Stephen Colbert

Stephen Tyrone Colbert[1] (/koʊlˈbɛər/ kohl-BAIR;[2] born May 13, 1964)[3] is an American comedian, television host, and writer. He is best known for hosting the satirical Comedy Central program The Colbert Report from 2005 to 2014 and the CBS talk program The Late Show with Stephen Colbert beginning in September 2015.[4][5][6]

This article is about the comedian. For the character he portrayed on The Daily Show and The Colbert Report, see Stephen Colbert (character).

Stephen Colbert
Colbert in December 2019
Birth name	Stephen Tyrone Colbert
Born	(1964-05-13) May 13, 1964 Washington, D.C., U.S.
Medium	Television, theater, film, books
Alma mater	Northwestern University (BA)
Years active	1984–present
Genres	Political/news satire improvisational comedy black comedy character comedy sketch comedy surreal humor
Subject(s)	American politics American culture political punditry pop culture current events mass media/news media civil rights religion social awkwardness
Spouse	Evelyn McGee ( m. 1993)
Children	3
Parent(s)	James William Colbert Jr.
Relative(s)	Elizabeth Colbert Busch (sister)
Signature

Colbert originally studied to be a dramatic actor, but became interested in improvisational theater while attending Northwestern University, where he met Second City director Del Close. Colbert first performed professionally as an understudy for Steve Carell at Second City Chicago, where his troupe mates included Paul Dinello and Amy Sedaris, comedians with whom he developed the sketch comedy series Exit 57. He wrote and performed on the short-lived Dana Carvey Show before collaborating with Sedaris and Dinello again on the cult television series Strangers with Candy. He gained attention for his role on the latter as closeted gay history teacher Chuck Noblet.

Colbert's work as a correspondent on Comedy Central's news-parody series The Daily Show gained him wide recognition. In 2005, he left The Daily Show to host The Colbert Report. Following The Daily Show's news-parody concept, The Colbert Report was a parody of personality-driven political opinion shows including The O'Reilly Factor, in which he portrayed a caricatured version of conservative political pundits. The series became one of Comedy Central's highest-rated series, earning Colbert an invitation to perform as featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner in 2006. After ending The Colbert Report, he was hired in 2015 to succeed retiring David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS. He hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2017.

Colbert has won nine Primetime Emmy Awards, two Grammy Awards, and two Peabody Awards. Colbert was named one of Time's 100 Most Influential People in 2006 and 2012.[7][8] Colbert's book, I Am America (And So Can You!), was listed No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2007.

Early life

Colbert was born in Washington, D.C.,[2][9] the youngest of 11 children in a Catholic family.[10][11] He spent his early years in Bethesda, Maryland.[12] He grew up on James Island, South Carolina. Colbert and his siblings, in descending order by age, are James III, Edward, Mary, William, Margo, Thomas, Jay, Elizabeth, Paul, Peter, and Stephen. His father, James William Colbert Jr., was an immunologist and medical school dean at Yale University, Saint Louis University, and finally at the Medical University of South Carolina, where he served as vice president for academic affairs. Stephen's mother, Lorna Elizabeth Colbert (née Tuck), was a homemaker.[13][14][15]

In interviews, Colbert has described his parents as devout people who also strongly valued intellectualism and taught their children it was possible to question the church and still be Catholic.[16] As a child, he observed that Southerners were often depicted as being less intelligent than other characters on scripted television; to avoid that stereotype, he taught himself to imitate the speech of American news anchors.[17][18]

While Colbert sometimes comedically claims his surname is French, he is of 15/16ths Irish ancestry; one of his paternal great-great-grandmothers was of German and English descent.[19][20] Many of his ancestors emigrated from Ireland to North America in the 19th century before and during the Great Famine.[13][21] Originally, his surname was pronounced /ˈkoʊlbərt/ KOHL-bərt in English; Stephen Colbert's father, James, wanted to pronounce the name /koʊlˈbɛər/ kohl-BAIR, but maintained the /ˈkoʊlbərt/ pronunciation out of respect for his own father. He offered his children the option to pronounce the name whichever way they preferred.[10] Stephen started using /koʊlˈbɛər/ later in life when he transferred to Northwestern University, taking advantage of the opportunity to reinvent himself in a new place where no one knew him.[2] Stephen's brother Edward, an intellectual property attorney, retained /ˈkoʊlbərt/; this was shown in a February 12, 2009, appearance on The Colbert Report, when his youngest brother asked him, "/ˈkoʊlbərt/ or /koʊlˈbɛər/?" Ed responded "/ˈkoʊlbərt/", to which Stephen jokingly replied, "See you in Hell".[22]

On September 11, 1974, when Colbert was ten years old, his father and two closest brothers (by age), Peter and Paul, died in the crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 while it was attempting to land in Charlotte, North Carolina.[23] They were en route to enroll the two boys at Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut.[11][24] He has discussed the impact on him and his philosophy of grief and suffering.[25][26] Lorna Colbert relocated the family downtown to the more urban environment of East Bay Street in Charleston. Colbert found the transition difficult and did not easily make friends in his new neighborhood.[10] Colbert later described himself during this time as detached, lacking a sense of importance regarding the things with which other children concerned themselves.[18][27]

He developed a love of science fiction and fantasy novels, especially the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, of which he remains an avid fan. During his adolescence, he also developed an intense interest in fantasy role-playing games, especially Dungeons & Dragons,[27][28] a pastime which he later characterized as an early experience in acting and improvisation.[29]

Colbert attended Charleston's Episcopal Porter-Gaud School, where he participated in several school plays and contributed to the school newspaper but was not highly-motivated academically.[27] During his adolescence, he briefly fronted A Shot in the Dark, a Rolling Stones cover band.[30][31] When he was younger, he had hoped to study marine biology, but surgery intended to repair a severely perforated eardrum caused him inner ear damage. The damage was severe enough that he was unable to pursue a career that would involve scuba diving. The damage also left him deaf in his right ear.[10][32]

