chinese comic Fung Wan.
  • He also appears as a villain in the manga series RG Veda.
  • Indra Ōtsutsuki from the Naruto series is loosely based on Śakra. His younger brother's name is Asura, which plays on the myth of the battle between the deva and the asura.
  • It is possible that Kami and Mr. Popo from the Dragon Ball series share a connection with Śakra. Mr. Popo's name is phonetically similar to the Chinese pronunciation of Sahassākkha (婆婆 Pópo), an epithet of Śakra. Kami's role as guardian deity is also similar to Śakra's relationship with the human world. This is further supported by the function of the Lookout, Kami's temple, which is reminiscent of Trāyastriṃśa heaven. Traditionally, this heaven is depicted as a flat surface on the top of Mt. Sumeru. There are thirty-two trees on the Lookout, which equate to the same number of palaces in Trāyastriṃśa (not counting the thirty-third, Śakra's palace, exemplified by the hyperbolic time chamber).
gollark: https://sdleffler.github.io/RustTypeSystemTuringComplete/
gollark: It's Turing-complete IIRC.
gollark: Rust's type system is an esolang, sort of.
gollark: U+262D HAMMER AND SICKLE EMOJI.
gollark: I should make WHYJITJIT, to take to just in time compilation to the next level.

See also

Counterparts of Śakra in other Asian cultures

References
  1. Sakka
  2. Sujá
  3. Lamotte, Étienne (2003). "Vajrapāṇi in India (I)". Buddhist Studies Reviews 20. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  4. "กรุงเทพมหานคร". Royal Institute Newsletter. December 1993. Retrieved 2019-03-04.

Bibliography
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