Speculative fiction

Speculative fiction is a broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain elements that do not exist in terms of the recorded history and observed phenomena of the current universe, covering various themes in the context of the supernatural, futuristic, and many other imaginative topics.[1] Under this umbrella category, the genres include, but are not limited to, science fiction, fantasy, horror, superhero fiction, alternate history, utopian and dystopian fiction, and supernatural fiction, as well as combinations thereof (e.g. science fantasy).[2]

"sf&f" redirects here. It is not to be confused with SF, F, SFF, or FSF.

Speculative fiction differs from other types of fiction (e.g. slice of life) and from non-fiction entirely.

History

Speculative fiction as a category ranges from ancient works to both paradigm-changing and neotraditional works of the 21st century.[3][4] Speculative fiction can be recognized in works whose authors' intentions or the social contexts of the versions of stories they portrayed are now known, since ancient Greek dramatists such as Euripides (c. 480–406 BCE) whose play Medea seems to have offended Athenian audiences when he fictionally speculated that shamaness Medea killed her own children instead of their being killed by other Corinthians after her departure,[5] and whose play Hippolytus, narratively introduced by Aphrodite, Goddess of Love in person, is suspected to have displeased his contemporary audiences because he portrayed Phaedra as too lusty.[6]

In historiography, what is now called speculative fiction has previously been termed "historical invention",[7] "historical fiction", and similar names. It is extensively noted in literary criticism of the works of William Shakespeare[8] as when he co-locates Athenian Duke Theseus and Amazonian Queen Hippolyta, English fairy Puck, and Roman god Cupid across time and space in the Fairyland of its Merovingian Germanic sovereign Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream.[9]

In mythography the concept of speculative fiction has been termed "mythopoesis" or mythopoeia, "fictional speculation", the creative design and generation of lore, regarding such works as J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.[10] Such supernatural, alternate history and sexuality themes continue in works produced within the modern speculative fiction genre.[11]

The creation of speculative fiction in its general sense of hypothetical history, explanation, or ahistorical storytelling has also been attributed to authors in ostensibly non-fiction mode since as early as Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fl. 5th century BCE), in his Histories,[12][13][14] and was already both practiced and edited out by early encyclopaedic writers like Sima Qian (c. 145 or 135 BCE–86 BCE), author of Shiji.[15][16]

These examples highlight the caveat that many works now regarded as intentional or unintentional speculative fiction long predate the coining of the genre term; its concept in its broadest sense captures both a conscious and unconscious aspect of human psychology in making sense of the world, and responding to it by creating imaginative, inventive, and artistic expressions. Such expressions can contribute to practical progress through interpersonal influences, social and cultural movements, scientific research and advances, and philosophy of science.[17][18][19]

In its English-language usage in arts and literature since the mid 20th century, "speculative fiction" as a genre term is often attributed to Robert A. Heinlein. He first used the term in an editorial in The Saturday Evening Post, February 8, 1947. In the article, Heinlein used "Speculative Fiction" as a synonym for "science fiction"; in a later piece, he explicitly stated that his use of the term did not include fantasy. However, though Heinlein may have come up with the term on his own, there are earlier citations: a piece in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1889 used the term in reference to Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward: 2000–1887 and other works; and one in the May 1900 issue of The Bookman said that John Uri Lloyd's Etidorhpa, The End of the Earth had "created a great deal of discussion among people interested in speculative fiction".[20] A variation on this term is "speculative literature".[21]

The use of "speculative fiction" in the sense of expressing dissatisfaction with traditional or establishment science fiction was popularized in the 1960s and early 1970s by Judith Merril and other writers and editors, in connection with the New Wave movement. It fell into disuse around the mid-1970s.[22]

The Internet Speculative Fiction Database contains a broad list of different subtypes.