For a while, he was uncertain whether he would attend college,[33] but ultimately he applied and was accepted to Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia, where a friend had also enrolled. Arriving in 1982, he majored in philosophy and continued to participate in plays.[34][35][36] He found the curriculum rigorous, but was more focused than he had been in high school and was able to apply himself to his studies. Despite the lack of a significant theater community at Hampden–Sydney, Colbert's interest in acting escalated during this time. After two years, he transferred in 1984 to Northwestern University as a theater major to study performance, emboldened by the realization that he loved performing, even when no one was coming to shows.[27] He graduated from Northwestern's School of Communication in 1986.[37]

Early career in comedy

Stephen Colbert and his wife Evelyn McGee-Colbert at the 2006 Time 100

While at Northwestern, Colbert studied with the intent of becoming a dramatic actor; mostly he performed in experimental plays and was uninterested in comedy. He began performing improvization while in college, both in the campus improv team No Fun Mud Piranhas[38] and at the Annoyance Theatre in Chicago as a part of Del Close's ImprovOlympic at a time when the project was focused on competitive, long-form improvisation, rather than improvisational comedy. "I wasn't gonna do Second City", Colbert later recalled, "because those Annoyance people looked down on Second City because they thought it wasn't pure improv – there was a slightly snobby, mystical quality to the Annoyance people".[29] After Colbert graduated in 1986, however, he was in need of a job. A friend who was employed at Second City's box office offered him work answering phones and selling souvenirs.[27] Colbert accepted and discovered that Second City employees were entitled to take classes at their training center for free.[29] Despite his earlier aversion to the comedy group, he signed up for improvization classes and enjoyed the experience greatly.

Shortly thereafter, he was hired to perform with Second City's touring company, initially as an understudy for Steve Carell. It was there he met Amy Sedaris and Paul Dinello, with whom he often collaborated later in his career. By their retelling, the three comedians did not get along at first – Dinello thought Colbert was uptight, pretentious and cold, while Colbert thought of Dinello as "an illiterate thug"[39] – but the trio became close friends while touring together, discovering that they shared a similar comic sensibility.[27]

When Sedaris and Dinello were offered the opportunity to create a television series for HBO Downtown Productions, Colbert left Second City and relocated to New York to work with them on the sketch comedy show Exit 57.[27] The series debuted on Comedy Central in 1995 and aired through 1996. Although it lasted only 12 episodes, the show received favorable reviews[40][41] and was nominated for five CableACE Awards in 1995, in categories including best writing, performance, and comedy series.[42]

Television career

The Dana Carvey Show (1996)

Main article: The Dana Carvey Show

Following the cancelation of Exit 57, Colbert worked for six months as a cast member and writer on The Dana Carvey Show, alongside former Second City castmate Steve Carell, and also Robert Smigel, Charlie Kaufman, Louis C.K., and Dino Stamatopoulos, among others. The series, described by one reviewer as "kamikaze satire" in "borderline-questionable taste", had sponsors pull out after its first episode aired and was canceled after seven episodes.[43] Colbert then worked briefly as a freelance writer for Saturday Night Live with Robert Smigel. Smigel brought his animated sketch, The Ambiguously Gay Duo, to SNL from The Dana Carvey Show; Colbert provided the voice of Ace on both series, opposite Steve Carell as Gary. Needing money, he also worked as a script consultant for VH1 and MTV, before taking a job filming humorous correspondent segments for Good Morning America.[27] Only two of the segments he proposed were ever produced and only one aired, but the job led his agent to refer him to The Daily Show's producer, Madeline Smithberg, who hired Colbert on a trial basis in 1997.[44]

Strangers with Candy (1999-2000)

Main article: Strangers with Candy

During the same period, Colbert worked again with Sedaris and Dinello to develop a new comedy series for Comedy Central, Strangers with Candy. Comedy Central picked up the series in 1998 after Colbert had already begun working on The Daily Show. As a result, he accepted a reduced role, filming only around 20 Daily Show segments a year while he worked on the new series.[27]

Strangers with Candy was conceived of as a parody of after school specials, following the life of Jerri Blank, a 46-year-old dropout who returns to finish high school after 32 years of life on the street. Most noted by critics for its use of offensive humor, it concluded each episode by delivering to the audience a skewed, politically incorrect moral lesson.[45] Colbert served as a main writer alongside Sedaris and Dinello, and portrayed Jerri's strict but uninformed history teacher, Chuck Noblet, seen throughout the series dispensing inaccurate information to his classes. Colbert has likened this to the character he played on The Daily Show and later The Colbert Report, claiming that he has a very specific niche in portraying "poorly informed, high-status idiot" characters.[11] Another running joke throughout the series was that Noblet, a closeted homosexual, was having a "secret" affair with fellow teacher Geoffrey Jellineck, despite the fact that their relationship was apparent to everyone around them. This obliviousness also appears in Colbert's Daily Show and Colbert Report character.

Thirty episodes of Strangers with Candy were made, which aired on Comedy Central in 1999 and 2000.[46] Though its ratings were not remarkable during its initial run, it has been characterized as a cult show with a small but dedicated audience.[47] Colbert reprised his role for a film adaptation, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2005 and had a limited release in 2006. The film received mixed reviews. Colbert also co-wrote the screenplay with Sedaris and Dinello.[48]

The Daily Show (1997-2005)

Main article: The Daily Show

Colbert joined the cast of Comedy Central's parody-news series The Daily Show in 1997, when the show was in its second season. Originally one of four correspondents who filmed segments from remote locations in the style of network news field reporters, Colbert was referred to as "the new guy" on-air for his first two years on the show, during which time Craig Kilborn served as host. When Kilborn left the show prior to the 1999 season, Jon Stewart took over hosting duties, also serving as a writer and co-executive producer. From this point, the series gradually began to take on a more political tone and increase in popularity, particularly in the latter part of the 2000 U.S. presidential election season. The roles of the show's correspondents were expanded to include more in-studio segments and international reports, which were almost always done in the studio with the aid of a greenscreen.[27]

