SpaceIL

SpaceIL[2] is an Israeli organization, established in 2011, that was competing in the Google Lunar X Prize (GLXP) contest to land a spacecraft on the Moon.[3] SpaceIL successfully launched its Beresheet lander on 22 February 2019 at 01:45 UTC; it entered lunar orbit on 4 April 2019 at 14:18 UTC. On 11 April 2019, during the landing procedure, a problem occurred in the final minutes of flight. Communications were lost with the spacecraft, long enough for the braking process to fail, and the vehicle crashed on the lunar surface.[4][5][6] The Beresheet mission had included plans to measure the Moon's magnetic field at the landing site, and was carrying a laser retroreflector, and a "time capsule" containing analog and digital information, created by the Arch Mission Foundation. Beresheet was the first Israeli spacecraft to travel beyond Earth's orbit and was the first privately funded landing on the Moon.[7] Though the spacecraft crashed, Israel became the seventh country to make lunar orbit and the fourth country, after the Soviet Union, the United States, and China to attempt a soft landing on the Moon.[8]

SpaceIL
Engineering faculty at Tel Aviv University, where SpaceIL is based
Formation2011 (2011)
FoundersYariv Bash, Kfir Damari, Yonatan Winetraub
Founded atIsrael
TypeNon-profit, public
Legal statusActive
PurposePromote STEM by building a robotic lunar lander
HeadquartersIsrael
Location
Morris Kahn (Chairman), Ido Anteby (CEO), Daniel Zajfman, Arie Halsband, Isaac Ben-Israel, Kobi Levi, Ilan Lior, Lynne Harrison
Budget
$100,000,000
Staff (2019)
30 [1]
Websitespaceil.com

Two days after the failed attempt to soft land on the Moon, SpaceIL announced plans for a second attempt, Beresheet 2.[9]

The SpaceIL team was founded as a nonprofit organization wishing to promote scientific and technological education in Israel.[10] Its total budget for the mission is estimated at US$95 million, provided by Israeli billionaire Morris Kahn and other philanthropists, as well as the Israel Space Agency (ISA).[11]

History

SpaceIL began as part of the Google Lunar X Prize (GLXP), which offered US$30 million in prizes to inspire teams to develop low-cost methods of robotic space exploration. The SpaceIL entry was unique among GLXP contenders, in that instead of building a tracked or wheeled rover, SpaceIL planned to meet the requirement to travel 500 meters (1,600 ft) on the lunar surface by having the lander "hop" using rocket engine propulsion from its landing site to another site more than 500 meters away.[12][13]

In April 2014, American philanthropist Sheldon Adelson donated US$16.4 million to the project,[14] and in June 2017, the Israeli Space Agency (ISA) announced a donation of additional 7.5 million ILS (US$2,083,333), after having donated 2 million ILS (US$555,556) in previous years.[15]

By June 2017, the lander spacecraft was undergoing integration and testing,[15][16][17] and in August 2017, Google Lunar XPrize announced an extension of the prize competition deadline to 31 March 2018,[18][19] but the contest ended without a winner as no team launched before the deadline.[20] Nevertheless, SpaceIL continued development and fabrication.

In November 2017, SpaceIL announced that they needed US$30 million to finish the project. Morris Kahn resigned from chairing the board, and promised $10M if the organization could raise the additional $20M.[21] The amount required was produced by a few major donors.[22] According to Israel Aerospace Industries, the project had cost approximately US$100 million.[23]

By January 2019, testing was complete and the spacecraft was delivered to Cape Canaveral, Florida in preparation for launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle.[24][6][25] The mission was successfully launched on 22 February 2019.[4]

The current CEO is Ido Anteby, and the President of SpaceIL remains Morris Kahn.[16]

On 11 April 2019, when its main engine malfunctioned during descent, the lander crashed on the Moon's surface. Though the mission ultimately failed, Israel was the seventh country to have a spacecraft orbit the Moon.[26]

Founders and supporters

The cofounders of the team were Yariv Bash, former electronics and computer engineer in the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, and currently Flytrex CEO; Kfir Damari, a Computer Networking lecturer and entrepreneur;[7] and Yonatan Winetraub, formerly a satellite systems engineer at Israel Aerospace Industries and currently a biophysics PhD candidate at Stanford University. Morris Kahn is the chairman of the public board[27] and donated US$27 million to the project.[28][7]

The team has technical support from the Israel Space Agency (ISA), Israel Aerospace Industries, Rafael Systems and Elbit Systems. SpaceIL is also supported by educational institutions, including the Technion, Tel Aviv University, Weizmann Institute of Science and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.[29] SpaceIL has over 200 members, 95% of them are volunteers. The founders of the team stated that if they had won the competition, the money would have been donated to educational purposes.[29]

After building the Beresheet lunar lander, its prime contractor Israel Aerospace Industries is contemplating the possibility to build several commercial landers.[17]

Beresheet
Main article: Beresheet
Full size model of the Beresheet Moon lander

Beresheet was a demonstrator of a small robotic lunar lander. Its aims included promoting careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); and landing its magnetometer and laser retroreflector on the Moon.