In the 2000s, the term came into wider use as a convenient collective term for a set of genres. However, some writers, such as Margaret Atwood, continue to distinguish "speculative fiction" specifically as a "no Martians" type of science fiction, "about things that really could happen."[23]

Academic journals which publish essays on speculative fiction include Extrapolation, and Foundation.[24]

According to publisher statistics, men outnumber women about two to one among English-language speculative fiction writers aiming for professional publication. However, the percentages vary considerably by genre, with women outnumbering men in the fields of urban fantasy, paranormal romance and young adult fiction.[25]

Distinguishing science fiction from other speculative fiction

"Speculative fiction" is sometimes abbreviated "spec-fic", "spec fic", "specfic",[26] "S-F", "SF" or "sf".[27] However, the last three abbreviations are ambiguous as they have long been used to refer to science fiction (which lies within this general range of literature[28]) and other things in several other contexts.

The term has been used by some critics and writers dissatisfied with what they consider to be a limitation of science fiction: the need for the story to hold to scientific principles. They argue that "speculative fiction" better defines an expanded, open, imaginative type of fiction than does "genre fiction", and the categories of "fantasy", "mystery", "horror" and "science fiction".[29] Harlan Ellison used the term to avoid being pigeonholed as a writer. Ellison, a fervent proponent of writers embracing more literary and modernist directions,[30][31] broke out of genre conventions to push the boundaries of "Speculative Fiction."

The term "suppositional fiction" is sometimes used as a sub-category designating fiction in which characters and stories are constrained by an internally consistent world, but not necessarily one defined by any particular genre.[32][33][34]

Genres

Speculative fiction may include elements of one or more of the following genres:

Name	Description	Examples
Fantasy	Includes elements and beings originating from or inspired by traditional stories, such as mythical creatures (dragons, elves, dwarves and fairies, for example), magic, witchcraft, potions, etc.	The Lord of the Rings, Dungeons and Dragons, The Legend of Zelda, Harry Potter, A Song of Ice and Fire, Magic: The Gathering
Science fiction	Features technologies and other elements that do not exist in real life but may be supposed to be created or discovered in the future through scientific advancement, such as advanced robots, interstellar travel, aliens, time travel, mutants and cyborgs. Many sci-fi stories are set in the future.	The Time Machine, I, Robot, Dune, Star Trek, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Swamp Thing, Black Mirror, Star Wars, Blade Runner, Jurassic Park
Horror	Focuses on terrifying stories that incite fear. Villains may be either supernatural, such as monsters, vampires, ghosts and demons, or mundane people, such as psychopathic and cruel murderers. Often features violence and death.	The Exorcist, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Us, Books of Blood, The Hellbound Heart, Resident Evil
Utopian	Takes place in a highly desirable society, often presented as advanced, happy, intelligent or even perfect or problem-free.	Island, Ecotopia, 17776
Dystopian	Takes place in a highly undesirable society, often plagued with strict control, violence, chaos, brainwashing or other negative elements.	Brave New World, 1984, Brazil, The Handmaid's Tale, A Clockwork Orange, The Hunger Games
Alternate history	Focuses on historical events as if they happened in a different way, and their implications in the present.	The Man in the High Castle, The Last Starship from Earth, Inglourious Basterds,The Guns of the South, Fatherland
Apocalyptic	Takes place before and during a massive, worldwide catastrophe, typically a climatic or pandemic natural disaster of extremely large scale or a nuclear holocaust.	On the Beach, Threads, The Day After Tomorrow, Birdbox, 2012, War of the Worlds
Post-apocalyptic	Focuses on groups of survivors after massive worldwide disasters	The Stand, Mad Max, Waterworld, Fallout, Metroid Prime, Metro 2033, Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
Superhero	Centers on superheroes (i.e., heroes with extraordinary abilities or powers) and their fight against evil forces such as supervillains. Typically incorporates elements of science fiction or fantasy, and may be a subgenre of them.	DC Universe, Marvel Cinematic Universe, Naruto, Kamen Rider, X-Men, Super Sentai, Metal Heroes, Power Rangers
Supernatural	Similar to horror and fantasy, it exploits or requires as plot devices or themes some contradictions of the commonplace natural world and materialist assumptions about it.	The Castle of Otranto, Stranger Things, Paranormal Activity, Dark, Fallen, The Vampire Diaries, Charmed, The Others, The Gift, The Skeleton Key

See also

• Gender in speculative fiction
• Genre fiction
• List of genres
• Megatext
• Fiction film
• Comic genres