Unlike Stewart, who essentially hosted The Daily Show as himself,[49] Colbert developed a correspondent character for his pieces on the series. Colbert has described his correspondent character as "a fool who has spent a lot of his life playing not the fool – one who is able to cover it at least well enough to deal with the subjects that he deals with".[27] Colbert was frequently pitted against knowledgeable interview subjects, or against Stewart in scripted exchanges, with the resultant dialogue demonstrating the character's lack of knowledge of whatever subject he is discussing.[50][27] Colbert also made generous use of humorous fallacies of logic in explaining his point of view on any topic. Other Daily Show correspondents have adopted a similar style; former correspondent Rob Corddry recalls that when he and Ed Helms first joined the show's cast in 2002, they "just imitated Stephen Colbert for a year or two".[51] Correspondent Aasif Mandvi has stated "I just decided I was going to do my best Stephen Colbert impression".[52]

Colbert appeared in several recurring segments for The Daily Show, including "Even Stevphen" with Steve Carell,[53] in which both characters were expected to debate a selected topic but instead would unleash their anger at one another. Colbert commonly hosted "This Week in God", a report on topics in the news pertaining to religion, presented with the help of the "God Machine". Colbert filed reports from the floor of the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention as a part of The Daily Show's award-winning coverage of the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Presidential elections; many from the latter were included as part of their The Daily Show: Indecision 2004 DVD release. Other pieces that have been named as his signature segments include "Grouse Hunting in Shropshire", in which he reported on the "gayness" of British aristocracy, his mock lionization of a smoking-rights activist and apparent chain-smoker, and his cameo appearances during his faux campaign for President.[54] In several episodes of The Daily Show, Colbert filled in as anchor in the absence of Jon Stewart, including the full week of March 3, 2002, when Stewart was scheduled to host Saturday Night Live. After Colbert left the show, Rob Corddry took over "This Week in God" segments, although a recorded sample of Colbert's voice is still used as the sound effect for the God Machine. Later episodes of The Daily Show have reused older Colbert segments under the label "Klassic Kolbert". Colbert won three Emmys as a writer of The Daily Show in 2004, 2005, and 2006.[55]

The Colbert Report (2005-2014)

Main articles: The Colbert Report and Stephen Colbert (character)

Colbert, in his television series persona, prepares to interview Michelle Obama. The set of The Colbert Report satirized cable-personality political talk shows.

Colbert hosted his own television show, The Colbert Report, from October 17, 2005, through December 18, 2014.[56] The Colbert Report was a Daily Show spin-off that parodied the conventions of television news broadcasting,[17] particularly cable-personality political talk shows like The O'Reilly Factor, Hannity, and Glenn Beck.[29][57] Colbert hosted the show in-character as a blustery right-wing pundit, generally considered to be an extension of his character on The Daily Show. Conceived by co-creators Stewart, Colbert, and Ben Karlin in part as an opportunity to explore "the character-driven news", the series focused less on the day-to-day news style of the Daily Show, instead frequently concentrating on the foibles of the host-character himself.[58]

The concept for The Report was first seen in a series of Daily Show segments which advertised the then-fictional series as a joke. It was later developed by Stewart's Busboy Productions and pitched to Comedy Central, which green-lighted the program; Comedy Central had already been searching for a way to extend the successful Daily Show franchise beyond a half-hour.[59] The series opened to strong ratings, averaging 1.2 million viewers nightly during its first week on the air. Comedy Central signed a long-term contract for The Colbert Report within its first month on the air, when it immediately established itself among the network's highest-rated shows.[60][61]

Much of Colbert's personal life was reflected in his character on The Colbert Report. With the extended exposure of the character on the show, he often referenced his interest in and knowledge of Catholicism, science fiction, and The Lord of the Rings, as well as using real facts to create his character's history. His alternate persona was also raised in South Carolina, is the youngest of 11 siblings and is married.[62] The actual Colbert's career history in acting and comedy, however, was often downplayed or even denied outright, and he frequently referred to having attended Dartmouth College (which was at the forefront of the conservative campus movement in the 1980s) rather than his actual alma mater, Northwestern. In July 2012, Colbert added two years to his contract with Comedy Central, extending the run of The Colbert Report until the end of 2014.[63]

The final episode on December 18, 2014, featured a rendition of "We'll Meet Again" and appearances from former guests of the show, including Jon Stewart, Randy Newman, Bryan Cranston, Willie Nelson, Yo-Yo Ma, Mandy Patinkin, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Tom Brokaw, David Gregory, J. J. Abrams, Big Bird, Gloria Steinem, Ken Burns, James Franco, Barry Manilow, Bob Costas, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Bill de Blasio, Katie Couric, Patrick Stewart, George Lucas, Henry Kissinger, Cookie Monster, Alan Alda, Eliot Spitzer, Vince Gilligan, Paul Krugman, and a text from Bill Clinton, and appearances by Alex Trebek, U.S. and coalition Afghanistan forces, and further characters (a space station astronaut, Santa, Abraham Lincoln, etc.).[56]

The Late Show (2015-present)

Main article: The Late Show with Stephen Colbert

On April 10, 2014, CBS announced in a press release[64] that Colbert "will succeed David Letterman as the host of The Late Show, effective when Mr. Letterman retires from the broadcast." On January 12, 2015, CBS announced that Colbert would premiere as the Late Show host on Tuesday, September 8, 2015.[65] The first guest of the new Late Show was George Clooney.[66] The show has a much more political focus than David Letterman's Late Show.[67][68]

During his tenure as the host of The Late Show, Colbert hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, broadcast on CBS on September 17, 2017.[69]

Politics

2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner

On Saturday, April 29, 2006, Colbert was the featured entertainer for the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner. Standing a few yards from U.S. President George W. Bush[70] – in front of an audience the Associated Press called a "Who's Who of power and celebrity"[71] – Colbert delivered a searing routine targeting the president and the media.[72] In his politically conservative character from The Colbert Report, Colbert satirized the George W. Bush Administration and the White House Press Corps with such lines as:

I stand by this man. I stand by this man because he stands for things. Not only for things, he stands on things. Things like aircraft carriers and rubble and recently flooded city squares. And that sends a strong message, that no matter what happens to America, she will always rebound – with the most powerfully staged photo ops in the world.[73]