The lander was previously known as Sparrow, and was officially named Beresheet (Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית‎, "Genesis") in December 2018.[30] Its net mass was 150 kg (330 lb); when fueled at launch its mass was 585 kg (1,290 lb). Size-wise, it had been compared to a washing machine. It used seven ground stations, globally, for Earth-lander communication.[31] Its Mission Control room is at Israel Aerospace Industries in Yehud, Israel.

Payload

The spacecraft carried a "time capsule" created by the Arch Mission Foundation, containing over 30 million pages of analog and digital data, including a full copy of the English-language Wikipedia, the Wearable Rosetta disc, the PanLex database, the Torah, children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a Holocaust survivor, Israel's national anthem (Hatikvah), the Israeli flag, and a copy of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[8][32][33][34][35]

Its scientific payload included a magnetometer supplied by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science to measure the local magnetic field, and a laser retroreflector array supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to enable precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance.[36][37]

Propulsion

The spacecraft featured one LEROS 2b liquid-propellant, restartable rocket engine, using monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) as oxidizer. This single engine was used to reach lunar orbit, as well as for deceleration and propulsive landing.[11][38]

Launch

In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 booster, via Spaceflight Industries.[16][39] It was launched on 22 February 2019 at 0145 UTC (20:45 local time on 21 February) as a secondary payload,[4][6][25] along with the telecom satellite Nusantara Satu (formally PSN-6).[40] Beresheet is being controlled by a command center in Yehud, Israel.[41]

From 24 February to 19 March, the main engine was used four times for orbit raising, putting its apogee close to the Moon's orbital distance.[42] The spacecraft performed maneuvers so as to be successfully captured into an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 April 2019, and then adjusted its flight pattern into a circular orbit around the Moon. Once in the correct circular orbit, it was intended for the craft to decelerate for a soft landing on the lunar surface on 11 April 2019.[43]

Landing plan

The planned landing site was at the northern region of Mare Serenitatis,[44] with a landing zone about 15 km (9.3 mi) in diameter.[45]

Beresheet was to operate for an estimated two Earth days on the lunar surface,[16] as it had no thermal control and was expected to quickly overheat.[46] However, its laser retroreflector was a passive device requiring no electrical power and was expected to be functional for several decades. (See: List of retroreflectors on the Moon.)

Failed landing

On 11 April 2019, at approximately 1900 UTC, the lander began its de-orbit and landing procedure. Within minutes before the expected landing, mission control received a "selfie" photograph from the probe with the lunar surface visible in the background.[47] During the braking procedure on approach to the landing site, the craft's main engine stopped operating. The engine was brought back online following a system reset; however, the craft had already lost too much altitude to slow its descent sufficiently. The spacecraft arrived at the surface of the moon, but at a speed and angle that did not allow for a soft landing. Having apparently crashed, communication with the lander ended. SpaceIL announced the failure at 1925 UTC.[48] Final telemetry values on the mission control screens showed an altitude of 149 m (489 ft), and horizontal and vertical velocities of 946.7 m/s (2,118 mph) and −134 m/s (−300 mph), respectively.

Beresheet 2
Main article: Beresheet 2

On 13 April, SpaceIL announced plans for a second attempt to the Moon, Beresheet 2,[49] but on 26 June 2019 SpaceIL said in a statement that the second mission will not target the Moon, and instead it will be to another undisclosed object.[50][51]

On 5 February 2020 Shimon Sarid was appointed as CEO of SpaceIL. In this role Sarid will lead the Beresheet 2 project with the goal of getting an unmanned spacecraft to the Moon; and soft-landing it. [52]

gollark: All C++ compilers do is send code to our AI in the future.
gollark: Kit: orbital reverse bee transverse longitudinal.
gollark: Ha, I now know your username and file organisation scheme.
gollark: True.
gollark: You're a comonad.

References
  1. SpaceIL Team. Accessed on 6 March 2019.
  2. "Triumphing Challenges on The Way to the Moon - The Incredible Story of SpaceIL (interview with co-founder Kfir Damari on Startup Camel Podcast)". Startup Camel. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  3. "One Giant Step for Israel as Company Plots Moon Launch". The Forward. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  4. Graham, William (21 February 2019). "SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission". NasaSpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  5. Pietrobon, Steven (8 December 2018). "United States Commercial ELV Launch Manifest". Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  6. SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare launch to send a commercial lander to the Moon in 2019. Eric Ralph, Teslarati. 12 September 2018.
  7. First private space probe on the moon could bring new era of space exploration, NBC News Mach, 11 February 2019, accessed 19 February 2019.
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  23. http://www.iai.co.il/2013/32981-49176-en/MediaRoom.aspx. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  29. SpaceIL still aims to launch עתידות: עד 2017 תנחת חללית ישראלית על הירח (By 2017, an Israeli spacecraft will land on the moon). Haaretz, 7 October 2015.
  30. SpaceIL, IAI to send time capsule on Israel's historic Moon mission. SpaceIL website. Accessed on 17 December 2018.
  31. SpaceIL - Technology. Accessed on 6 March 2019.
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  33. Shafi Musaddique (21 February 2019). "Israel to take 'digital bible' to space as it becomes fourth country to land on the Moon". www.euronews.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
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  39. Google Lunar XPrize, 7 Oct 2015
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  49. https://www.facebook.com/156493204393522/posts/2250757561633732?sfns=mo
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