References

1. "speculative fiction". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
2. Henwood, Belinda (2007). Publishing. Career FAQs. p. 86.
3. Barry Baldwin, Emeritus Professor of Classics, University of Calgary, Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, "Ancient Science Fiction", Shattercolors Literary Review
4. "逆援助紹介PARADOX!". paradoxmag.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-28.
5. This theory of Euripides' invention has gained wide acceptance. See (e.g.) McDermott 1989, 12; Powell 1990, 35; Sommerstein 2002, 16; Griffiths, 2006 81; Ewans 2007, 55.
6. See, e.g., Barrett 1964; McDermott 2000.
7. "Mark Wagstaff – Historical invention and political purpose | Re-public: re-imagining democracy – english version". Re-public.gr. 2005-01-17. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
8. Martha Tuck Rozett, "Creating a Context for Shakespeare with Historical Fiction", Shakespeare Quarterly Vol. 46, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), pp. 220-227
9. Dorothea Kehler, A midsummer night's dream: critical essays, 2001
10. Adcox, John, "Can Fantasy be Myth? Mythopoeia and The Lord of the Rings" in "The Newsletter of the Mythic Imagination Institute, September/October, 2003"
11. Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, 2nd Edition, G K Hall: 1990 ISBN 978-0-8161-1832-8
12. Herodotus and Myth Conference, Christ Church, Oxford, 2003
13. John M. Marincola, Introduction and Notes, The Histories by Herodotus, tr. Aubrey De Sélincourt, 2007
14. Jona Lendering. "Herodotus of Halicarnassus". Livius.org. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
15. Stephen W. Durrant, The cloudy mirror: tension and conflict in the writings of Sima Qian, 1995
16. Craig A. Lockard, Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History: To 1500, 2007, p 133
17. Heather Urbanski, Plagues, apocalypses and bug-eyed monsters: how speculative fiction shows us our nightmares, 2007, pp 127
18. Sonu Shamdasani, Cult Fictions: C.G. Jung and the Founding of Analytical Psychology, 1998
19. Relativity, The Special and the General Theory by Albert Einstein (1920), with an introduction by Niger Calder, 2006
20. "Dictionary citations for the term "speculative fiction"". Jessesword.com. 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
21. "The Speculative Literature Foundation". Speculativeliterature.org. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
22. "New Wave". Virtual.clemson.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
23. Atwood, Margaret (2011). In Other Worlds: SF and the Human Imagination. New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday. p. 6. ISBN 9780385533966.
24. "SF Foundation Journal | The Science Fiction Foundation". Sf-foundation.org. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
25. Crisp, Julie (10 July 2013). "SEXISM IN GENRE PUBLISHING: A PUBLISHER'S PERSPECTIVE". Tor Books. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
26. "SpecFicWorld". SpecFicWorld. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
27. "A Speculative Fiction Blog". SFSignal. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
28. Rodger Turner, Webmaster. "The Best in Science Fiction and Fantasy". The SF Site. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
29. "Citations and definitions for the term 'speculative fiction' by speculative fiction reviewers". Greententacles.com. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
30. Watts, Peter (Summer 2003). "Margaret Atwood and the Hierarchy of Contempt" (PDF). On Spec. Vol. 15 no. 2. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
31. Davies, Philip. "Review [untitled; reviewed work(s): Science Fiction: Its Criticism and Teaching by Patrick Parrinder; Fantastic Lives: Autobiographical Essays by Notable Science Fiction Writers by Martin Greenberg; Robert A. Heinlein: America as Science Fiction by H. Bruce Franklin; Bridges to Science Fiction by George E. Slusser, George R. Guffey, Mark Rose]. Journal of American Studies Vol. 16, No. 1 (April 1982). pp. 157–159.
32. Izenberg, Orin (2011). Being Numerous: Poetry and the Ground of Social Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 210.
33. Leitch, Thomas M. What Stories Are: Narrative Theory and Interpretation University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986; p. 127
34. Domańska, Ewa (1998). Encounters: Philosophy of History After Postmodernism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. p. 10.

External links

• Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• The SF Page at Project Gutenberg of Australia