Colbert received a chilly response from the audience.[74] His jokes were often met with silence and muttering, apart from the enthusiastic laughter of a few in the audience.[75] The major media outlets paid little attention to it initially. Washington Post columnist Dan Froomkin and Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism professor Todd Gitlin claimed that this was because Colbert's routine was as critical of the media as it was of Bush.[76][77] Richard Cohen, also writing for The Washington Post, responded that the routine was not funny.[78] The video of Colbert's performance became an internet and media sensation,[79][80] while, in the week following the speech, ratings for The Colbert Report rose by 37% to average just under 1.5 million total viewers per episode.[81] In Time magazine James Poniewozik called it "the political-cultural touchstone issue of 2006".[82] Writing six months later, New York Times columnist Frank Rich referred to Colbert's speech as a "cultural primary" and called it the "defining moment" of the 2006 midterm elections.[83][84]

2008 presidential bid

Under his fictional persona in The Colbert Report, Colbert dropped hints of a potential presidential run throughout 2007, with speculation intensifying following the release of his book, I Am America (And So Can You!), which was rumored to be a sign that he was indeed testing the waters for a future bid for the White House. On October 16, 2007, he announced his candidacy on his show, stating his intention to run on both the Republican and Democratic platforms, but only as a "favorite son" in his native South Carolina.[85] He later abandoned plans to run as a Republican due to the $35,000 fee required to file for the South Carolina primary;[86] however, he continued to seek a place on the Democratic ballot and on October 28, 2007, campaigned in the South Carolina state capital of Columbia, where he was presented with the key to the city by Mayor Bob Coble.[87]

After announcing his presidential ticket, he asked his viewers to cast their votes by donating to Donorschoose.org, an online charity connecting individuals to classrooms in need.[88] Colbert's promotion inspired $68,000 in donations to South Carolina classrooms, which benefited over 14,000 low-income students.[89] Colbert teamed up with Donorschoose.org again in 2008 by asking supporters of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton to do the same. As a lead-up to the Pennsylvania primary, he created a "straw poll that makes a difference" by which people could donate to Pennsylvania classroom projects in honor of their favorite candidate.[90] Colbert viewers donated $185,000 to projects reaching 43,000 students in Pennsylvania public schools.[91]

On November 1, 2007, the South Carolina Democratic Party executive council voted 13–3 to refuse Colbert's application onto the ballot. "The general sense of the council was that he wasn't a serious candidate and that was why he wasn't selected to be on the ballot", stated John Werner, the party's director. In addition, he was declared "not viable",[92] as he was running in only one state.[93] Several days later he announced that he was dropping out of the race, saying he did not wish to put the country through an agonizing Supreme Court battle.[94] CNN has reported that Obama supporters pressured the South Carolina Democratic Executive Council to keep Colbert off the ballot. One anonymous member of the council told CNN that former State Superintendent of Education Inez Tenenbaum had placed pressure on them to refuse Colbert's application despite his steady rise in polls.[95]

Though Colbert's real-life presidential campaign had ended, Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada established in an interview on The Colbert Report that Colbert's campaign was still going strong in the fictional Marvel Universe, citing the cover art of a then-recent issue of The Amazing Spider-Man which featured a Colbert campaign billboard in the background. Background appearances of Colbert campaign ads continued to appear in Marvel Comics publications, as late as August 2008's Secret Invasion No. 5 (which also features a cameo of an alien Skrull posing as Colbert). In October 2008, Colbert made an extended 8-page appearance webslinging with Spider-Man in The Amazing Spider-Man issue No. 573.[96] Colbert voiced the president of the U.S. in the 2009 film Monsters vs. Aliens.

2009 solidarity with U.S. troops in Iraq War

Stephen Colbert greets troops and civilians at Al Faw Palace at Camp Victory in Baghdad, Iraq, June 5, as part of his "Operation Iraqi Stephen: Going Commando" tour

Stephen Colbert arrived in Baghdad, Iraq, on June 5, 2009, to film a week of shows called "Operation Iraqi Stephen: Going Commando" sponsored by the USO (United Service Organizations).[97] Colbert had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern.[98] During the first episode (which featured a cameo appearance from U.S. president Barack Obama), Colbert had his hair cropped in a military style to show his solidarity with the troops. One Army major said that "shaving of the hair is an amazing show of support" that was "very touching." USO Senior Vice President John Hanson said the shows are an important diversion for the troops.[99]

2010 Congressional testimony

On September 24, 2010, Colbert testified in character before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, and Border Security. He was invited by committee chairwoman Zoe Lofgren to describe his experience participating in the United Farm Workers' "Take Our Jobs" program, where he spent a day working alongside migrant workers in upstate New York.[100][101][102] At the end of his often-humorous testimony, Colbert broke character in responding to a question from Rep. Judy Chu, D-CA, and explained his purpose for being at the hearing:

I like talking about people who don't have any power, and this seems like one of the least powerful people in the United States are migrant workers who come and do our work, but don't have any rights as a result. And yet we still invite them to come here and at the same time ask them to leave. And that's an interesting contradiction to me. And, you know, 'Whatsoever you do for the least of my brothers,' and these seem like the least of our brothers right now ... Migrant workers suffer and have no rights.[103]

Democratic committee member John Conyers questioned whether it was appropriate for the comedian to appear before Congress and asked him to leave the hearing.[104] Though Colbert offered to depart at the direction of the committee chairwoman, Lofgren requested that he stay at least until all opening testimony had been completed, whereupon Conyers withdrew his request.[105]

Conservative pundits took aim at Colbert's Congress testimony not long after.[106]

'Painfully awkward and pointless, it made the committee's majority members look ridiculous. Colbert can be very funny, but his kind of sarcasm only works in some contexts, and a House committee hearing room does not appear to be one of them.' – Yuval Levin, The Corner[104][107] 'As John Conyers notes, the media and spectators turned out to see whether Colbert would address the panel seriously as an expert on immigration and make the panel a joke, or stay in character and make the panel a bigger joke,' – Ed Morrissey, Hot Air.[104][108]

2010 Washington, D.C. rallies

Main article: Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear

In September 2010, following Glenn Beck's Restoring Honor rally, a campaign developed that called for Colbert to hold his own rally at the Lincoln Memorial.[109] On the September 10, 2010, episode of the Daily Show[110] and The Colbert Report, Stewart and Colbert made preannouncements of a future event. On September 16, 2010, Stewart and Colbert announced competing rallies on the Washington, D.C., Mall on October 30, 2010, Stewart's "Rally to Restore Sanity", and Colbert's "March to Keep Fear Alive". Both were eventually merged into the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear.

Super PAC and South Carolina Republican primary

Main article: Colbert Super PAC

In May 2011, Colbert filed a request with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) asking for a media exemption for coverage of his political action committee, ColbertPAC, on The Colbert Report.[111][112]

In June 2011, during a public meeting, the FEC voted 5–1 to grant The Colbert Report a limited media exemption. The exemption allows unlimited donations of airtime and show resources to promote the Colbert Super PAC without requiring disclosure to the FEC, but only for ads appearing on The Colbert Report. Following the hearing, Colbert formally filed paperwork for the creation of his Super PAC with the FEC secretary.[113]

After the 2012 New Hampshire primary, a poll for the subsequent South Carolina primary taken by Public Policy Polling (of 1,112 likely GOP voters, Jan 5–7, 2012) was reported to place Colbert at 5%, one point ahead of Jon Huntsman polling at 4%, in spite of the fact that Colbert was not on the ballot. This poll showed Colbert to be closely behind Rick Perry's 7% and Ron Paul's 8% (with Romney at 27%, Gingrich 23% and Santorum at 18%). On the January 11 episode of The Colbert Report, Colbert asked his audience if he should run for President in South Carolina, to which he received strong applause. He then stated that he would be making a "Major Announcement" during the next day's show. On January 12, Colbert started his show by discussing his role in the presidential campaign, then addressed the law preventing him from being a presidential candidate while running his Super PAC. With the help of his lawyer Trevor Potter, he then signed over control of his Super PAC to Jon Stewart, with the organization title then being referred to as "The Definitely Not Coordinating With Stephen Colbert Super PAC".[114] Immediately after this legal block was out of the way, Colbert announced, "I am forming an exploratory committee to lay the groundwork for my possible candidacy for the President of the United States of South Carolina. I'm doin' it!" He reiterated in the interview portion of that show that "I'm still in the exploratory phase" of his presidential campaign.

On the January 16, 2012, episode, Colbert satirically encouraged his viewers to vote for Herman Cain in the South Carolina primary. As Cain was still on the ballot, despite having recently dropped out of the race, Colbert announced that he would consider any votes cast for Cain to be in direct support of his own possible candidacy.

Other work

Colbert is co-author of the satirical text-and-picture novel Wigfield: The Can Do Town That Just May Not, which was published in 2003 by Hyperion Books. The novel was a collaboration between Colbert, Amy Sedaris, and Paul Dinello, and tells the story of a small town threatened by the impending destruction of a massive dam. The narrative is presented as a series of fictional interviews with the town's residents, accompanied by photos. The three authors toured performing an adaptation of Wigfield on stage the same year the book was released.[115][116]

Colbert at Florida State University

Colbert appeared in a small supporting role in the 2005 film adaptation of Bewitched. He has made guest appearances on the television series Curb Your Enthusiasm, Spin City, and Law & Order: Criminal Intent,[117] and on the first season of the US improvisational comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway?. He voiced the characters of Reducto and Phil Ken Sebben in the Adult Swim's Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, but left the show in 2005 to work on The Colbert Report. His characters were both killed, though he returned to voice Phil for the series finale. Colbert also has provided voices for Cartoon Network's The Venture Bros., Comedy Central's Crank Yankers, and American Dad!, and for Canadian animated comedy series The Wrong Coast. He appeared as Homer Simpson's life coach, Colby Krause, in The Simpsons episode "He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs".[118][119]

Colbert at the launch of his show's book, I Am America (And So Can You!)

Colbert filled in for Sam Seder on the second episode of The Majority Report on Air America Radio, and has also done reports for The Al Franken Show. He appeared on a track on Wig in a Box, a tribute album for Hedwig and the Angry Inch. Colbert read the part of Leopold Bloom in Bloomsday on Broadway XXIV: Love Literature Language Lust: Leopold's Women Bloom on June 16, 2005, at Symphony Space in New York City.[120] He appeared in a series of TV commercials for General Motors, as a not-too-bright investigator searching for the elusive (and non-existent in real life) "Mr. Goodwrench". He also portrayed the letter Z in Sesame Street: All-Star Alphabet, a 2005 video release.

Colbert is a producer of The 1 Second Film, the world's largest nonprofit collaborative art film. His video request that IMDb list his credit for The 1 Second Film ("it is as valid as most of my credits") enabled thousands of the film's producers to be listed in the massive movie database until they were removed in early 2007.[121]

Colbert has released one book associated with The Colbert Report, I Am America (And So Can You!). It was released on October 7, 2007, by Grand Central Publishing. Grand Central Publishing is the successor to Warner Books, which published America (The Book), written by The Daily Show staff. The book contains similar political satire, but was written primarily by Colbert himself rather than as a collaboration with his Colbert Report writing staff.[122]

On November 23, 2008, his Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, aired on Comedy Central. It was released on DVD in November 2008.[123]

In January 2010, Colbert was named the assistant sports psychologist for the US Olympic speed skating team at the 2010 Winter Olympics.[124] He was also invited to be part of NBC's 2010 Winter Olympics coverage team by Dick Ebersol, chairman of NBC Universal Sports.[125] In April 2011, Colbert performed as Harry in the concert-style revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical Company, presented by the New York Philharmonic at the Lincoln Center.[126] The show, featuring Neil Patrick Harris in the starring role, ran for four nights and was filmed for later showings in movie theaters, which began June 15.[126] In May 2011, Colbert joined the Charleston to Bermuda Race yachting race, as captain of the ship "the Spirit of Juno".[127] He finished second, five miles behind leaders "Tucana".[128]

Since 2012, Colbert has collaborated with the Montclair Film Festival, of which his wife is a founder and current president of its board.[129][130] Every year since its foundation, Colbert has participated by hosting an annual fundraising event and leading Q&As and conversations with directors, writers, journalists, and actors such as: Jon Stewart, Rob Reiner, Steve Carell, J.J. Abrams, David Itzkoff, Ethan Hawke, Rachel Weisz, and Meryl Streep.[131][132] He is also part of the Montclair Film advisory board.[133]

After the resignation of South Carolina Senator Jim DeMint to run Heritage Foundation, Colbert was named a possible candidate for appointment to the seat being vacated by DeMint, which would have triggered a special election in 2014 to finish out DeMint's term. Although Governor Nikki Haley announced promptly that she had no intention to nominate Colbert to the Senate, a poll showed Colbert as a favorite among South Carolina voters.[134][135]

Colbert guest-hosted Only in Monroe, a public access television show in Monroe, Michigan, for an episode that aired July 1, 2015. He interviewed the program's regular hosts, and also the rapper Eminem (whom he pretended never to have heard of), and put a humorous slant on the local news and community calendar.[136][137]

On July 17, 2016, Colbert hijacked the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, while dressed as Caesar Flickerman from The Hunger Games series.[138][139] After he was taken down from the stage, he commented, "Look, I know I am not supposed to be up here but let's be honest, neither is Donald Trump."[140] Colbert also dressed as Flickerman on his show, prior to the stunt, to announce the candidates who had ended their runs in the 2016 election.[141]

Aside from hosting his talk shows, Colbert has gone on to host other types of shows. Since 2014, Colbert has hosted the Kennedy Center Honors for three consecutive years.[142][143][144] In 2017, Colbert hosted the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards.[145]

In 2018 it was reported that Showtime was developing, Hello Nancy, a biopic based on the nonfiction book On Her Trail, My Mother, Nancy Dickerson, TV News' First Woman Star by John Dickerson, with Colbert and his wife Evelyn serving as executive producers.[146][147]

Influences

Colbert has said his comedy influences include: Don Novello,[148] Phil Silvers,[149] Alec Guinness,[150] Bill Cosby,[35] George Carlin,[151] Dean Martin,[29] Jon Stewart,[2] Monty Python,[152] Steve Martin,[153] and David Letterman.[154] In 2017, Colbert said due to the sexual assault allegations made against Cosby, he can no longer listen to his comedy.[155]

Colbert has also cited Jim Gaffigan,[156] Maria Bamford,[157] Joe Pera,[158] and Eric Andre,[159] as some of his favorite contemporary comedians.

Among comedians who say they were influenced by Colbert are Nathan Fielder,[160] James Corden,[161] Mindy Kaling,[162] Hasan Minhaj,[163] Jordan Klepper,[164] and Billy Eichner.[165]

Personal life

Colbert with his sons, Peter and John, at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2008

Although, by his own account, he was not particularly political before joining the cast of The Daily Show, Colbert has described himself as a Democrat according to a 2004 interview.[166][167] In an interview at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard Institute of Politics, he said he has "no problems with Republicans, just Republican policies".[168] Colbert is a practicing Roman Catholic and used to teach Sunday school. He is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church Monastery.[16][169][170][171][172]

Colbert has been married to Evelyn "Evie" McGee-Colbert since 1993.[173] She is the daughter of prominent Charleston civil litigator Joseph McGee, of the firm Buist Moore Smythe McGee. His wife appeared with him in an episode of Strangers with Candy as his mother.[174] She also had an uncredited cameo as a nurse in the series pilot and a credited one (as his wife Clair) in the film. McGee-Colbert actually met Jon Stewart before she met her future husband in 1990. They met at the world premiere of Hydrogen Jukebox at the Spoleto Festival USA in Charleston. Colbert later described the first moment he met Evie as being a love at first sight encounter; however, moments after they met, they both realized they had grown up together in Charleston and had many mutual friends.[175][176]

The couple have three children. They live in Montclair, New Jersey.[177][18]

During his college and Second City years, Colbert suffered from bouts of depression and anxiety, for which he had to be medicated.[172][178][179][180] In a 2018 interview, Colbert told Rolling Stone:

"I needed to be medicated when I was younger to deal with my anxiety that I had thrown my life away by attempting to do something that so few people actually get away with, or succeed at ... Xanax was just lovely. Y'know, for a while. And then I realized that the gears were still smoking. I just couldn't hear them anymore. But I could feel them, I could feel the gearbox heating up and smoke pouring out of me ... I stopped the Xanax after, like, nine days. I went, 'This isn't helping.' So I just suffered through it. I'd sometimes hold the bottle, to go like, 'I could stop this feeling if I wanted, but I'm not going to. Because I know if I stop the feeling, somehow I'm not working through it, like I have got to go through the tunnel with the spiders in it.'

"And then one morning I woke up and my skin wasn't on fire, and it took me a while to figure out what it was. I wake up the next morning, I'm perfectly fine, to the point where my body's still humming. I'm a bell that's been rung so hard that I can still feel myself vibrating. But the actual sound was gone [because] I was starting rehearsal that day to create a new show. And then I went, 'Oh, my God, I can never stop performing.' Creating something is what helped me from just spinning apart like an unweighted flywheel. And I haven't stopped since."[181]

Colbert's mother died at the age of 92 on June 12, 2013, after a period of ill health.[182]

Colbert used the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator during a segment of The Late Show, which identified him as an INFP.[183] After losing a bet in 2017, he adopted a strict vegan diet for seven months.[184] Although since then, he went back to eating fish, Colbert has pointed out that he will not eat "anything with a hoof".[185][186]

Awards and honors

Further information: List of awards and nominations received by Stephen Colbert

In 2000, Colbert and the other Daily Show writers were the recipients of three Emmy Awards as writers for The Daily Show and again in 2005 and 2006. In 2005 he was nominated for a Satellite Award for his performance on The Colbert Report and again in 2006.[55] He was also nominated for three Emmys for The Colbert Report in 2006, including Best Performance in a Variety, Musical Program or Special, which he lost to Barry Manilow.[187] Manilow and Colbert would go on to jokingly sign and notarize a revolving biannual custody agreement for the Emmy on The Colbert Report episode aired on October 30, 2006. He lost the same category to Tony Bennett in 2007 and Don Rickles in 2008.

In January 2006, the American Dialect Society named truthiness, which Colbert coined on the premiere episode of The Colbert Report, as its 2005 Word of the Year. Colbert devoted time on five successive episodes to bemoaning the failure of the Associated Press to mention his role in popularizing the word truthiness in its news coverage of the Word of the Year.[188][189] On December 9, 2006, Merriam-Webster also announced that it selected truthiness as its Word of the Year for 2006. Votes were accepted on their website, and according to poll results, "truthiness" won by a five-to-one margin.[190]

Colbert at Knox College

In June 2006, after speaking at the school's commencement ceremony, Colbert received an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts degree from Knox College.[191] Time named Stephen Colbert as one of the 100 most influential people in 2006 and 2012[7][8] and in May 2006, New York magazine listed Colbert (and Jon Stewart) as one of its top dozen influential persons in media.[192] Colbert was named Person of the Year by the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado on March 3, 2007,[193] and was also given the Speaker of the Year Award by The Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA) on March 24, 2007 for his "drive to expose the rhetorical shortcomings of contemporary political discourse".[194]

Colbert was named the 2nd Sexiest TV News Anchor in September 2006 by Maxim, next to Mélissa Theuriau of France and was the only man featured on the list.[195] In November 2006, he was named a "sexy surprise" by People in the Sexiest Man Alive honors[196] and in the December 2006 issue of GQ he was named one of GQ's "Men of the Year".[197] In 2012, he was listed as No. 69 on Maxim Magazine's Hot 100, becoming the first man to be included on the list.[198]

Colbert has been nominated for five TCA Awards for The Colbert Report by the Television Critics Association. He has also received two Peabody Awards.[199]

After the Saginaw Spirit defeated the Oshawa Generals in Ontario Junior League Hockey, Oshawa Mayor John Gray declared March 20, 2007 (the mayor's own birthday), Stephen Colbert Day, honoring a previous bet with Stephen. At the event, Mayor Gray referred to the publicity the bet brought the city, remarking, "This is the way to lose a bet".[200]

Colbert was honored for the Gutsiest Move on the Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards on June 13, 2007, for his performance at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner.[201] In August 2007, Virgin America named an airplane, "Air Colbert", in his honor.[202] On October 28, 2007, Colbert received the key to the city of Columbia, South Carolina from Mayor Bob Coble.[203]

Colbert with his Peabody Award, May 2012

On December 20, 2007, Colbert was named Celebrity of the Year by The Associated Press.[204] On April 2, 2008, he received a Peabody Award for The Colbert Report, saying in response, "I proudly accept this award and begrudgingly forgive the Peabody Committee for taking three years to recognize greatness".[205]

In 2008, Colbert won the Emmy Award for writing again, this time as a writer for The Colbert Report. Colbert delivered the Class Day address to the graduating class of Princeton University on June 2, 2008, and accepted the Class of 2008 Understandable Vanity Award, consisting of a sketch of Colbert and a mirror.[206] He also has been announced as the Person of the Year for the 12th annual Webby Awards.[207]

In January 2010, Colbert received the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for his album A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!. He also announced the nominees for Song of the Year while toting a pre-released Apple iPad.[208] Colbert was the 2011 commencement speaker for Northwestern University, and received an honorary degree.[209] In 2013, Colbert again won the Emmy award for writing for The Colbert Report.[210][211][212] In 2014, Colbert won the 2014 Best Spoken Word Album for his audiobook America Again: Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Weren't.[213][214]

In January 2013, Rolling Stone placed him at number 2 in their "The 50 Funniest People Now" list.[215] In December 2014, Paste named his Twitter one of "The 75 Best Twitter Accounts of 2014" ranking it at number 7.[216] Colbert received an honorary degree from Wake Forest University as the 2015 commencement speaker.[217]

In 2015, Colbert was awarded the third highest honor within the Department of the Army Civilian Awards, the Outstanding Civilian Service Award, for substantial contributions to the U.S. Army community.[218]

In 2017 and 2018, Colbert was named one of "The 35 Most Powerful People in New York Media" by The Hollywood Reporter.[219][220] He was chosen as one of GQ's "Men of the Year" for its December 2017 issue.[221] Colbert was placed at number 32 in Vanity Fair's "2018 New Establishment List".[222] Other placements in earlier lists include number 40 in 2017[223] and number 28 in 2011.[224]

Ben & Jerry's AmeriCone Dream ice cream

In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream. Colbert waited until Easter to sample the ice cream because he "gave up sweets for Lent".[225] Colbert donated all proceeds to charity through the new Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributes the money to various causes.[226][227]

Species named in honor

Aleiodes colberti lays eggs inside caterpillars.

At least five species have been given scientific names honoring Colbert. In 2008 a species of California trapdoor spider was named Aptostichus stephencolberti.[228][229][230] The spider was named for Colbert after he reported on his television series that Jason Bond, a professor of biology at East Carolina University, had named a different species of spider Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi after the Canadian rock star Neil Young, and began to appeal for a species of animal to be named after him.[231] On a later edition of The Colbert Report, Colbert revealed that Bond would name a spider after him, with Colbert claiming, "And all I had to do was shamelessly beg on national television."[232] Other species named for Colbert include a species of Venezuelan diving beetle named Agaporomorphus colberti and a Chilean stonefly named Diamphipnoa colberti, both formally described in 2008.[233][234] On his 45th birthday, Colbert was sent a framed print of his eponymous beetle by the biologists who named it.[235] In 2014, a species of parasitic wasp from Ecuador, Aleiodes colberti, was named for Colbert, along with newly described species named for celebrities Jon Stewart, Jimmy Fallon, Ellen DeGeneres, and Shakira,[236][237] and in 2016 a rove beetle, Sonoma colberti, was named after Colbert's on-screen persona.[238]

COLBERT Treadmill

Main article: Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization

In 2009, NASA engineered a new treadmill for the International Space Station. It was brought to the ISS by the Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-128 mission in August 2009. The complex machine is now used eight hours daily by astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the space station in order to maintain their muscle mass and bone density while spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment. While engineers at NASA were constructing this treadmill, it was simply called T-2 for more than two years. However, on April 14, 2009, NASA renamed it the "Combined Operational Load-Bearing External Resistance Treadmill", or COLBERT.[239] NASA named the treadmill after Colbert,[240] who took an interest during the Node 3 naming census for the ISS module, Tranquility.

Colbert urged his followers to post the name "Colbert", which upon completion of the census received the most entries totaling 230,539, some 40,000 votes more than the second-place choice, Serenity.[241] The COLBERT is expected to last the life of the ISS and will have seen about 38,000 miles of running when the Space Station is retired in 2020 but was also built with 150,000-mile lifespan if needed till 2028 or longer. Colbert realized he was the recipient of an extremely rare honor when astronaut Suni Williams came on The Colbert Report to announce that NASA had named the treadmill after him. Despite being a backronym, the COLBERT is the only piece of NASA-engineered equipment in space that is named after a living human being.[242]

• 
  C.O.L.B.E.R.T. logo being applied to the Combined Operational Load-Bearing External Resistance Treadmill at NASA before Launch
• 
  Launch of Discovery Mission STS-128, which delivered the COLBERT to the ISS
• 
  Cosmonaut Alexander Skvortsov exercises on COLBERT in the Harmony Node of the International Space Station.
• 
  The crew who delivered Stephen Colbert's honorary space treadmill

Filmography

Film

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1997	Shock Asylum	Dr. Dewalt	Short film
2003	Nobody Knows Anything!	TV Newsman
2005	The Great New Wonderful	Mr. Peersall
	Bewitched	Stu Robison
2006	Strangers with Candy	Chuck Noblet	Also writer and producer
2008	The Love Guru	Jay Kell
2009	Monsters vs. Aliens	President Hathaway (voice)
2013	The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug	Lake-town spy	Cameo[243]
2014	Mr. Peabody & Sherman	Paul Peterson (voice)
2017	Too Funny to Fail	Himself	Documentary

Television

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1993	Missing Persons	Chet Davies	Episode: "Cabe... What Kind of Name Is That?
1995–1996	Exit 57	Various	12 episodes; also co-creator and writer
1996	The Dana Carvey Show	Various	8 episodes; also writer
	Spin City	Frank	Episode: "The Competition"
1996–2011	Saturday Night Live	Ace / Dr. Brainio (voices)	14 episodes; also writer
1997	Apartment 2F	Various roles	Episode: "1.6"
	The Chris Rock Show	Announcer (voice)	Episode: "1.5"
1997–2005	The Daily Show	Stephen Colbert (correspondent)	1,316 episodes; also writer
1999	Late Night with Conan O'Brien	Violin Player	Episode: "1,144"
	Random Play	Various	2 episodes
1999–2000	Strangers with Candy	Chuck Noblet	30 episodes; also co-creator, writer and executive producer
2001–2007	Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law	Phil Ken Sebben / Myron Reducto / Various voices	34 episodes
2002	Crank Yankers	Rob (voice)	Episode: "1.1"
2004	Curb Your Enthusiasm	Tourist Man	Episode: "Opening Night"
	Law & Order: Criminal Intent	James Bennett[117]	Episode: "The Saint"
	The Wrong Coast	Various voices	2 episodes
2004, 2006 2015	The Venture Bros.	Professor Richard Impossible (voice)	3 episodes
2005	American Dad!	Dr. Dandliker (voice)	Episode: "All About Steve"
	All-Star Alphabet	The letter 'Z'	Sesame Street special
2005–2014	The Colbert Report	Stephen Colbert (host)[17]	1,447 episodes; also co-creator, writer and executive producer
2006	White House Correspondents' Dinner	Stephen Colbert (host)	TV special
2007	The Simpsons	Colby Krause (voice)	Episode: "He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs"
2008	A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!	Stephen Colbert	TV special
2010	Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear	Stephen Colbert (host)	TV special
2012	The Office	Broccoli Rob	Episode "Here Comes Treble"
2013	Alpha House	Stephen Colbert	Episode: "Pilot"
2014	@midnight	Stephen Colbert	Episode: "156"
2014–2015	BoJack Horseman	Mr. Witherspoon (voice)	2 episodes
2015	House of Cards	Stephen Colbert	Episode: "Chapter 27"
	The Mindy Project	Father Michael O'Donnell	Episode: "Confessions of a Catho-holic"
	Rick and Morty	Zeep Xanflorp (voice)	Episode: "The Ricks Must Be Crazy"
2015–present	The Late Show with Stephen Colbert	Himself (host)	Also executive producer and writer
2017	At Home with Amy Sedaris	Himself	Episode: "Gift Giving"
	69th Primetime Emmy Awards	Himself (host)	TV special
2018–present	Our Cartoon President	Wolf Blitzer / Various voices	Also co-creator, writer and executive producer
2018	Harvey Birdman: Attorney General	Phil Ken Sebben (voice)	TV special
2019	Madam Secretary	Himself	Episode "Hail to the Chief"
2020–present	Tooning Out the News		Co-creator, writer and executive producer

Video games

Year	Title	Voice role
2005	Outlaw Tennis	Announcer

Theatre

Year	Title	Role	Venue	Ref.
2011	Company	Harry	Concert with the New York Philharmonic at Lincoln Center	[244]

Published works

• Colbert, Dinello, Sedaris. Wigfield: The Can-Do Town That Just May Not (Hyperion, May 19, 2004) ISBN 0-7868-8696-X
• America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction (Warner Books; September 2004) ISBN 0-446-53268-1
• I Am America (And So Can You!) (Grand Central Publishing; October 9, 2007) ISBN 0-446-58050-3
• America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't (Grand Central Publishing; October 2, 2012) ISBN 0-446-58397-9
• I Am a Pole (And So Can You!) (Grand Central Publishing; May 8, 2012) ISBN 1-455-52342-9
• Stephen Colbert's Midnight Confessions (Simon & Schuster; September 5, 2017) ISBN 978-1501169007[245]

See also

• New Yorkers in journalism
• Political satire

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Further reading

• Rogak, Lisa (October 11, 2011). And Nothing but the Truthiness: The Rise (and Further Rise) of Stephen Colbert. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-61610-6. LCCN 2011024856. OCLC 707969298. OL 25162157M.
• Watson, Bruce (May 29, 2014). Stephen Colbert: Beyond Truthiness. New Word City. ISBN 9781612307572. OCLC 870136575.

External links

• Stephen Colbert on IMDb
• "Stephen Colbert collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
• Stephen Colbert on National Public Radio
• Stephen Colbert on Charlie Rose
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Colbert interview transcript, 60 Minutes. (April 30, 2006)